research reflection
Surname 11
English Composition 1302
Professor: William Godbey
Annotated Bibliography
Date of submission
Annotated Bibliography
Street Cameras Effect on Privacy
Many cities across the globe have adopted the use of street cameras also known as CCTV. The reason they have adopted it so it will lower crime and help police better on cases if negative people have had with these cameras is that they feel it invaded their privacy. Should street cameras have restrictions and regulations set?
Department of Homeland Security. (2013). CCTV Security Handbook. Department of Homeland Security. 89(4), pp.873-893.
This article provides all the information that one needs to understand about the CCTV technology and its applications. According to the article, the CCTV surveillance was established to protect people, systems as well as assets. Furthermore, according to department of homeland (878), CCTV system functions mainly as a multiplier for the security force by providing a larger area security as well as information about time which cannot be obtained by the use of security personnel alone. The technology is often used to secure comprehensive security systems by integrating with video coverage, intrusion detection, security alarms as well as access control. Furthermore, a CCTV system has the capability of providing the means of assessing an alarm resulting from intrusion detection system and consequently recording the event. The information provided by the article is pivotal in the study of the CCTV systems since it provides the basic information of the functionalities of the system. The source will therefore be utilized in providing basic information about CCTV systems.
Frazer. (2019). CCTV Camera Full Form, How CCTV Works & More You Care About. Reolink Innovation Limited. Pp.25-37.
The article dwells into the functionality of the CCTV system. As such, it provides more technical information concerning how CCTV functions including the definition of concepts such as closed circuit on which the CCTV technology is based. The article asks questions such as “what is CCTV used for other purposes?” Therefore, it aims at providing the full range of the functions that CCTV are put. The full form of the CCTV technology is a closed circuit television. The system is utilized to transfer CCTV camera video signals to recorders or monitors. The name closed circuit results from the fact that the signals are not made public (Frazer 27). However, since there is an extensive use of CCTV technology in the market today, the technology is perceived to refer to the security at homes, businesses, among others. The information from this article is useful since it provides the technical part of the CCTV technology which provides better understanding of the whole technology (Frazer 34).
Marković, M. (2018). Information security and privacy protection aspects of CCTV systems. Pan European Networks Ltd. 87(4), pp.331-342.
The article mainly emphasizes on the uses of the technology and the improvements that have taken place throughout history. It begins by proving a definition of CCTV whereby it states that it is a TV system in which signal distribution is restricted (Marković 332). The distribution of the signals is strictly monitored and are used primarily for security and surveillance purposes. Furthermore, it states that the CCTV system depends on the strategic location of the cameras and the viewing of the input by those cameras on a monitor. The communication between the cameras and the monitors takes place through wireless communication links or a private coaxial cable. As a consequence, they are designated as closed circuit to mean that access to the content is limited to those who are authorized. The information is pivotal towards understanding how cameras communicate with monitors and will be used to explain the meaning of the concept of closed circuit (Marković 337).
Caught on Camera. (2019). What Are the Different Types of CCTV Camera? Caught on Camera. 67-76.
This article describes the different types of CCTV cameras that are available in the market for different businesses and premises. To begin with, the article suggest that security plays a pivotal role in our society today. Since we have cameras all over, in the places we visit, in the places we work and so on, we are under tight security every day. Nevertheless, the article reiterates that there are a variety of CCTV cameras to choose from in the market which suits various business and premise requirements. More importantly, the caught on camera (68) states that the process of selecting the most appropriate camera for the right purpose is important. More importantly, a total of five different types of CCTV cameras are provided and described in depth. The types include bullet camera, dome camera, PTZ camera, Day/Night camera and C-Mount camera (73). The article is thus important in trying to understand the different types of cameras and their respective capabilities and will be used to gain the information on how to make the best choice of camera that fits the requirements of the business of premise.
Chesapeake Systems Service. (2011). CCTV Security Cameras – Basic Information about CCTV. Chesapeake Systems Service, Inc. 420 (2011):20.
In this article, the reader gains the basic information that he or she needs to know about CCTV security cameras and their functions. The article begins by stating that only security experts have the knowledge of the CCTV technology and their functions. To begin with, Chesapeake Systems Service (20) offers a comprehensive definition that states that CCTV system is a technology that makes use of security cameras to send images to a centralized control room or location, furthermore, the technology has been in use for a very long time but has in the recent past evolved to become a very reliable security system. The advances include the inclusion of cameras that can track motion and record time information with color. The article also reiterates that there are two main functions of the technology that are of essence to security, networking and storage of information. The information is pivotal since it does not only provide the basic information about the technology but also its capability and will be sued to enrich the section of capabilities of CCTV systems.
Ashby, Matthew P. J. “The Value of CCTV Surveillance Cameras as an Investigative Tool: An Empirical Analysis.” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, vol. 23, no. 3, Sept. 2017, pp. 441–459. Springer Link, doi:10.1007/s10610-017-9341-6.
