| FRED Graph Observations |
| Federal Reserve Economic Data |
| Link: https://fred.stlouisfed.org |
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| Economic Research Division |
| Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |
| GGNLBADEA188N | General government net lending/borrowing for Germany, Percent of GDP, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted |
| GGNLBAJPA188N | General government net lending/borrowing for Japan, Percent of GDP, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted |
| GGNLBAUSA188N | General government net lending/borrowing for United States, Percent of GDP, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted |
| Frequency: Annual |
| observation_date | GGNLBADEA188N | GGNLBAJPA188N | GGNLBAUSA188N |
| 2001-01-01 | -3.025 | -6.538 | -0.537 |
| 2002-01-01 | -3.875 | -7.914 | -3.812 |
| 2003-01-01 | -3.704 | -8.046 | -4.764 |
| 2004-01-01 | -3.334 | -5.881 | -4.238 |
| 2005-01-01 | -3.319 | -4.963 | -3.069 |
| 2006-01-01 | -1.653 | -3.492 | -2.029 |
| 2007-01-01 | 0.261 | -3.210 | -2.910 |
| 2008-01-01 | -0.116 | -4.531 | -6.630 |
| 2009-01-01 | -3.151 | -10.192 | -13.197 |
| 2010-01-01 | -4.379 | -9.534 | -11.024 |
| 2011-01-01 | -0.881 | -9.441 | -9.703 |
| 2012-01-01 | 0.009 | -8.613 | -8.028 |
| 2013-01-01 | 0.040 | -7.911 | -4.564 |
| 2014-01-01 | 0.580 | -5.636 | -4.034 |
| 2015-01-01 | 0.943 | -3.807 | -3.566 |
| 2016-01-01 | 1.184 | -3.694 | -4.269 |
| 2017-01-01 | 1.242 | -3.168 | -4.471 |
| 2018-01-01 | 1.867 | | -5.682 |