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152

Websites, 1

BBC Science and Nature

Allows interactive placement of bone and joint structures

Skeletal system

Pictures of dissected bones and their anatomical landmarks

ExRx Articulations

Detailed common exercises demonstrating movements of each joint and listing the muscles involved

Human Anatomy Online

Interactive skeleton labeling

Foundations of Structural Kinesiology

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153

Websites, 2

Virtual skeleton

A 3-dimensional human osteology with Quicktime movies of each bone

Anatomy and Physiology Tutorials

BBC Science and Nature

Describes each bone and allows viewing of each from different angles

Foundations of Structural Kinesiology

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Manual of Structural Kinesiology

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Websites, 3

BBC Science and Nature

Describes each type of joint and allows viewing of how the joint moves within the body

University of Michigan Learning Resource Center, Hypermuscle: Muscles in action

Describes each motion and allows viewing of the motion preformed

Functions of the Skeletal System

Several pages with information on bone tissue, bone development and growth, and the joints

Foundations of Structural Kinesiology

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Manual of Structural Kinesiology

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Websites, 4

Wireframe Skeleton

Move around the skeleton's limbs arms legs body and make it do funny things

eSkeletons Project

An interactive site with a bone viewer showing the morphology, origins, insertions, and articulations of each bone

Introductory Anatomy: Joints

Notes on joint articulations

Radiographic Anatomy of the Skeleton

X-rays with and without labels of bony landmarks

Foundations of Structural Kinesiology

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Manual of Structural Kinesiology

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Websites, 5

Skeleton: The Joints

Point and click to detailed joint illustrations

TeachPE.com

Interactive questions on bones, joints, muscles

Skeletal System Quiz

Allows you to take a quiz on the skeletal system

Foundations of Structural Kinesiology

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Manual of Structural Kinesiology

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Appendices

Manual of Structural Kinesiology

Reference Positions, 2, Appendix

A rightward-pointing arrow labeled left is positioned to the left of the neck. A leftward-pointing arrow labeled right is positioned to the right of the neck. An upward-pointing arrow positioned from the lower part of the left arm to the upper part of the left arm is labeled proximal. An upward-pointing arrow positioned from the left foot to the left knee is labeled proximal. A downward-pointing arrow positioned from the upper part of the right arm to the lower part of the right arm is labeled distal. A downward-pointing arrow positioned from the right knee to the right foot is labeled distal. A dotted vertical line labeled midline is positioned at the center of the upper body. An arrow labeled medial points toward the midline. An arrow labeled lateral points outward from the midline. An upward-pointing arrow labeled superior open parenthesis cephalic close parenthesis is positioned from the middle to the upper half of the body. A downward-pointing arrow labeled inferior open parenthesis caudal close parenthesis is positioned from the elbow to the lower arm of the body.

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Reference Lines, 2, Appendix

The figure shows the upper body of a man facing forward. A vertical line is positioned along the middle of the body and is labeled mid-sternal line. A vertical line along the chest of the man is positioned to the left of the mid-sternal line and is labeled right mid-clavicular line. A vertical line along the shoulder of the man is positioned to the left of the right mid-clavicular line and is labeled right anterior axillary line.

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Foundations of Structural Kinesiology

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Reference Lines, 4, Appendix

The figure shows a picture of a man’s back. A vertical line is positioned along the middle of the body and is labeled vertebral line. A vertical line along the right side of the neck is positioned to the right of the vertebral line and is labeled scapular line. A vertical line along the shoulder of the man is positioned to the right of the scapular line and is labeled posterior axillary line.

Jump back to Reference Lines, 4

Foundations of Structural Kinesiology

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Manual of Structural Kinesiology

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Anatomical Directional Terminology, 1, Appendix

There is a horizontal line passing through the torso of the body. There is a leftward-pointing arrow and a rightward-pointing arrow on the left and right ends of the line, respectively. The leftward-pointing arrow is labeled anterior open parenthesis ventral close parenthesis. The rightward-pointing arrow is labeled posterior open parenthesis dorsal close parenthesis. An upward-pointing arrow labeled proximal is positioned along the upper leg. A downward-pointing arrow labeled distal is positioned along the lower leg. An upward-pointing arrow labeled superior open parenthesis cephalic close parenthesis is positioned from the middle of the upper back to the head. A downward-pointing arrow labeled inferior open parenthesis caudal close parenthesis is positioned along the back of the body.

