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Method

Sample

Findings

Themes

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Uniqueness

Source 1: Ahmed, H. (2019). How Private Prisons Are Profiting Under the Trump Administration. Retrieved 25 September 2019, from https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2019/08/30/473966/private-prisons-profiting-trump-administration/

The purpose of this article is to provide investigative reports regarding issues that affect prisons and prisoners as well as their conditions. The article gives reasons why private prisons have negative effects on the Justice System, and reasons why some political powers may take advantage of such a case.

The author of this article secondarily analyzes existing data from other sources like government reports. The author uses data from reports from private prison companies Core

Civic and the Geo Group and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

The author uses sample reports from a 2018 letter from the Office of Rep. Kathleen Rice(D-NY) that indicates that 13% of 298 transgender persons detained by the ICE were confined in solitary.

The findings of this article indicate that the existing legislation and immigration policies by the Trump Administration have increased detention of immigrants which sadly endanger their lives while profiting the private prison companies.

Some of the major themes in this article include immigration, profitability of private prisons and its effect to the justice system, sources of revenue for private prisons and effects of loopholes in leadership of a country to the justice system.

This article is in some way similar to Enns and Ramirez's book called 'Privatizing punishment: Testing theories of public support for private prison and immigration detention facilities. Criminology

This article is unique in that its focus only lies on private prisons

Source 2: Burkhardt, B. C. (2019). Does the public sector respond to private competition? An analysis of privatization and prison performance. Journal of Crime and Justice, 42(2), 201-220.

The purpose of this article is to compare the performance between public and private prison sectors. It also outlines the reasons that the for-profit corporations should be permitted to run the US prisons. and gives various reasons as to why the for-profit corporations should be allowed to run the US prisons. It also shows the significance of public prisons.

The method used in this source is survey. Apparently, the survey responses were obtained from the prisons on the basis of four elements: safety, order, activity, and conditions.

The correctional facilities themselves served as the sample in the years 2000 and 2005 by giving responses to the survey administered.

The findings in the article indicate that there was no significance differences when it comes to performance in private and public prisons. According to the article the competitive effect was important when it comes to spurring performance in both sectors.

Effects of competition on performance in private and public prisons

Privatization and prison performance.

This article is somehow similar to this source Rhodes, K. (2018). Locked out of Business: A Look at the Future of the Private Prison Industry. Hous. Bus. & Tax LJ, 18, 224.

I feel this article is unique in that it offers an opportunity to compare performance in both private and public prison sector. It does not focus on one sector but rather outlines the importance of both sector in the justice system.

Source 3: Baćak, V., & Ridgeway, G. (2018). Availability of health-related programs in private and public prisons. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 24(1), 62-70.

The purpose of this article is to provide findings on the living conditions in the private prisons as well as the approaches employed in support of prisoners, how to help them, and enhancement of the prisoners' living conditions especially those that are sentenced.

The author uses secondary existing data. For instance, He uses data from the2005 Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities.

The author uses existing data samples.

The major findings in this article is that there are several health issues including HIV/AIDS, substance abuse that affect the prisoners. It is up to the justice system to come up with programs that can better the lives of the prisoners with regard to their health care.

Themes in this article includes the healthcare programs in prisons, substance use in prisons, psychological problems among sentenced prisoners.

This article is somehow similar to Ahmed (2018)'s article which looks at the general state of private prisons and its profitability. In the article issues like psychological problems among inmates are highlighted.

This article is unique in that, it solely tries to deal with healthcare programs in prisons.

Source 4: Carrie, A. (2017). The Demoralization of the US Judicial System Through the Promotion of Private Prison Industries. FAU Undergraduate Law Journal, 1, 91.

The article looks at the negative effects of the privatization of prisons on the US judicial system. The article tries to point out why the for-profit corporations should not be permitted to run correctional facilities.

The author uses secondary data obtained from a study sponsored by Sentencing Project by the author, Cody Mason to analyze.

The author also analyses data from the national statistics on races and incarceration rates.

The author uses sample reports from the Bureau of Justice Statistics which shows the variations of incarcerations on the basis of race.

The sample report from the study by Sentencing Project is also utilized

The article finds out that most private prisons are focused in maintaining high number of prisoners to keep the profits flowing. Apparently vices such as mass incarceration is one of the effects of privatization of prisons

Effects of privatization of prisons

Factors that contribute to mass incarceration

Pros and cons of private prisons

This article relates to John Whitehead's article Jailing Americans for Profit: The Rise of the Prison Industrial Complex which paints a clear picture of just how far these institutions are willing to go in order to make profit from the prison industry.

The uniqueness of this article lies in the fact that it shows the difference in incarceration rates as far as race is concerned. All which have resulted from the privatization of prisons.

Source 5: Cooper, R., Heldman, C., Ackerman, A. R., & Farrar-Meyers, V. A. (2016). Hidden corporate profits in the US prison system: the unorthodox policymaking of the American Legislative Exchange Council. Contemporary Justice Review, 19(3), 380-400.

