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Comment by Christina: Hi Abdirahim, and welcome to the Online Writing Center (OWC). My name is Christina, and I will be reviewing your paper. I cannot edit the paper for you, but I will make some helpful suggestions and point out opportunities for improvement. I cannot point out every instance of every issue, so please take those I do point out and use them as examples of the kinds of things you can look for during your revising and editing. When you see the words “apply throughout,” this means that I will no longer comment on this type of error. You will need to locate and correct other errors of this type throughout the remainder of your paper. Be sure to review the Turabian formatting requirements before submitting your paper for final grading. Compare your paper against both the template from your professor and the Liberty requirements for formatting. There is a great online resource for the basics of Turabian formatting at https://www.liberty.edu/academics/casas/academicsuccess/index.cfm?PID=11954. I hope these comments help! Thanks for using the OWC, Christina Comment by Christina: Liberty now uses a standard title page for all programs. Please check your title page against the sample page on the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. Comment by Christina: The pages of your paper should be numbered, including the bibliography pages. Page numbers before the first page of the text should be in lower case Roman numerals, centered, in the footer at the bottom of the page, with the title page being page i although not numbered. The pages of the body text and back matter should be numbered in Arabic numerals, flush-right in the header at the top of the page (Turabian A.1.4). See the OWC Turabian Template for more help.  Apply throughout.

Abdirahim M Muhumed

Liberty University

Course

The Presidency, Bureaucracy and Foreign Policy

The Presidency, Bureaucracy and Foreign Policy Comment by Christina: Unlike APA, Turabian format does not include the title of the paper on the first page of text (Turabian A.2.2). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.   Comment by Christina: Turabian formatting requires normal style and a standard Times New Roman font size 12 black color throughout. Paragraphs are to be left justified, double-spaced with no extra line spacing between paragraphs, and indented 0.5”. Using MS Word’s “Home” “Paragraph” makes formatting easier. Change the spacing before and after to “0” (Turabian A.1.3). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.  Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: Turabian headings are to be centered normal style and a boldface Times New Roman font size 12 point. Triple space before and double space between and after. Triple spacing indicates two blank single-spaced lines before each heading. Double spacing indicates one blank single-spaced line after each heading. Ensure the paragraph indent is set to “0” (Turabian A.2.2.4). See the OWC’s Turabian Headings Guide for additional information and examples.  Apply throughout.

Introduction Comment by Christina: First level section headings are centered, boldface or italic type, with headline-style (major words are capitalized) capitalization. Ensure the paragraph indent is set to “0” (Turabian A.2.2.4). See the OWC’s Turabian Headings Guide for additional information and examples.      Second level section headings are centered with headline-style capitalization (Turabian A.2.2.4). See the OWC’s Turabian Headings Guide for additional information and examples.      Third level section headings are flush-left, boldface, with headline-style capitalization (major words are capitalized). (Turabian A.2.2.4). See the OWC’s Turabian Headings Guide for additional information and examples.      Fourth level section headings are flush-left with sentence-style capitalization (Turabian A.2.2.4). See the OWC’s Turabian Headings Guide for additional information and examples.      Fifth level section headings are run-in (indented), italics, with sentence-style capitalization, followed by a period (Turabian A.2.2.4). See the OWC’s Turabian Headings Guide for additional information and examples.  Consider checking which level you are trying to create here and revise accordingly.