Matthew P.J. Ashby (445) in his wide research on the role of CCTV concluded that these cameras provide useful evidence. He analyzed the crimes recorded by British Transport Police from 2011 to 2015. In addition, the surveillance cameras are powerful tool for many crimes. Matthew P.J. Ashby (452) has criticized the little work on the value of Closed-circuit television for the purpose of preventing crimes, and as an investigative tool. according to the study, 45 percent of the cases have been judged to be useful. Although, the study ha limitations for conducting data available at the railway stations. Moreover, he has also discussed the area that a CCTV covers along with its usefulness.
Goold, Benjamin, et al. “The Banality of SecurityThe Curious Case of Surveillance Cameras.” The British Journal of Criminology, vol. 53, no. 6, Nov. 2013, pp. 977–996. academic.oup.com, doi:10.1093/bjc/azt044.
Benjamin Goold, Ian Loader and Angelica Thumala (978) primarily focused on the question that why some security goods become banal while other do not. They answered the question by looking at the CCTV cameras installed in Britain. The lessons that one learns from the CCTV cameras are rapid, but puzzling that changes the novelty into ubiquity. Moreover, the research study has discussed the social meaning of security. While the study has also examined the historical process through which surveillance has been diffused across many landscapes. The study has been done by conducting interviews that consume CCTV camera, its justification as banal good, and novel forms of surveillance cameras (Goold, Benjamin et al 987).
Slobogin, Christopher. “Public Privacy: Camera Surveillance of Public Places and the Right to Anonymity.” Mississippi Law Journal, vol. 72, 2003 2002, p. 213.
Christopher Slobogin (231) was concerned about the government sponsored surveillance cameras in UK and its continuous importance in the US after the 9/11 event. He emphasized for the legal regulations with the view of fourth amendment in the US constitution. Virtually, its regulations is non-existential due to the concerns of Supreme Court. The study has examined the use of cameras in a relation the fourteenth amendment and technology. Moreover, whether technological advancement is brings some sense based of fixing the surveillance cameras by the government authorities (Slobogin 231). There was, however, to some extent a fear that private facts may be exposed. The study has also discussed the courts discussed the constitutional rights o anonymity in public places.
Tony Porter. “Surveillance Camera Commissioner’s IFSEC Speech.” GOV.UK, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/surveillance-camera-commissioners-ifsec-speech. Accessed 13 Apr. 2019.4(3), 27-43.
Tony Porter (36) shows that in his speech at International Fire and Security Exhibition and Conference in London discussed the role of concerned authorities. While he discussed that government needs an incremental approach to CCTV regulations with three folded role (Tony Porter 38). First, the government needs to encourage compliance with the code. Second, the operations of the code needs to be reviewed. Lastly, advise amendments regarding developments of these code. While the codes need to applied by the relevant authorities such as police and crime communions, regular and non-regular forces with statutory responsibility.
Vigne, Nancy G. La. “How Surveillance Cameras Can Help Prevent and Solve Crime.”(2019):26 Urban www.urban.org/urban-wire/how-surveillance-cameras-can-help-prevent-and-solve-crime .
The potential impact of surveillance cameras for solving and preventing crime in society. The thesis highlights that the network of public surveillance system can be a cost-effective method to reduce the crime rate. The primary benefit from the surveillance system on the public places is accomplished after efficient resources put into it. Enough cameras, trained staff and a profound integration of technology into law enforcement ventures are the key factors. The fundamental onus relies on law enforcement bodies to enlighten the public regarding the significance of these networks through documentation and awareness programs (Vigne 26). The bottom line is that they are essential and their usage urges other states to establish a widespread network of public surveillance.
“What’s wrong with Public Video Surveillance?” American Civil Liberties Union,
https://www.aclu.org/other/whats-wrong-public-video-surveillance.Accessed 5 Apr. 2019, pp.67-89
The debate published in the American Civil Liberties Association (74) discusses the adverse implications of surveillance networks in public places. The thesis is based on the four fundamental issues related to the installation of the cameras. The research raises a critical matter pertinent to the effectiveness of the surveillance system in terms of cost and budget. For instance, Britain's surveillance system consumes 20% of the criminal justice budget and still lacks to plausibly contribute toward the reduction of crimes and assist in the investigation. The aspects of race and prejudice are also highlighted that cast adverse impacts on the specific population because of discriminatory targeting. The cities in the United States are susceptible to become a victim of the highly contentious surveillance system which desecrates their privacy.
“The Disparate Impact of Surveillance.” The Century Foundation, 21 Dec. 2017, 5(4) 25-51
https://tcf.org/content/report/disparate-impact-surveillance/.
The authors emphasize the framework related to the privacy of the citizens. For decades, the civil libertarians have intended to frame the debate of privacy and surveillance networks in a discourse of the fundamental universal rights. The thesis of the argument critically refutes the stance made against surveillance networks on the grounds of privacy (36). For decades, the civil libertarians have intended to frame the debate of privacy and surveillance networks in a discourse of the fundamental universal rights. It is worthy to highlight that privacy, in essence, lacks a definite interpretation and thus is established by communities as per their aspirations and inclinations toward the policies of the stakeholders.
