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Food and Water Security

Jasmine Jones

University of Arizona Global Campus

Instructor: Joshua Truitt

GEN 499: General Education Capstone

November 29, 2021

Food and Water Security

Introduction

Food and water are essential resources for human existence. With the increasing number of people globally, various strategies have been developed to increase agricultural productivity to meet the high demand. Water, on the other hand, is critical in meeting food needs. However, there is a challenge in ensuring sustainable food and water security. Food and water are inseparable because agricultural production needs water, while the same process also affects water resources. Globalization has opened up markets leading to international trade, hence transferring the water and food security challenge from local to global levels. Therefore, the sustainment of food and water security has become complex due to interdependencies experienced globally. For instance, changes in socio-environmental and economic factors in a particular region are likely to impact another area's food and water security. As discussed, the drivers and contributors of globalization have severe impacts on food and water security, requiring appropriate interventions to promote food and water security.

Dermody, B. J., Sivapalan, M., Stehfest, E., Van Vuuren, D. P., Wassen, M. J., Bierkens, M. F., & Dekker, S. C. (2018). A framework for modelling the complexities of food and water security under globalisation. Earth System Dynamics, 9(1), 103-118.

The article aims to present a framework for modeling the difficulties in attaining food and water security in the globalized world. The authors suggest integrating different regions and sectors involved in the global food system that affect water usage. Moreover, the framework identifies opportunities and challenges affecting water security through assessment of the existing methods. Therefore, challenges like regional interdependence, sectoral interdependence, and cross-scale socio-environmental feedbacks are identified. Additionally, the article uses a city's multi-agent network and applies the constraints of the new framework to determine its efficiency. Hence, the authors use the model as a successful decision tool encompassing socio-environmental changes under globalization. Therefore, the article agrees that globalization has caused socio-economic and environmental changes that affect food and water security. Thus, the theme is essential in answering the research question by first identifying the challenges of exiting systems that hinder food and water security and suggesting a framework to enhance sustainability.

Ringler, C., Bryan, E., Biswas, A., & Cline, S. A. (2010). Water and food security under global change. In Global change: Impacts on water and food security (pp. 3-15). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

The article focuses on the impacts on food and water security that are associated with global changes. In particular, the article focuses on the implications of the globalization of the poor. The authors acknowledge that globalization has contributed to economic growth, although still there is an increase in poverty levels among other disadvantages in the developing world. The article highlights the status of water security which is found to be declining rapidly with increased globalization. On the other hand, the level of food security shows no progress as hunger is still a common phenomenon in many world regions. Similarly, the article goes ahead to identify drivers of global change that affect food and water security and the impacts they present on food and water quality. Therefore, the article concurs with other articles on the implications of global change on water and food security. Moreover, the article is essential to the research question by providing the drivers of globalization affecting food and water security, the effects on the poor, and policies and investments that can mitigate the challenge.

Hameed, M., Moradkhani, H., Ahmadalipour, A., Moftakhari, H., Abbaszadeh, P., & Alipour, A. (2019). A review of the 21st-century challenges in the food-energy-water security in the Middle East. Water, 11(4), 682.

The article aims at reviewing the challenge of achieving food and water security faced in the 21st century. According to the authors, developing countries face the biggest problems in dealing with food, energy, and water security during the era of globalization. The article uses data from 16 Middle East nations to study the implications of global change on food energy and water security. Therefore, the authors assessed the drivers of food, energy, and water security in each country and the effects. Hence, results indicated that changes in climate and socio-economic factors were the leading cause of food and water resources insecurity. For instance, food and water security in the region are hindered by population growth and urbanization resulting from globalization. Therefore, this article outlines that globalization has adverse implications on food and water security like other articles. The article is significant in answering the research question by reviewing issues of global change that affect food and water security.

D'Odorico, P., Davis, K. F., Rosa, L., Carr, J. A., Chiarelli, D., Dell'Angelo, J., ... & Rulli, M. C. (2018). The global food‐energy‐water nexus. Reviews of geophysics, 56(3), 456-531.

The article focuses on the components of the food-energy-water nexus. The authors outline that the availability of water is key to meeting the needs of food and energy. Therefore, the food-energy-water nexus is a critical area in the current world due to the ever-increasing human population. The high population results from globalization and has led to increased competition for resources such as water. Therefore, the authors study different components of the food-energy-water nexus and state different strategies that can be implemented to achieve security of the needs. Hence, the article includes an assessment of the food system and identifies environmental and climate constraints it faces. On the other hand, the water system is assessed through its infrastructures and governance and its security. The article offers more insights into information from other sources on food and water security. Additionally, the article is vital in answering the research question by identifying the components of the food-energy-water nexus that contribute to food and water security while identifying possible approaches to meeting food and water security.

Young, E.M. (2004). Globalization and food security: novel questions in a novel context? Progress in Development Studies, 4, 1 - 21.

The article argues that global change has threatened food quality and security. The authors say that the globalization project fails to solve the challenge of food security and has even caused more adverse effects. Therefore, the article focuses on identifying various strategies that are undermining food security. For instance, the article states that economic liberalization that resulted in the globalization of food and agriculture has led to mixed results worldwide. Developed countries have failed to implement liberalization policies which have affected food security in developing nations. As a result, new challenges in the public health sector have emerged linked to malnutrition. Therefore, the article suggests that public intervention is needed through the reconceptualization of policies and the concept of food security. Although the article only focuses on food security, it provides the root cause of globalization effects of food security in support of other sources. Moreover, the article is essential in answering the research question by examining globalization strategies that undermine food security and suggesting interventions.

Spring, Ú. O. (2020). On Health and Water Security. Earth at Risk in the 21st Century: Rethinking Peace, Environment, Gender, Human, Water, Health, Food, Energy Security, and Migration, 18, 365.

The article argues that climatic change has resulted in a severe effect on the quality and availability of water, which negatively influences health. The author identifies pollution and climatic disasters as the main challenges to water security. Through an assessment of Mexico, the article aims a determine the implications of the country’s economic model influenced by globalization. Therefore, results indicate that Mexico has suffered through epidemiological changes with the emergence of new challenges associated with food and water. On the other hand, the author investigates globalization’s influence on cultural food consumption and water supply. Moreover, the article highlights the impacts of policy changes in response to climatic change and their effects on water security among the Mexicans. Hence, the article concludes that sustainable adaptations are required through suggested actions to achieve water security. The article supports other sources by providing an in-depth analysis of water security through a case study of Mexico. Additionally, the article helps answer the research question by highlighting the economic model influenced by globalization and its effects on water security.

Reference

D'Odorico, P., Davis, K. F., Rosa, L., Carr, J. A., Chiarelli, D., Dell'Angelo, J., ... & Rulli, M. C. (2018). The global food‐energy‐water nexus. Reviews of geophysics, 56(3), 456-531.

Spring, Ú. O. (2020). On Health and Water Security. Earth at Risk in the 21st Century: Rethinking Peace, Environment, Gender, and Human, Water, Health, Food, Energy Security, and Migration, 18, 365.

Young, E.M. (2004). Globalization and food security: novel questions in a novel context? Progress in Development Studies, 4, 1 - 21.