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162

Anatomical Directional Terminology, 2, Appendix

The figure is divided into four parts, with a line running through the center vertically and a line running through the center horizontally. The top and bottom ends of the vertical line are labeled anterior and posterior, respectively. The left and right ends of the horizontal line are labeled medial and lateral, respectively. The region between the ends anterior and lateral is labeled anterolateral. The different parts of the anterolateral region shown in the figure are tibial tuberosity and lateral meniscus. The region between the ends lateral and posterior is labeled posterolateral. The part of the posterolateral region shown in the figure is lateral tibial plateau. The region between the ends posterior and medial is labeled posteromedial. The different parts of the posteromedial region shown in the figure are posterior cruciate ligament and medial tibial plateau. The region between the ends medial and anterior is labeled anteromedial. The different parts of the anteromedial region shown in the figure are anterior cruciate ligament and medial meniscus.

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Anatomical Directional Terminology, 3, Appendix

The figure is divided into four parts, with a line running through the center vertically and a line running through the center horizontally. The top and bottom ends of the vertical line are labeled anterior and posterior, respectively. The left and right ends of the horizontal line are labeled medial and lateral, respectively. The region between the ends anterior and lateral is labeled anterolateral. The different parts of the anterolateral region shown in the figure are tibial tuberosity and lateral meniscus. The region between the ends lateral and posterior is labeled posterolateral. The part of the posterolateral region shown in the figure is lateral tibial plateau. The region between the ends posterior and medial is labeled posteromedial. The different parts of the posteromedial region shown in the figure are posterior cruciate ligament and medial tibial plateau. The region between the ends medial and anterior is labeled anteromedial. The different parts of the anteromedial region shown in the figure are anterior cruciate ligament and medial meniscus.

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Manual of Structural Kinesiology

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Anatomical Directional Terminology, 4, Appendix

The figure is divided into four parts, with a line running through the center vertically and a line running through the center horizontally. The top and bottom ends of the vertical line are labeled anterior and posterior, respectively. The left and right ends of the horizontal line are labeled medial and lateral, respectively. The region between the ends anterior and lateral is labeled anterolateral. The different parts of the anterolateral region shown in the figure are tibial tuberosity and lateral meniscus. The region between the ends lateral and posterior is labeled posterolateral. The part of the posterolateral region shown in the figure is lateral tibial plateau. The region between the ends posterior and medial is labeled posteromedial. The different parts of the posteromedial region shown in the figure are posterior cruciate ligament and medial tibial plateau. The region between the ends medial and anterior is labeled anteromedial. The different parts of the anteromedial region shown in the figure are anterior cruciate ligament and medial meniscus.

Jump back to Anatomical Directional Terminology, 4

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Anatomical Directional Terminology, 6, Appendix

A rightward-pointing arrow labeled left is positioned to the left of the neck. A leftward-pointing arrow labeled right is positioned to the right of the neck. An upward-pointing arrow positioned from the lower part of the left arm to the upper part of the left arm is labeled proximal. An upward-pointing arrow positioned from the left foot to the left knee is labeled proximal. A downward-pointing arrow positioned from the upper part of the right arm to the lower part of the right arm is labeled distal. A downward-pointing arrow positioned from the right knee to the right foot is labeled distal. A dotted vertical line labeled midline is positioned at the center of the upper body. An arrow labeled medial points toward the midline. An arrow labeled lateral points outward from the midline. An upward-pointing arrow labeled superior open parenthesis cephalic close parenthesis is positioned from the middle to the upper half of the body. A downward-pointing arrow labeled inferior open parenthesis caudal close parenthesis is positioned from the elbow to the lower arm of the body.

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Anatomical Directional Terminology, 7, Appendix

The figure is divided into four parts, with a line running through the center vertically and a line running through the center horizontally. The top and bottom ends of the vertical line are labeled superior and inferior, respectively. The left and right ends of the horizontal line are labeled lateral and medial, respectively. The region between the ends superior and medial is labeled superomedial. The part of the superomedial region shown in the figure is medial epicondyle. The region between the ends medial and inferior is labeled inferomedial. The different parts of the inferomedial region shown in the figure are patella, medial femoral condyle, medial tibial condyle, tibial tuberosity, and tibia. The region between the ends inferior and lateral is labeled inferolateral. The different parts of the inferolateral region shown in the figure are lateral femoral condyle, lateral tibial condyle, fibular head, and fibula. The region between the ends lateral and superior is labeled superolateral. The part of the superolateral region shown in the figure is lateral epicondyle.