“The Effect of CCTV on Public Safety: Research Roundup.” Journalist’s Resource, 11 Feb. 2014:pp.32 https://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal-justice/surveillance-cameras-and-crime/.
The authors conduct a literature review on the matter related to the effectiveness of the surveillance systems on public safety. The thesis establishes a set of rules and principles which ought to be followed to ensure the preservation of citizen's right. The fundamental aspects are listed as proportionality, accountability, transparency, necessity and independent oversight. Moreover, the literature review reflects that the surveillance systems are both effective and ineffective based on the nature of the specific research. The parking lots were prominent places that received a positive impact (32). Furthermore, the manifestations of the controversy related to privacy assert that the surveillance network not only identifies the instance of the crime but also infiltrates into the neighboring areas.
Video Surveillance of Public Places | Center for Problem-Oriented Policing. https://popcenter.asu.edu/content/video-surveillance-public-places-0 . Accessed 5 Apr. 2019 Vol 4. Pp.112-124.
The comprehensive research report underpins the benefits of the surveillance system on public places. The thesis is based on a center for problem oriented policing (116) which gives a wide spectrum of domestic issues which are addressed by it. Gathering information, offering medical assistance, reduced the threat of crime, aiding the police investigations and making the public feel safe are the potential elements that are manifested in the benefits of the surveillance network. The research highlights the appropriate places where cameras should be installed. The surveillance equipment must be utilized to tilt, zoom and pan to enhance the detection of sound and the video quality.
Slobogin, C. (2002). Public privacy: camera surveillance of public places and the right to anonymity. Miss. lJ, 72, 213.
This article gives us a brief analysis that surveillance cameras which are used in public places have some doubt on their effectiveness as they have not yet been proven. This shows that their might erupt a terrorist attack even though the cameras are there and fail to capture the crime scene and also a suicidal bomber can occur and fail to access the terrorists and due to this facts their safety is not clearly defined. As per Slobogin (213) it is vividly defined in the article that some of this cameras might fail to capture the video of the witness and those who might be involved in a criminal act. Therefore, to reveal on this we need to legitimate on the places where they are installed by ensuring that one can be in a position to proof if it can get access to you and monitor the technology which accord on it (Slobogin 213). Hence, our main view is to address on the effectiveness of the camera and some of doubt which might arise in those public places.
Works cited
“The Disparate Impact of Surveillance.” The Century Foundation, 21 Dec. 2017, 5(4) 25-51
https://tcf.org/content/report/disparate-impact-surveillance/.
“The Effect of CCTV on Public Safety: Research Roundup.” Journalist’s Resource, 11 Feb. 2014:pp.32 https://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal- justice/surveillance-cameras-and-crime/.
“What’s wrong with Public Video Surveillance?” American Civil Liberties Union, https://www.aclu.org/other/whats-wrong-public-video-surveillance.Accessed 5 Apr. 2019, pp.67-89
Ashby, Matthew P. J. “The Value of CCTV Surveillance Cameras as an Investigative Tool: An Empirical Analysis.” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, vol. 23, no. 3, Sept. 2017, pp. 441–459. Springer Link, doi: 10.1007/s10610-017-9341-6.
Caught on Camera. (2019). What Are the Different Types of CCTV Camera? Caught on Camera. 67-76.
Chesapeake Systems Service. (2011). CCTV Security Cameras – Basic Information about CCTV. Chesapeake Systems Service, Inc. 420 (2011):20.
Department of Homeland Security. (2013). CCTV Security Handbook. Department of Homeland Security. 89(4), pp.873-893.
Frazer. (2019). CCTV Camera Full Form, How CCTV Works & More You Care About. Reolink Innovation Limited. Pp.25-37.
Goold, Benjamin, et al. “The Banality of Security The Curious Case of Surveillance Cameras.” The British Journal of Criminology, vol. 53, no. 6, Nov. 2013, pp. 977–996. academic.oup.com, doi:10.1093/bjc/azt044.
Marković, M. (2018). Information security and privacy protection aspects of CCTV systems. Pan European Networks Ltd. 87(4), pp.331-342.
Slobogin, C. (2002). Public privacy: camera surveillance of public places and the right to anonymity. Miss. lJ, 72, 213.
Slobogin, Christopher. “Public Privacy: Camera Surveillance of Public Places and the Right to Anonymity.” Mississippi Law Journal, vol. 72, 2003 2002, p. 213.
Tony Porter. “Surveillance Camera Commissioner’s IFSEC Speech.” GOV.UK, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/surveillance-camera-commissioners-ifsec- speech. Accessed 13 Apr. 2019.4(3), 27-43.
Video Surveillance of Public Places | Center for Problem-Oriented Policing. https://popcenter.asu.edu/content/video-surveillance-public-places-0 . Accessed 5 Apr. 2019 Vol 4. Pp.112-124.
Vigne, Nancy G. La. “How Surveillance Cameras Can Help Prevent and Solve Crime.”(2019):26 urban www.urban.org/urban-wire/how-surveillance-cameras-can-help-prevent-and- solve-crime.