The National Security Council is one of the most critical decisions a president-elect must make (NSC). It is imperative that the organization's principal, important job be re-evaluated today. It has become more like an agency than a presidential staff as the NSC has increased in size. It's buried in policy minutiae and mostly concerned with the here and now. Because of its lack of focus, it cannot fulfill the crucial role that it alone can accomplish organizing the policy process so that, at the same time, agencies receive a fair hearing while the president can make clear foreign policy decisions in a timely fashion. President-elect Trump has a responsibility to guarantee that this vital role is reinstated (Viveash 2020 p. 49). Cut the NSC's size, streamline its structure, and increase its seniority in order to accomplish this. Comment by Christina: Passive verb constructions are useful when the subject of an action is not as important as what the subject did (the action of the sentence) or when the subject is unknown, however, it should be avoided whenever possible. A form of the verb to be is combined with a past participle to form the passive. For example, “The professor was assaulted in the hallways.” The to be will change form to indicate whether the subject is singular or plural. The to be will also change to indicate the time of the action and the aspect of the verb (simple, progressive, perfect). See the OWC’s presentation on passive voice for additional assistance: verbs Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: A contraction is the shortening of a word, syllable, or word group by omission of a sound or letter. Contractions are generally to be avoided in academic writing, as they tend to give the writing an informal tone. For example, replace didn’t with did not, can’t with cannot, and it’s with it is. Refer to  https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2015/12/contractions-in-formal-writing-whats-allowed-whats-not.html for further guidance.  Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: Liberty University only allows citations in notes-bibliography format (except for book reviews, which may use author-date format). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.  Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: A footnote belongs at the bottom of the page on which it is referenced (Turabian 16.3.4). Turabian formatting requires footnotes to be normal style and a standard black Times New Roman font size 10 throughout. They are to be numbered consecutively by a superscript Arabic numeral and single-spaced with an extra line between footnotes. They are to be left justified with the first line is indented 0.5”. The authors’ names are given in conventional order, first name first. Use of the abbreviations p. or pp. for page or pages is not needed. See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.      Footnotes belong at the bottom of the page separated from the body of the page by a short line of underscores. Using MS Word’s “Reference” “Insert Footnote” makes formatting easier. See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.  Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: Footnotes for online journal articles must follow Turabian format. In general, it is: Author’s First and Last Names, “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article,” Title of Journal volume number, issue number (Issue date): page number(s), URL  (Turabian 17.2). For example:     1 Robert H. Ferrell, "Truman's Place in History,” Reviews in American History 18, no. 1 (March 1990): 8-9, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2702718.    See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.  Apply throughout.

Foreign policy's objective is to manage the country's relationships with other countries throughout the world. Rather than being the result of a single action or decision, policy is the outcome of a course of action or a long-term pattern of behavior. Numerous presidents, as well as cabinet secretaries, members of the House and Senate, and workers of foreign policy agencies, have all played a role in developing US policy toward Russia. In other words, policymaking is not accidental; rather, it is purpose driven (Viveash 2020 p. 49). Comment by Christina: Consistency is key in academic writing. You have used this term both with and without punctuation. Either way is appropriate. Consider choosing one and revising throughout. Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: Hyphenate compound adjectives (AMA 8.3.1; APA 6.12; Turabian 20.3). For example, instead of “He was self motivated,” the correct alternative would be “He was self-motivated.” See GrammarBook.com for more information. 

[footnoteRef:1] [1: David Viveash,. "Has President Trump Killed The Middle East Peace Process?". Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 27, no. 1(2020) :49-61. doi:10.1080/11926422.2020.1842219]

The United States is justified in entering into an international agreement with another country on a specific issue, such as free trade or nuclear disarmament. After establishing a broad understanding of policy, we'll turn our attention to US foreign policy. Comment by Christina: According to Turabian 11.1.7, the use of first person is to be avoided in formal academic writing, especially in research papers.  Two uses of first person should be avoided:  Insecure writers begin too many sentences with I think or I believe (or their equivalent In my opinion). Readers assume you think and believe what you write, so you don’t have to say so.  Inexperienced writers too often narrate their research: First, I consulted…, then I examined…, and so on. Researchers care less about the story of your research than about its results.    See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. 

Challenges that President faces in working with NSC

Challenge 1: NSC is a bureaucracy that cannot be easily moved and would influence executive power.

The NSC was introduced in order to offer advisory services to the executive concerning issues of security and foreign policies. The NSC has undergone various transformations that include being empowered and increased staffing is experienced. The National Security Council is composed of three components: an advisory body, a national security advisor, and a professional staff. The 1947 Act established the National Security Council to advise the president on integrating domestic, international, and military policies affecting all facets of national security (Hastedt, 2014). The Presidents found it difficult to deal with the NSC since it has policies and procedures that have an effect on executive power. The NSC has undergone four phases before the President Trump administration, and this is when it altered the manner in which foreign policy problems come to the president. Comment by Christina: A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses (parts that could stand alone as a sentence). A comma is used before the coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet) joining two independent clauses. For example, instead of “Eddie went to the game and I stayed home,” the correct alternative would be “Eddie went to the game, and I stayed home.” In very short sentences, the comma is optional if the sentence can easily be understood without it; however, you will never be wrong to use a comma. There is an excellent presentation on comma usage on the OWC’s website:  https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Commas.pdf  Apply throughout.