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Anatomical Directional Terminology, 11, Appendix

A rightward-pointing arrow labeled left is positioned to the left of the neck. A leftward-pointing arrow labeled right is positioned to the right of the neck. An upward-pointing arrow positioned from the lower part of the left arm to the upper part of the left arm is labeled proximal. An upward-pointing arrow positioned from the left foot to the left knee is labeled proximal. A downward-pointing arrow positioned from the upper part of the right arm to the lower part of the right arm is labeled distal. A downward-pointing arrow positioned from the right knee to the right foot is labeled distal. A dotted vertical line labeled midline is positioned at the center of the upper body. An arrow labeled medial points toward the midline. An arrow labeled lateral points outward from the midline. An upward-pointing arrow labeled superior open parenthesis cephalic close parenthesis is positioned from the middle to the upper half of the body. A downward-pointing arrow labeled inferior open parenthesis caudal close parenthesis is positioned from the elbow to the lower arm of the body.

Jump back to Anatomical Directional Terminology, 11

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Anatomical Directional Terminology, 12, Appendix

A rightward-pointing arrow labeled left is positioned to the left of the neck. A leftward-pointing arrow labeled right is positioned to the right of the neck. An upward-pointing arrow positioned from the lower part of the left arm to the upper part of the left arm is labeled proximal. An upward-pointing arrow positioned from the left foot to the left knee is labeled proximal. A downward-pointing arrow positioned from the upper part of the right arm to the lower part of the right arm is labeled distal. A downward-pointing arrow positioned from the right knee to the right foot is labeled distal. A dotted vertical line labeled midline is positioned at the center of the upper body. An arrow labeled medial points toward the midline. An arrow labeled lateral points outward from the midline. An upward-pointing arrow labeled superior open parenthesis cephalic close parenthesis is positioned from the middle to the upper half of the body. A downward-pointing arrow labeled inferior open parenthesis caudal close parenthesis is positioned from the elbow to the lower arm of the body.

Jump back to Anatomical Directional Terminology, 12

Foundations of Structural Kinesiology

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Cardinal Planes of Motion, 1, Appendix

Figures A, B, and C show the sagittal plane with frontal axis, frontal plane with sagittal axis, and transverse plane with vertical axis, respectively. They show a human body in an upright position. In figure A, the human body is divided into left and right sections, that is, the sagittal plane open parenthesis anteroposterior, A P close parenthesis. The area above the head is labeled superior, and the area below the feet is labeled inferior. A double-ended arrow positioned diagonally across the torso is labeled frontal axis open parenthesis coronal, lateral, and mediolateral close parenthesis. A vertical line runs between the legs of the human body. A horizontal line labeled medial aspect points to the upper half of the lower leg and a horizontal line labeled lateral aspect points to the lower half of the lower leg. In figure B, the human body is divided into ventral and dorsal sections, that is, the frontal plane open parenthesis lateral, coronal close parenthesis. A double-ended arrow positioned diagonally across the torso is labeled sagittal axis open parenthesis anteroposterior, A P close parenthesis. In figure C, the human body is divided into superior and inferior sections, that is, the transverse plane open parenthesis axial, horizontal close parenthesis. A double-ended arrow positioned vertically across the middle of the body is labeled vertical axis open parenthesis longitudinal, long close parenthesis.

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Cardinal Planes of Motion, 2, Appendix

The figure shows a human body in an upright position that is divided into left and right sections, that is, the sagittal plane open parenthesis anteroposterior, A P close parenthesis. The area above the head is labeled superior, and the area below the feet is labeled inferior. A double-ended arrow positioned diagonally across the torso is labeled frontal axis open parenthesis coronal, lateral, and mediolateral close parenthesis. A vertical line runs between the legs of the human body. A horizontal line labeled medial aspect points to the upper half of the lower leg and a horizontal line labeled lateral aspect points to the lower half of the lower leg.

Jump to Cardinal Planes of Motion, 2

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Cardinal Planes of Motion, 3, Appendix

The figure shows a human body in an upright position that is divided into ventral and dorsal sections, that is, the frontal plane open parenthesis lateral, coronal close parenthesis. A double-ended arrow positioned diagonally across the torso is labeled sagittal axis open parenthesis anteroposterior, A P close parenthesis.

Jump back to Cardinal Planes of Motion, 3

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Cardinal Planes of Motion, 4, Appendix

The figure shows a human body in an upright position that is divided into superior and inferior sections, that is, the transverse plane open parenthesis axial, horizontal close parenthesis. A double-ended arrow positioned vertically across the middle of the body is labeled vertical axis open parenthesis longitudinal, long close parenthesis.

