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This intervention recruited 2969 eligible students from seven middle schools in a Maryland school district of which 2651 provided written consent. The study design randomized students to either “intervention or comparative conditions, and students (n= 1320) in two successive cohorts provided five waves of data from sixth through eighth grade” (Simons-Morton et al., p. 227, 2005). Results from the study indicate the intervention was successful in diminishing the increase in smoking but failed to have any effect on other identified negative behaviors (Simons-Morton et al., 2005).

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