[footnoteRef:2] Comment by Christina: A footnote belongs immediately after the period ending the sentence containing the material being referenced (Turabian 25.2.1.1). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.  Comment by Christina: Footnotes for books must follow Turabian format. In general, it is: Author’s First and Last Names, Title of Book: Subtitle of Book (Publisher’s City, Publisher’s State [unless city is well-known]: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication), page number(s) (Turabian 17.1.1). For example:    1 Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson and A. Cleveland Coxe, The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325 (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997), 182.    See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.  [2: Glenn P. Hastedt, American Foreign Policy: Past, Present, And Future, 10th ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2014.]

In a scenario like the one of President Trump administration is an indication that the powers of the president in the executive have been affected and this is what contributes to presidents finding it challenging working with NSC. Experience has taught presidents that bureaucracies cannot be easily removed and the moment they get the power and influence it needs then the presidents in power have no option but to follow them as stated. Presidents have been forced to think outside the existing bureaucracies that are in place in coming up with other organizations that gives them the power to lead. Truman believed that the president has the power to make the foreign policy decisions but it was not the case, the president’s power is influenced by the NSC. Eisenhower maintained the National Security Council's institutionalization and inclusion in policymaking by establishing a Planning Board to provide policy recommendations to the president and an Operations Coordinating Board to oversee the implementation of national security decisions. Eisenhower also established the position of assistant for national security affairs (commonly referred to as the president's national security advisor) to facilitate the coordination of national security policy decisions. This NSC system was never designed to function properly (Hastedt, 2014, p.194). Rather than generating sound policy recommendations, the lowest common denominator of agreement was used to make decisions. Rather than broadening presidential possibilities, it actually reduced them. Policy implementation continued to be governed by departmental objectives and problem definitions, rather than by presidential objectives and perspectives. Comment by Christina: Apostrophes should be used for the possessive form ("Bobbi's use of apostrophes is correct"), with few exceptions. It is incorrect to use the singular form to indicate possession ("Bobbi use of singular is incorrect"). It is incorrect to use the plural form to indicate possession ("Bobbis use of plural is incorrect"). It is incorrect to use the plural possessive form to indicate singular possession ("Bobbis’ use of plural possessive is incorrect"). The OWC has a helpful resource on apostrophes here:  https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/writing-aids/  Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: The subject and verb must agree in number (i.e., singular or plural). A plural subject requires a plural verb. For example, instead of “Betty and I is going to the mall,” the correct alternative would be “Betty and I are going to the mall.” See this presentation for more information: verbs Apply throughout. Comment by Christina: A comma splice is a specific kind of run-on sentence which incorrectly joins two or more independent clauses using only a comma. The following is a simple example of a comma splice, along with 5 ways to correct it:    Incorrect: Rachel is very smart, she began reading when she was 3 years old.  Method 1: Use a period and a capital letter to separate the clauses into 2 sentences. Rachel is very smart. She began reading when she was 3 years old.   Method 2: Replace the comma with a semicolon. Rachel is very smart; she began reading when she was 3 years old.   Method 3: Insert a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet). Rachel is very smart, and she began reading when she was 3 years old.   Method 4: Use a subordinating conjunction to reduce one of the clauses to an incomplete thought. Because Rachel is very smart, she began reading when she was 3 years old.  Method 5: Add a semicolon and a transitional word or phrase (however, moreover, on the other hand, nevertheless, etc.) before the comma. Rachel is very smart; as a result, she began reading when she was 3 years old.    There is a helpful resource on comma splices on the OWC’s website: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Run-on_Sentences.pdf  Comment by Christina: A definite article is used to indicate a specific or particular noun. For example, instead of "Mary went over to car and got in," or, "Mary went over to a car and got in," the correct alternative would be "Mary went over to the car and got in." This indicates Mary got into a specific car. There is an excellent presentation on articles on the OWC website at https://www.liberty.edu/media/1171/Articles.pdf  

[footnoteRef:3] [3: Hastedt, American Foreign Policy, 194 ]

