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Chapter 6: Exceptionality

Donna M. Gollnick and Philip C. Chinn

Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society,

9th Edition

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Students with Disabilities and Those Who Are Gifted and Talented

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, there are over 54 million individuals in the United States with some type of disability.

Approximately 10% of students (over 6 million) receive special education services.

Exceptional children differ from the norm (either below or above) to such an extent that they require an individualized program of special education and related services to fully benefit from education.

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Labeling

Labels such as ID can carry connotations and stigmas that impact school relationships.

Some disabilities are more socially acceptable than others.

Despite the controversy surrounding labeling, it is necessary for funding and services.

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Historical Antecedents

The history of persons with disabilities has closely paralleled that of oppressed ethnic groups.

The treatment and care of people with disabilities have typically been a function of the socioeconomic conditions of the times.

Society’s treatment of people with disabilities has frequently been questionable with respect to their civil rights.

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Litigation

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Legislation

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Legislation

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Legislation

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Legislation

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Legislation

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Legislation

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Legislation

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Legislation

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Exceptional Individuals and Society

The media generally shows people with disabilities as children or childlike with severe disabilities.

Individuals who deviate significantly from physical norms are subject to possible rejection.

As we stereotype individuals with disabilities, we deny them their rightful place in society.

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Exceptional Cultural Groups

The failure to provide adequate educational and vocational opportunities for individuals with disabilities may preclude the possibility of social and economic equality.

Individuals with disabilities often find comfort and security with each other and may form their own enclaves and social organizational structures.

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Disproportionate Placement in Special Education

Negative effects of labeling

Ineffectiveness of services in some settings

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Reporting by Composition and Individual Risk

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Contributing Variables

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Need for Disaggregated Data

There is considerable diversity within categories.

There are considerable differences when comparing groups to national data.

Special education overrepresentation has persisted for decades and will not be easily amended.

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California Proposition 227 and Special Education

This law requires all language minority students to be educated in sheltered English immersion programs for a period of 1 year.

The law intended to dismantle bilingual education.

The federal law, IDEA, always takes precedence over state law, so if a student’s IEP requires bilingual education, it must be provided.

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Teaching Children with Exceptionalities

Educators should remember that exceptional children are more like than unlike normal children.
Teachers must be constantly cognizant of the unique needs of their exceptional children.
Teachers of exceptional children may find it necessary to check records carefully to determine potential problem situations with these students in the classroom.

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Three Types of Needs for Exceptional Students

Communication	Acceptance	Freedom to Grow
Exceptional children are perceptive and sensitive to nonverbal communication and hidden messages.	Teachers can facilitate the acceptance of an exceptional child in a classroom by exhibiting an open and positive attitude.	Students with disabilities need acceptance, understanding, and freedom to grow.

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Normalization and Inclusion

Normalization is making available to all persons with disabilities patterns of life and conditions of living which are as close as possible to the regular circumstances of society.

Social role valorization takes normalization a step further, and gives value to individuals with disabilities.

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Inclusion