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Diagonal Planes of Motion, 1, Appendix

Figures A, B, and C show the upper-extremity high diagonal plane movement and axis, upper-extremity low diagonal plane movement and axis, and lower-extremity low diagonal plane movement and axis, respectively. In figure A, a baseball pitcher is pitching a ball. A dotted line is positioned diagonally across his hand and is labeled axis. In figure B, a golfer is swinging his club in order to hit the golf ball. A dotted line is positioned diagonally across his hand and is labeled axis. The trajectory of the swing is labeled diagonal plane of motion. In figure C, a football player is kicking a football. A dotted line is positioned diagonally across the image and is labeled axis. The trajectory of the kicking action is labeled diagonal plane of motion.

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Axes of Rotation, 2, Appendix

The figure shows a human body in an upright position that is divided into left and right sections, that is, the sagittal plane open parenthesis anteroposterior, A P close parenthesis. The area above the head is labeled superior, and the area below the feet is labeled inferior. A double-ended arrow positioned diagonally across the torso is labeled frontal axis open parenthesis coronal, lateral, and mediolateral close parenthesis. A vertical line runs between the legs of the human body. A horizontal line labeled medial aspect points to the upper half of the lower leg and a horizontal line labeled lateral aspect points to the lower half of the lower leg.

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Axes of Rotation, 3, Appendix

The figure shows a human body in an upright position that is divided into ventral and dorsal sections, that is, the frontal plane open parenthesis lateral, coronal close parenthesis. A double-ended arrow positioned diagonally across the torso is labeled sagittal axis open parenthesis anteroposterior, A P close parenthesis.

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Axes of Rotation, 4, Appendix

The figure shows a human body in an upright position that is divided into superior and inferior sections, that is, the traverse plane open parenthesis axial, horizontal close parenthesis. A double-ended arrow positioned vertically across the middle of the body is labeled vertical axis open parenthesis longitudinal, long close parenthesis.

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Axes of Rotation, 5, Appendix

Figures A, B, and C show the upper-extremity high diagonal plane movement and axis, upper-extremity low diagonal plane movement and axis, and lower-extremity low diagonal plane movement and axis, respectively. In figure A, a baseball pitcher is pitching a ball. A dotted line is positioned diagonally across his hand and is labeled axis. In figure B, a golfer is swinging his club in order to hit the golf ball. A dotted line is positioned diagonally across his hand and is labeled axis. The trajectory of the swing is labeled diagonal plane of motion. In figure C, a football player is kicking a football. A dotted line is positioned diagonally across the image and is labeled axis. The trajectory of the leg kicking the football is labeled diagonal plane of motion.

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Body Regions, 1, Appendix

The different parts shown in figure A are as follows: nasal open parenthesis nose close parenthesis, otic open parenthesis ear close parenthesis, oral open parenthesis mouth close parenthesis, cephalic open parenthesis head close parenthesis, frontal open parenthesis forehead close parenthesis, orbital open parenthesis eye close parenthesis, buccal open parenthesis cheek close parenthesis, mental open parenthesis chin close parenthesis, cervical open parenthesis neck close parenthesis, clavicular open parenthesis collar bone close parenthesis, acromial open parenthesis point of the shoulder close parenthesis, throat, axillary open parenthesis armpit close parenthesis, sternal, mammary open parenthesis breast close parenthesis, the pectoral region open parenthesis chest close parenthesis, brachial open parenthesis arm close parenthesis, antecubital open parenthesis front of the elbow close parenthesis, anterior cubital open parenthesis cubital fossa close parenthesis, celiac or abdominal open parenthesis abdomen close parenthesis, navel, inguinal open parenthesis groin close parenthesis, antebrachial open parenthesis forearm close parenthesis, carpal open parenthesis wrist close parenthesis, palmar open parenthesis palm close parenthesis, digital open parenthesis finger close parenthesis, coxal open parenthesis hip close parenthesis, genital, femoral open parenthesis thigh close parenthesis, patellar open parenthesis kneecap close parenthesis, anterior crural open parenthesis leg close parenthesis, talus open parenthesis ankle close parenthesis, the dorsum of the foot, digital open parenthesis toe close parenthesis, and tarsal open parenthesis instep close parenthesis. The different parts shown in figure B are as follows: cranial open parenthesis surrounding the brain close parenthesis, occipital open parenthesis base of skull close parenthesis, nuchal open parenthesis posterior neck close parenthesis, posterior thoracic, scapula open parenthesis shoulder blade close parenthesis, shoulder, vertebral open parenthesis spinal column close parenthesis, brachial open parenthesis arm close parenthesis, abdominal, olecranon open parenthesis point of elbow close parenthesis, lumbar open parenthesis lower back or loin close parenthesis, dorsum of the hand, gluteal open parenthesis buttock close parenthesis, sacral, perineal, femoral open parenthesis thigh close parenthesis, popliteal fossa open parenthesis back of knee close parenthesis, sural open parenthesis calf close parenthesis, peroneal open parenthesis fibular close parenthesis, and plantar open parenthesis sole close parenthesis.