The presidents have been seeking for a power and influence on the executive powers and influence of the foreign policies and decisions that are likely to be undermined by the bureaucracy brought by NSC. There was a challenge before about the decisions that the presidents mane about the foreign policy and a good example is the scenario where President Obama developed a foreign policy on immigrants that the courts termed it unconstitutional and the Supreme Court upheld the decision. The president finds it difficult relying on the NSC on important decisions like the foreign policy where a minor misadvise would ruin their legacy. The presidents have a short period of time making decisions under the 100 days in office and they cannot give the mandate to NSC to make the foreign policy decisions and advise that would take time and fails to meet the presidents’ expectations. Comment by Christina: Many words in English are regularly used with a particular preposition to express a particular meaning. Throwing a ball to someone is different from throwing a ball at someone. Because many prepositions are short and not stressed or pronounced clearly in speech, they are often accidentally inserted, left out, or mixed up in writing. Check out the writing resources on the OWC website.  Comment by Christina: An article is unnecessary when a noun is general rather than specific. For example, instead of “The milk tastes great with chocolate chip cookies,” the correct alternative would be “Milk tastes great with chocolate chip cookies.” There is an excellent presentation on articles on the OWC website at https://www.liberty.edu/media/1171/Articles.pdf   Comment by Christina: Review word choice/spelling. Consider revising. Comment by Christina: A pronoun must agree with the noun to which it refers (called the antecedent) in gender, person, and number. For example, instead of “The pastor had to quiet their congregation,” the correct alternative would be “The pastor had to quiet his (or her) congregation.” See the OWC’s resource on pronoun-antecedent agreement: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Pronoun-Antecedent_Agreement.pdf.  Comment by Christina: An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb (in its simplest "stem" form) and functioning as a noun, adjective, or adverb. The term verbal indicates that an infinitive is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, the infinitive may function as a subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Although an infinitive is easy to locate because of the to + verb form, deciding what function it has in a sentence can sometimes be confusing. For example: “To sleep (noun-subject) was all the Raymond desired.” “Whenever that song plays on the radio, Eleanor refuses to dance (noun-direct object). “Abraham brought home a book to read (adjective).” “Alberta endured the thunderstorm to throw (adverb) the smelly trash into the dumpster.” See this helpful resource for more information: https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/english/verb/verbals-gerunds-infinitives-and-participles  Comment by Christina: To advise is a verb meaning “to give counsel, or to recommend.” Advice is a noun meaning “recommendation regarding a decision or course of conduct.” For example, “The cabinet advised the president to proceed with extreme caution.” “The president heeded their advice.” See GrammarBook.com for more information.  Apply throughout.

Challenge 2: Misunderstanding about the mandates of NSC and the Defense Department

Presidents finds it challenging in making the decision about who to work within the executive because there is the Department of Defense and the NSC that have the mandate on the matter of national security and the moment the president rely on one body creates disagreements (Menshikova 2019). There are scenarios where Presidents finds it successful working with the different bodies and maintain good relationship. Comment by Christina: The structure of this sentence is so complicated that its meaning gets lost or confused. Consider simplifying. There is an excellent worksheet on sentence construction here: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Sentence_Construction.pdf  Comment by Christina: A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for example: subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition. For example, “Winning isn’t everything; winning is the only thing!” See this helpful resource for more information: [https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/english/verb/verbals-gerunds-infinitives-and-participles]  Comment by Christina: An indefinite article is used when indicating a non-specific noun rather than a specific noun. Also, “an” is used before words beginning with a vowel sound and “a” before words beginning with a consonant sound. For example, instead of “Rob made bad decision,” the correct alternative would be “Rob made a bad decision.” However, instead of “The car made awful sound,” the correct alternative would be “The car made an awful sound.” There is an excellent presentation on articles on the OWC website at https://www.liberty.edu/media/1171/Articles.pdf  

[footnoteRef:4] [4: Menshikova, Anna. "Priorities Of Foreign-Economic D. Trump&Apos;S Policy: Stated Goals And Reached Results". Russia And America In The 21St Century, 2019, 0. doi:10.18254/s207054760005323-2. ]