This article digs dip into what for-profit corporations do to maximize profits. Similarly, it looks just how the government through the bills have supported the privatization of prisons and the hidden profits behind it.

The author analyzes secondary existing data that was leaked by a whistleblower to the Center for Media and Democracy and The Nation of over 800 resolutions and model bills.

The author uses sample reports about American Legislative

Exchange Council's model prison bills that were leaked

The findings of this article states that the American Legislative Exchange Council is doing all it can to increase the number of private prisons by promoting prison labor as well as increasing the number of prisoners.

Hidden profits of private prisons.

Effects of Policy making of the American Legislative Exchange Council on the prison industry.

I feel this article resembles in some way; Gunderson’s (2018) work which investigates if private prison companies benefit from electoral victories.

This article is unique in that, it uses real time data that was leaked to make its conclusions

Source 6: Eisen, L. B. (2017). Inside private prisons: An American dilemma in the age of mass incarceration. Columbia University Press.

The purpose of this book is to highlight the role of private prisons in the U.S. correction system. Additionally, the book paints a clear picture on the advantages and disadvantages of the corporate-governed prisoners.

The author uses individual interviews in collecting her data

The author used the prisoners, prisoner administrators as samples

The findings of this article indicate that a number of private prison companies bring more harm than good. In the end it becomes difficult to for one to decide whether to enter the prison industry as a private entity.

Themes presented in the book include the role of private prisons in the U.S. correction system, advantages and disadvantages of private prison companies. Profitability of private prison

This book similarly addresses the situation in private prisons like (Ahmed,2018) "How Private Prisons Are Profiting Under the Trump Administration.

. The uniqueness of this book lies in the fact that it tries to tackle the dilemma whether the government should allow private prisons to make their entities profit-orientated.

Source 7: Gaes, G. G. (2019). Current status of prison privatization research on American prisons and jails. Criminology & Public Policy, 18(2), 269-293

This source is purposed to provide an update when it comes to figures about the impact of private prisons on the American economy. The author also tries to give current figures of prisoners in privately operated prisons.

The author analyzes secondary existing data obtained from Bureau of Justice Statistics reports and statistical tables issued in 2009 to get information about the growth of privately-operated prisons and prisoners in them.

The sample reports were obtained on inmate populations as per each state. the Federal Bureau of Prisons reports as at 2008 were used to determine the growth rate of prisoners

The findings indicate that the number of prisoners in privately operated prisons have been rising tremendously. The Corrections Corporation of America and the GEO Group have been painted as the top private operated prisons with the highest number of prison inmates.

Current growth rate in privately operated prisons.

Impacts of private prisons on the economy

This source is somewhat similar to Wooldredge's and Cochran’s work "Equal or not? Private versus public corrections services, programming, and climate"; which emphasizes the need to understand the effects of privatization of prisons.

This source is unique in that it provides updated information about the current state of privately operated system and tracks the growth rate of the same since the first privately operated prison(CCA) was started.

Source 8: Haney, C. (2015). Prison overcrowding. American Psychological Association.

The book provides an insight on overcrowding in American prisons and its implications on prisoner's human rights.

The source gives an emphasis on the different problems that arise from prison overcrowding and its connection to more for-profit corporations taking over the correctional system.

The author of this book analyses existing data from national statistics on the numbers of inmates in both private and public prisons.

The author uses sample reports from the national statistics

The book indicates the long-term consequences of prison overcrowding and some of the important policy-related recommendations can be applied to solve this problem

Prison overcrowding.

Prisoners and human rights.

This book has some aspects of similarity to the author's other article: "Prison Effects in the Era of Mass Incarceration". It shades light on overcrowding and solitary confinement

The book uniquely looks at the states of the prisons in the US and gives an insight how the increasing numbers of inmates are affecting the justice system in general

Source 9: Joy, T. (2018). The Problem with Private Prisons. Retrieved 25 September 2019, from http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/12006

This article provides both data and information about private prisons. This includes information and data about abuses and violations in the prisons.

Joy uses existing data from several reports like Justice Policy Institute and Corrections Corporation of America (CCA)

Samples in this report include the GEO Group, small children.

Findings of this source indicate that there are several loopholes in private prisons that result both in abuse and violations

Major themes in this source is disadvantages of private prisons and effects of private entities on the justice system

This article resembles “Inside private prisons: An American dilemma in the age of mass incarceration' (Eisen, 2017).

This article is unique in that it provides real data and information that show the problems that are created by private prisons rather than their benefits.

Source 10: Khey, D. N. (2015). Privatization of prison. The Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, 1-8.

The article shades light on the alarming rise in the number of private prisons and the organizations that help these prisons to run. The article also shows the success of the privatization of prisons and the economic befits behind it

Khey analyzes existing data from various government sources to get the exact statistics on the profits and number of prisoners in private prisons.

The sample reports are on CCA, national statistics on prison industry.