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Skeletal System, Appendix

The different parts shown in figure A are as follows: skull, which consists of frontal bone and zygomatic bone; manubrium; coracoid process; humeral head; rib cage, which consists of sternum and ribs open parenthesis 12 pairs close parenthesis; medial epicondyle; radial head; radial tuberosity; pelvic girdle; iliac crest; ilium; femoral head; obturator foramen; ischium; pubis; tibial tuberosity; medial malleolus; greater tubercle; lesser tubercle; costal cartilages; xiphoid process; patella; tarsal bones open parenthesis 7 close parenthesis; metatarsal bones open parenthesis 5 close parenthesis; and phalanges open parenthesis 5 close parenthesis. The different parts shown in figure B are as follows: occipital bone; occipital protuberance; cervical vertebrae open parenthesis 7 close parenthesis; thoracic vertebrae open parenthesis 12 close parenthesis; axillary border; vertebral border; inferior angle; lumbar vertebrae open parenthesis 5 close parenthesis; lateral epicondyle; olecranon process of ulna; pelvic girdle; greater trochanter; lesser trochanter; phalanges open parenthesis 5 close parenthesis; medial femoral condyle; lateral femoral condyle; spine of scapula; superior angle; ischial tuberosity; talus; and calcaneus. The different parts that are shown in both figure A and figure B are as follows: parietal bone; temporal bone; maxilla; mandible; clavicle; acromion process, scapula; humerus; vertebral column; ulna; os coxa; sacrum; coccyx; radius; carpal bones open parenthesis 8 close parenthesis; metacarpal bones open parenthesis 5 close parenthesis; femur; fibula head; tibia; fibula; and lateral malleolus.

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180

Typical Bony Features, 1, Appendix

The different parts shown in the figure are as follows: the epiphyseal plates, the articular cartilage, the spongy bone, the space occupied by red marrow, the endosteum, the cortex, the medullary cavity, the yellow marrow, the periosteum, the proximal epiphysis, the diaphysis, and the distal epiphysis.

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Typical Bony Features, 2, Appendix

The different parts shown in the figure are as follows: the epiphyseal plates, the articular cartilage, the spongy bone, the space occupied by red marrow, the endosteum, the cortex, the medullary cavity, the yellow marrow, the periosteum, the proximal epiphysis, the diaphysis, and the distal epiphysis.

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Typical Bony Features, 4, Appendix

The different parts shown in the figure are as follows: the epiphyseal plates, the articular cartilage, the spongy bone, the space occupied by red marrow, the endosteum, the cortex, the medullary cavity, the yellow marrow, the periosteum, the proximal epiphysis, the diaphysis, and the distal epiphysis.

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Bone Growth, 1, Appendix

These stages are labeled from a to f. Stage a shows a cartilaginous model. Stage b shows the developing periosteum and a calcified cartilage. Stage c shows the compact bone developing, a blood vessel, and a primary ossification center are shown. Stage d shows the secondary ossification centers and a medullary cavity. Stage e shows epiphyseal plates, a medullary cavity, and a compact bone. Stage f shows the remnants of epiphyseal plates, the articular cartilages, the spongy bones, and a medullary cavity.

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Bone Growth, 2, Appendix

These stages are labeled from a to f. Stage a shows a cartilaginous model. Stage b shows the developing periosteum and a calcified cartilage. Stage c shows the compact bone developing, a blood vessel, and a primary ossification center are shown. Stage d shows the secondary ossification centers and a medullary cavity. Stage e shows epiphyseal plates, a medullary cavity, and a compact bone. Stage f shows the remnants of epiphyseal plates, the articular cartilages, the spongy bones, and a medullary cavity.