Despite some critics' assertions that Condoleezza Rice allowed the Defense Department to dominate policymaking during President Bush's first term, the majority of people agree that she had a positive working relationship with the President and was an effective public spokesperson during that time period. Hadley made few public appearances when questioned about the NSC staff's role in overseeing NSC decisions. Additionally, he has been credited for orchestrating a review of Iraqi policy that resulted in significant changes, as previously indicated. It works well when the president performs well and has a positive connection with the National Security Council, but when there are misunderstandings; productivity suffers (Roele 2017). Brzezinski's rivalry with Secretary of State Cyrus Vance was not publicly apparent during the Carter Administration's first year; however, as senior Administration officials recommended divergent responses to issues such as Soviet and Cuban activities in Africa and the Iranian hostage crisis, reports of tensions between the two men increased in the second year. Comment by Christina: Never use a semicolon to separate a dependent clause from the independent clause.  There is an excellent worksheet on semicolon use here: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Semicolons.pdf 

Differences between Vance and Brzezinski at the end of the administration were largely regarded to have contributed to poor and vacillating policymaking. Henry Kissinger, the National Security Adviser under President Nixon, and the Secretaries of State and Defense had previously battled. As a result of Nixon's preference for Kissinger's counsel, foreign policy never stalled, and new ideas were developed. Jimmy Carter, on the other hand, was torn between Brzezinski and Vance, and the two were frequently in opposition to one another (Roele 2017).

[footnoteRef:5] [5: Isobel mname Roele,. "Security Council Working Methods: Working Together for Collective Security". SSRN Electronic Journal, 2017. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3097166. 6 Roele 2017 7 Kent Harrington,. "Commentary: The Biggest Challenge For The National Security Council Isn’T North Korea Or Russia. It’S Trump.". U.S., Last modified 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-national-security-council-commentary-idUSKBN1711ZN. 8 Lukas Böller and Florian. "From Washington Without Love: Congressional Foreign Policy Making And US-Russian Relations Under President Trump". Contemporary Politics 26, no. 1 (2019): 17-37. doi:10.1080/13569775.2019.1617655. ]

Senator Edmund Muskie succeeded Vance in April 1980, following Vance's resignation for his opposition to the ill-fated Iranian hostage rescue operation. After Brzezinski's public involvement in policymaking became a source of contention, calls for Senate confirmation of National Security Council advisers and tighter legislative oversight arose (Harrington, 2017). There were also reports of infighting on the National Security Council personnel between Carter loyalists and those who worked for Vice President Walter Mondale, who had been assigned a key policy position.

Challenge 3: Presidents finds it difficult to take NSC advises that is against their campaign promises

There are scenarios that the NSC decisions about foreign policies are different from what the presidents believe that they deserve to be implemented and have promised the public (Böller and Herr 2019). The president finds that the NSEC is pressuring them to implement policies that they do not support and failing to consider advises led to negative criticism on the president decisions. An example is the scenario of President Trump decision about Russian foreign policy. Retired General Michael Flynn resigned as security advisor, after just twenty-four days on the job as the first advisor in Trump’s administration. Gen. H. R. McMaster, who succeeded Flynn, rapidly reorganized the National Security Council by eliminating "flynnstones" and chief strategist Stephen Bannon from the NSC's cabinet-level Principles Committee. Comment by Christina: See comment above concerning the proper formatting of citations per Turabian and Liberty University.

Though he did not have McMaster's access, Bannon did retain walk-in rights to chat with the president; Trump's original vision for the National Security Council (NSC) included a separate Homeland Security Council, which McMaster successfully reintegrated into the NSC. McMaster was well-known for his bold and uncompromising thinking (Jotzo, Depledge and Winkler 2018). Mattis and Kelly were two of the high-ranking officials that McMaster frequently clashed with. On top of that, he frequently differed with Trump, most notably on Russia, which resulted in his dismissal after less than a year in office. Despite Trump's repeated calls for cooperation with Russia, McMaster accused the government of failing to respond adequately to Russia's "traditional and new forms of aggression" in public statements following his dismissal from the White House (Böller and Herr 2019). The issue is an indication that the Presidents finds it challenging that their decisions at some points are challenged by strong NSC officials especially the advisors and this is a feeling that makes the NSC structured regularly. There are many presidents that came to power and restructured the NSC and an example is Obama that combined it with the Homeland security and other agencies in order to work collaboratively an avoid disagreements. Comment by Christina: A sentence or clause should not end with a preposition. For example, instead of “Do not ask whom the bell tolls for,” the correct alternative would be “Do not ask for whom the bell tolls.” Check out the writing resources on the OWC website. 