The article states that excessive privatization of prisons has led to firms competing against each other. Consequentially, the prisoners' healthcare and basic facilities have been neglected. The article shows the shocking figures of profits gained from running prisons privately.

Healthcare services in prisons

Basic facilities in prisons

Benefits of privatization of prisons

Mass incarceration

The article is similar in some ways to Gaes'(2018) work that also focuses on the current status of prison privatization.

The article's uniqueness lies in the fact that it focuses more on the private prisons make profits and how they do their best to maintain their profitability. It also tries to explain how failure in private prisons to adhere to classification system.

Source 11: Peláez, V. (2019). The Prison Industry in the United States: Big Business or a New Form of Slavery? Retrieved 25 September 2019, from https://www.globalresearch.ca/the-prison-industry-in-the-united-states-big-business-or-a-new-form-of-slavery/8289

The purpose of this article is to offer information about how the prison industry in general is conducted or operated

The author analyses data that is existing. For instance, he says that according to U.S. Statistics, there are about 2 million inmates in state, federal and private prisons across the country.

The sample of this article is the private prisons in California state according to existing data.

The findings of this article is that the prison industry pose a lot of dilemma when it comes to serving its purpose more especially the private sector which at most times violates the Human Rights by enslaving the prisoners.

Themes depicted in the article include the profitability of the prison industry, importance of the prison industry.

This source is someway similar to Joy, T. (2018).' The Problem with Private Prisons'

The uniqueness o this article lies in the fact that the article tries to address the prison industry in the U.S in general and the related problems

Source 12: Schultz, C. (2015). Prison Privatization: Driving Influences and Performance Evaluation. Themis: Research Journal of Justice Studies and Forensic Science, 3(1), 5.

This source is purposed to look at private prisons as well as highlight their performance over the last decade. years.

The author analyzes existing data from Correctional Services Co-operations.

The author uses sample reports from Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) as well as government reports.

Schultz indicates that the privatization of prisons directly conflicts with the justice system in the United States.

Factors influencing prisons' performance

Impacts of prison privatization

This source is like many sources that focuses on the negative effects that private prisons have on the justice or judicial system in the US.

The source gives comprehensive performance of the private prisons in the last 10 years. The source not only states the problem at the table but tries to come up with the solution to the problem. For instance, the author suggests that the private prisons should be denied the ability to run completely.

Source 13: Simon, M. (2019). New York Could Become First State To Be Completely Done With Private Prisons. Retrieved 11 October 2019, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/morgansimon/2019/06/18/new-york-to-become-first-state-to-be-completely-done-with-private-prisons/.

The source provides an insight on why the author believes that New York justice system will completely be taken over by privately operated prisons.

The author analyses preexisting data provided by Forbes.

The author uses sample reports about Corrections Corporation of America (now known as CoreCivic) and the GEO Group.

The findings in this source indicate that the state of New York cannot wait to extinguish all its private prisons because of extreme from members of the various social groups and the general public. There have been numerous protests against harsh treatment of the inmates in private prisons

Negative effects of privatization of prisons

Private prisons in New York

The source is similar to sources like Schultz's article that indicates that the privatization of prisons directly conflicts with the justice system in the United States.

The source is unique as it solely focuses on private prisons in one of the largest states in the US- New York.

Source 14: Wassenaar, M., Gradus, R., & Molleman, T. (2018). Are nonprofit prisons an alternative? Some experiences in the Netherlands. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 28(4), 529-537.

The purpose of this source is to paint a clear picture on the prison culture being practiced in Netherlands

The authors analyze data and information got from actual experiences from nonprofit prisons in the Netherlands and Dutch

The authors use testimonies from those who have accessed Netherlands prisons specifically the juvenile detention and internal forensic psychiatric care.

The source indicates that there are no significance differences between public and nonprofit execution with regards to the type of contract, costs, and performance indicators

Non-profit prisons

The prison industry in the Netherlands.

The source is similar to Samuel et al(2009) ''Accounting in and for US Governments and Non-profit Organizations''

The source is unique as it gives the actual experiences from the non-profit prisons in Netherlands.

Source 15: Wood, P. J. (2007). Globalization and Prison Privatization: Why Are Most of the World's For-Profit Adult Prisons to Be Found in the American South?. International Political Sociology, 1(3), 222-239.

The source tries to investigate the reasons why most of the prisons in the world have been or are being privatized.

The author analyzes information or data from existing theories such as political economy, overcrowding, as well as the globalization theory

The author uses sample reports about South American prisons. (America sample reports)

The author indicates that there are numerous forces or factors that have contributed to privatization of prisons in the world.

Overcrowding in prisons

prison-industrial complex

Prison privatization

Carson & Diaz, (2015) using their work "Payoff: How Congress Ensures Private Prison Profit with an Immigration Detention Quota" tries to tackle similar factors that contribute to privatization of prisons.

The source’s uniqueness in the fact that it focuses on the entire world about privatization of prisons. Despite of it being 12 years old, the source remains relevant to the current state of the prison industry.