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Bone Growth, 3, Appendix

The image on the left shows a growing bone, and the image on the right shows an adult bone. The growing bone is categorized into epiphyseal growth, growth in length, and growth in diameter. The stages under epiphyseal growth are as follows: growth in cartilage surrounding epiphysis, cartilage replaced by bone, and bone remodeled. The stages under growth in length are as follows: cartilage growth in the epiphyseal plate, cartilage replaced by bone, bone remodeled, and bone resorption. The stages under growth in diameter are as follows: bone addition and bone resorption. The different parts shown in the adult bone are as follows: articular cartilage and epiphyseal line. An arrow originating from the growing bone points to the adult bone.

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Bone Growth, 4, Appendix

The image on the left shows a growing bone, and the image on the right shows an adult bone. The growing bone is categorized into epiphyseal growth, growth in length, and growth in diameter. The stages under epiphyseal growth are as follows: growth in cartilage surrounding epiphysis, cartilage replaced by bone, and bone remodeled. The stages under growth in length are as follows: cartilage growth in the epiphyseal plate, cartilage replaced by bone, bone remodeled, and bone resorption. The stages under growth in diameter are as follows: bone addition and bone resorption. The different parts shown in the adult bone are as follows: articular cartilage and epiphyseal line. An arrow originating from the growing bone points to the adult bone.

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Synarthrodial Joints, Appendix

The image on the left is labeled suture. The image on the right is labeled gomphosis. A part of the suture and a part of the gomphosis are enlarged and are together labeled fibrous connective tissue.

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Amphiarthrodial Joints, 1, Appendix

Figures A, B, and C show the syndesmosis joint, symphysis joint, and synchondrosis joint, respectively. Figure A shows the enlarged image of the fibrous connective tissue in the syndesmosis joint. Figure B shows the pubic symphysis, interpubic disk open parenthesis fibrocartilage close parenthesis, and an enlarged image of the body of vertebra inside which the intervertebral disk open parenthesis fibrocartilage close parenthesis is labeled. A part of the synchondrosis joint is enlarged, and it has the following regions labeled in it: the sternum, the clavicle, the rib, and the costal cartilage.

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Amphiarthrodial Joints, 3, Appendix

This figure shows the pubic symphysis, interpubic disk open parenthesis fibrocartilage close parenthesis, and an enlarged image of the body of vertebra inside which the intervertebral disk open parenthesis fibrocartilage close parenthesis is labeled.

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Diarthrodial Joints, 1, Appendix

The different parts that are shown in the figure are as follows: bones; blood vessel; nerve; bursa; joint cavity open parenthesis filled with synovial fluid close parenthesis; articular cartilage; tendon sheath; tendon; periosteum, which consists of fibrous layer and membranous layer; and joint capsule, which consists of synovial membrane and fibrous capsule.

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Diarthrodial Joints, 2, Appendix

The different parts that are shown in the figure are as follows: bones; blood vessel; nerve; bursa; joint cavity open parenthesis filled with synovial fluid close parenthesis; articular cartilage; tendon sheath; tendon; periosteum, which consists of fibrous layer and membranous layer; and joint capsule, which consists of synovial membrane and fibrous capsule.

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Diarthrodial Joints, 13, Appendix

The figure consists of a square box, an upward-pointing arrow, and a downward-pointing arrow. The square box is divided into four rows. The first row reads diarthrodial joint stability. The second row is divided into three columns. The first column reads static; the second column contains three bullet points that read bony architecture, cartilaginous structure, and ligamentous and connective tissue laxity; and the third column reads structural. The third row is divided into three columns. The first column reads dynamic; the second column contains two bullet points that read muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility, and proprioception and motor control; and the third column reads functional. The fourth row reads diarthrodial joint mobility. The downward-pointing arrow reads increased joint stability leads to decreased joint mobility and is positioned on the left side of the square box. The upward-pointing arrow reads increased joint mobility leads to decreased joint stability and is positioned on the right side of the square box.