[footnoteRef:6] Bibliography Comment by Christina: “Bibliography” needs to be in normal style and a boldface Times New Roman font size 12, centered at the top of the first page. Double space after (Turabian A.2.3.5). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.  [6: 9Jotzo, Frank, Joanna Depledge, and Harald Winkler. "US And International Climate Policy Under President Trump". Climate Policy 18, no. 7 (2018): 813-817. doi:10.1080/14693062.2018.1490051. 10 Böller and Herr 2019, 17]

Böller, Florian, and Lukas D. Herr. "From Washington Without Love: Congressional Foreign Policy Making And US-Russian Relations Under President Trump". Contemporary Politics 26, no. 1 (2019): 17-37. doi:10.1080/13569775.2019.1617655. Comment by Christina: Bibliographic entries should be left justified, single-spaced, unnumbered, and alphabetized by the first author’s last name. Lines after the first are to be indented .05”. Use normal style and a standard black Times New Roman font size 12. Using MS Word’s “Format Paragraph”>“Special Indentation”>“Hanging” makes this easier. Double space between entries (Turabian A.2.3.5). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.  Comment by Christina: Bibliographic citations for online journal articles must follow Turabian format. In general, it is: Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article.” Title of Journal volume number, issue number (Issue date): page(s). URL  The DOI is preferred over the URL; however, if a stable URL is given, it is preferred over the URL found in the address bar of the browser window. If page numbers are not available, simply omit (Turabian 17.2). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. For example:     Moo, Douglas J. “’Law,’ ‘Works of the Law,’ and Legalism in Paul.” Westminster Theological Journal 45 (1983): 73-100. http://library.mibckerala.org/lms_frame/eBook/law%20and%20works%20%20of%20the%20Law%20and%20Leagalism.pdf    Apply throughout.

Hastedt, Glenn P. American Foreign Policy: Past, Present, And Future. 10th ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2014.

Harrington, Kent. "Commentary: The Biggest Challenge For The National Security Council Isn’T North Korea Or Russia. It’S Trump.". U.S., Last modified 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-national-security-council-commentary-idUSKBN1711ZN. Comment by Christina: When citing an online magazine article, the general format is Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Magazine Title, Month Date, Year of publication. URL  (Turabian 17.3). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help. For example:    MacDonald, Scott. “'We Search Our Souls For Answers': Fox News Host Shepard Smith Delivers Emotional Statement on Gun Violence.” Newsweek, August 5, 2019. https://www.newsweek.com/we-search-our-souls-answers-fox-news-host-shepard-smith-delivers-emotional-statement-gun-1452692  

Jotzo, Frank, Joanna Depledge, and Harald Winkler. "US And International Climate Policy Under President Trump". Climate Policy 18, no. 7 (2018): 813-817. doi:10.1080/14693062.2018.1490051.

Menshikova, Anna. "Priorities Of Foreign-Economic D. Trump&Apos;S Policy: Stated Goals And Reached Results". Russia And America In The 21St Century, 2019, 0. doi:10.18254/s207054760005323-2.

Roele, Isobel mname. "Security Council Working Methods: Working Together For Collective Security". SSRN Electronic Journal, 2017. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3097166.

Viveash, David. "Has President Trump Killed The Middle East Peace Process?". Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 27, no. 1 (2020): 49-61. doi:10.1080/11926422.2020.1842219.

Comment by Christina: Abdirahim, As always, thank you for using the OWC here at Liberty! I enjoyed reading your paper on foreign policy and presidents. You have obviously put much time into this paper. Overall, it is a very nice paper. However, you have formatting, punctuation, and grammatical errors that detract from its effectiveness. To continue elevating your writing, consider reviewing Turabian formatting guidelines, as well as the rules for written English grammar. Please refer to the many helpful writing resources on the OWC website at: http://www.liberty.edu/academics/graduate/writing/index.cfm?PID=12268 Moving forward I suggest working on Turabian formatting, articles, and verbs. You have started a good paper that, with a little fine tuning, will be an excellent paper. I did not mark every instance of every error. Remember to look for other similar errors when you see “apply throughout.” If you have any specific questions that I did not address here, feel free to email the OWC or schedule a Live chat or Skype request. You will find many helpful writing aids here. Also, please be sure to complete the Student Satisfaction Survey located at the bottom of your completed request. I hope these comments help! Thanks for using the OWC, Christina