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Movement Terminology, Appendix

Figure A shows examples of sagittal plane movements: extension of left toes, ankle open parenthesis plantar flexion close parenthesis, knee, hip, shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, lumbar and cervical spine; flexion of right toes, ankle open parenthesis dorsiflexion close parenthesis, knee, hip, shoulder, elbow, wrist, and fingers. Figure B shows examples of frontal plane movements: abduction of left transverse tarsal slash subtalar joints open parenthesis eversion close parenthesis, shoulder, wrist, fingers, and shoulder girdle open parenthesis upward rotation close parenthesis, lumbar open parenthesis lateral flexion to right close parenthesis and cervical spine open parenthesis lateral flexion to left close parenthesis, and right hip; adduction of right transverse tarsal slash subtalar joints open parenthesis inversion close parenthesis, shoulder, wrist, fingers, and shoulder girdle open parenthesis downward rotation close parenthesis. Figure C shows examples of transverse plane movements: internal rotation of right shoulder, right radioulnar joints open parenthesis pronation close parenthesis; external rotation of right knee, right hip, left shoulder, left radioulnar joints open parenthesis supination close parenthesis; and lumbar open parenthesis left rotation close parenthesis and cervical spine open parenthesis left rotation close parenthesis.

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General, 1, Appendix

The movements are the abduction of left transverse tarsal slash subtalar joints open parenthesis eversion close parenthesis, shoulder, wrist, fingers, and shoulder girdle open parenthesis upward rotation close parenthesis, lumbar open parenthesis lateral flexion to right close parenthesis and cervical spine open parenthesis lateral flexion to left close parenthesis, and right hip; adduction of right transverse tarsal slash subtalar joints open parenthesis inversion close parenthesis, shoulder, wrist, fingers, and shoulder girdle open parenthesis downward rotation close parenthesis.

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General, 2, Appendix

The movements are the abduction of left transverse tarsal slash subtalar joints open parenthesis eversion close parenthesis, shoulder, wrist, fingers, and shoulder girdle open parenthesis upward rotation close parenthesis, lumbar open parenthesis lateral flexion to right close parenthesis and cervical spine open parenthesis lateral flexion to left close parenthesis, and right hip; adduction of right transverse tarsal slash subtalar joints open parenthesis inversion close parenthesis, shoulder, wrist, fingers, and shoulder girdle open parenthesis downward rotation close parenthesis.

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General, 3, Appendix

The movements are the extension of left toes, ankle open parenthesis plantar flexion close parenthesis, knee, hip, shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, lumbar and cervical spine; flexion of right toes, ankle open parenthesis dorsiflexion close parenthesis, knee, hip, shoulder, elbow, wrist, and fingers.

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General, 4, Appendix

The movements are the extension of left toes, ankle open parenthesis plantar flexion close parenthesis, knee, hip, shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, lumbar and cervical spine; flexion of right toes, ankle open parenthesis dorsiflexion close parenthesis, knee, hip, shoulder, elbow, wrist, and fingers.

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General, 7, Appendix

The movements are the internal rotation of right shoulder, right radioulnar joints open parenthesis pronation close parenthesis; external rotation of right knee, right hip, left shoulder, left radioulnar joints open parenthesis supination close parenthesis; and lumbar open parenthesis left rotation close parenthesis and cervical spine open parenthesis left rotation close parenthesis.

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General, 8, Appendix

The movements are the internal rotation of right shoulder, right radioulnar joints open parenthesis pronation close parenthesis; external rotation of right knee, right hip, left shoulder, left radioulnar joints open parenthesis supination close parenthesis; and lumbar open parenthesis left rotation close parenthesis and cervical spine open parenthesis left rotation close parenthesis.

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Movement Icons, 1, Appendix

This figure is divided into six columns. The six columns show icons of scapula elevation, scapula depression, scapula abduction, scapula adduction, scapula upward rotation, and scapula downward rotation, respectively.

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Movement Icons, 2, Appendix

This figure is divided into eight columns. The eight columns show icons of shoulder flexion, shoulder extension, shoulder abduction, shoulder adduction, shoulder external rotation, shoulder internal rotation, shoulder horizontal abduction, and shoulder horizontal adduction, respectively.

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Movement Icons, 3, Appendix

This figure is divided into two columns. The header of the first column reads elbow, and the header of the second column reads radioulnar joints. The first column shows icons of elbow flexion and elbow extension. The second column shows icons of radioulnar supination and radioulnar pronation.

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Movement Icons, 4, Appendix

This figure is divided into four columns. The four columns show icons of wrist extension, wrist flexion, wrist abduction, and wrist adduction, respectively.

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Movement Icons, 5, Appendix

This figure is divided into three columns. The header of the first column reads thumb carpometacarpal joint, the header of second column reads thumb metacarpophalangeal joint, and the header of the third column reads thumb interphalangeal joint. The first column shows icons of thumb C M C flexion, thumb C M C extension, and thumb C M C abduction. The second column shows icons of thumb M C P flexion and thumb M C P extension. The third column shows icons of thumb I P flexion and thumb I P extension.

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Movement Icons, 6, Appendix

This figure is divided into five columns. The header of the first column reads second, third, fourth, and fifth M C P, P I P, and D I P joints. The first column contains icons of second to fifth M C P, P I P, and D I P flexion and second to fifth M C P, P I P, and D I P extension. The header of second column reads second, third, fourth, and fifth M C P and P I P joints. The second column contains an icon of second to fifth M C P and P I P flexion. The header of the third column reads second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpophalangeal joints. The third column contains icons of second to fifth M C P flexion and second to fifth M C P flexion. The header of the fourth column reads second, third, fourth, and fifth P I P joints. The fourth column contains an icon of second to fifth P I P flexion. The header of the fifth column reads second, third, fourth, and fifth D I P joints. The fifth column contains an icon of second to fifth D I P flexion.

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Movement Icons, 7, Appendix

This figure is divided into six columns. The six columns show icons of hip flexion, hip extension, hip abduction, hip adduction, hip external rotation, and hip internal rotation, respectively.

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Movement Icons, 8, Appendix

This figure is divided into four columns. The four columns show icons of knee flexion, knee extension, knee external rotation, and knee internal rotation, respectively.

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Movement Icons, 9, Appendix

This figure is divided into two columns. The header of the first column reads ankle, and the header of the second column reads transverse tarsal and subtalar joints. The first column shows icons of ankle plantar flexion and ankle dorsal flexion. The second column shows icons of transverse tarsal and subtalar inversion and transverse tarsal and subtalar eversion.

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Movement Icons, 10, Appendix

This figure is divided into two columns. The header of the first column reads great toe metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, and the header of the second column reads second to fifth metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints. The first column shows icons of great toe M T P and I P flexion and great toe M T P and I P extension. The second column shows icons of second to fifth M T P, P I P, and D I P flexion and second to fifth M T P, P I P, and D I P extension.

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Movement Icons, 11, Appendix

This figure is divided into four columns. The four columns show icons of cervical flexion, cervical extension, cervical lateral flexion, and cervical rotation unilaterally, respectively.

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Movement Icons, 12, Appendix

This figure is divided into four columns. The four columns show icons of lumbar flexion, lumbar extension, lumbar lateral flexion, and lumbar rotation unilaterally, respectively.

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Physiological Movements versus Accessory Motions, 3, Appendix

Figures A, B, and C shows the accessory motions of spin, roll, and glide, respectively. The images resemble a spinning top that is rested on a stationary surface, and the top is in contact with the surface during the three accessory motions, spin, roll, and slide. In figure A, the top is spinning with the vertical axis as its axis of rotation. In figure B, the top is spinning such that its vertical axis moves around the circumference of the base of a cone with the axis being the vertex of the cone. In figure C, the top swings from the left to the right.

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Physiological Movements versus Accessory Motions, 5, Appendix

The figure shows a stationary tibia and the spin, roll, slide, and extension motions. It shows the movement of the femur from a horizontal to a vertical position, which is labeled extension. Spin is represented by the rotation of the femur in the vertical position, with the vertical axis being its axis of rotation. Slide is represented by the rotation of the femur when it is in the horizontal position, with the vertical axis being its axis of rotation. The figure also shows the femur rolling forward on the stationary tibia.

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Physiological Movements versus Accessory Motions, 6, Appendix

The figure shows a downward extension of the knee joint with stationary femur. Spin, roll, slide, and extension motions are labeled. It shows the movement of the tibia from a horizontal to a vertical position, which is labeled extension. Spin is represented by the rotation of the tibia in the vertical position, with the vertical axis being its axis of rotation. The figure also shows the tibia rolling or sliding on the stationary femur.

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Physiological Movements versus Accessory Motions, 7, Appendix 1

The image resembles a spinning top that is rested on a stationary surface, and the top is in contact with the surface during the accessory motion of roll. The top is spinning such that its vertical axis moves around the circumference of the base of a cone with the axis being the vertex of the cone.

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Physiological Movements versus Accessory Motions, 7, Appendix 2

The image resembles a spinning top that is rested on a stationary surface, and the top is in contact with the surface during the accessory motion of glide. The top swings from the left to the right.

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Physiological Movements versus Accessory Motions, 8, Appendix

The image resembles a spinning top that is rested on a stationary surface, and the top is in contact with the surface during the accessory motion of spin. The top is spinning with the vertical axis as its axis of rotation.

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