Research
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First Name Last Name
Los Angeles City College
Library Science 101—Fall 2017
Professor Hamilton
December 5, 2017
Tuition Free California Community College
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Reference Entry Nuwer, Hank. "United States." World Education Encyclopedia, edited by Rebecca Marlow
Ferguson, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2002, pp. 1491-1519. Gale Virtual Reference Library,
link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3409700236/GVRL?u=losangeles_c&sid=GVRL&xid=
1e22e6c8. Accessed 4 Dec. 2017.
Summary: This reference entry is an overview about the education system in the United States. It
starts with the historical background about the U.S. educational system and how it has
transformed including the social and cultural aspects.
Authority: The World Education Encyclopedia was last updated in 2002 with legal foundations
and reorganization of educational systems.
Evaluation: The supportive data integrated are historical events and political trends with its
administrative and finance results about the educational system. Although the information from
(1850) are outdated for my topic, however, some data from the twenty first century are
appropriate for my subject matter.
Support: This reference entry will relate how I suggest a designated attitude toward the
transforming educational system in today’s corporate high growing technology society. The
section about higher education provides insight about how the transformed quality of educations
correlates how candidates are being chosen and how the institutions alter the price for education.
Print Book
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Florida, Richard. “The Creative Class.” The Changing World of Works, edited by Lynn M.
Huddon, Pearson Longman, 2006, pp.30-41.
Summary: Florida writes about a class structure what he came to defines as “The Creative Class”
with emphasizing that class , according to Florida, is the manner people with similar economic
functioning , not economic ownership, socially organize and have common identity. “The
Creative Class” are paid workers who combine their creativity to work. Typically, they are those
with degrees that attained problem solving skills and discovered to confidently input creativity to
work that contribute to their work which in turn employers value within modern competitive job
markets.
Authority: The Changing World of Work is an anthology that covers a diverse range of job-
related issues in the American culture and contains volumes that are organized into five thematic
chapters. The selection I chose is in chapter one: Valuing Work. The author, Richard Florida, of
my selection is author of widely read books and articles. He earned his PhD. from Columbia
University and is cofounder of Management at Carnegie Mellon University Software Industry
Center.
Evaluation: Florida observed, from an objective point of view, the economic aspect and the
nature of the growing class of workers which he called “The Creative Class”. He conducted
interviews and yield facts and findings based on his observation. The content was organized
logically from comparing those who are not part of, what Florida calls “creative” class structure,
typically those without a higher education degree to illustrate his points about the nature of this
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class. This book was published about a decade ago, however, employers seek labor that are able
to work within modern competitive company.
Support: Free community college underpins a workforce that modern employers seek. I will
discuss how society can benefit economically and socially, likewise the individual themselves, of
an educated workforce, while maintaining Florida’s class structure.
eBook Samuels, Robert. Why Public Higher Education Should Be Free: How to Decrease Cost and
Increase Quality at American Universities. Rutgers University Press, 2013. eBook
Collection (EBSCOhost).
libpxy.lacitycollege.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d
b=nlebk&AN=645331&site=ehost-live.
Summary: Samuels denounces that higher education institution do not provide good quality of
education but instead institutions underfund the education to enhance the quality of the facilities
and as method to lore students. He unfolds the misleading tactics colleges and universities use
determine for tuition, especially for undergrads, and reports where and how the money is being
allocated. Samuels provides reasons why readers should know what (the cost of education) they
are paying for.
Authority: Robert Samuels is a lecturer at University of California’s Los Angeles and Santa
Barbara campuses and President of the University Council-American Federation of Teachers. He
also writes about higher education issues for the Huffington Post.
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Evaluation: This eBook was published in 2013.The intended audience are parents, student, and
taxpayers. The information is well researched and main points are supported with valid
information where readers can verify by referring to the provided work cited. The content
contains in-depth statistics from early twentieth century, such as financial and inflation trends,
are relevant to the topic. The author reasons, for instance, when he illustrates data of state
funding cuts from 1980 that lead to public universities and colleges’ financial difficulties. From a
Physics Professor from UC Berkeley, who shared similar views about the immense pressure cost
for an education, to refuting the U.S. New & World News, known for rating universities and
colleges, are qualified sources.
Support: This eBook entry will assist my topic by emphasizing why students should searched
about the campus that best suits their major and what they are willing to pay due the allocation of
tuition money.
Scholarly Academic Journal Bills, David B., et al. “The Demand Side of Hiring: Employers in the Labor Market.” Annual
Review of Sociology, vol. 43, Summer 2017, pp.291-310. Annual Review, doi:
10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074255.
Summary: The Demand Side of Hiring examines the hiring decision making by employers. The
link between schooling and the job skills are key pressure to the labor market and the outcomes.
In doing so, questions the method employers use different educational credentials in a specific
job sector.
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Authority: According to the Iowa Academy of Education, David Bills is Professor of Sociology
of Education and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Graduate Program in the University
of Iowa. Bill has great experience within sociological research and continues to demonstrate
interest in education and the workplace, labor markets, and educational demography and social
inequality. His latest (this journal article) was published in The Annual Review of Sociology, a
publication with topics that cover theoretical developments that are divided in chapters covering
social processes, institutions, urban and economic sociology, demography and many more.
Evaluation: The authors declared the complexity of this sociological researching hiring behavior
thus acknowledge some research limitations, employer sample size, and lack of essential
statistics, labor rates and demand. Being published in 2017, they note that this side of the job
market has few in-depth examination, which is why they also suggest for additional research.
Still, the data provided appears valid with bountiful in-text citations and citation page to
reference. Historical data (1964) are implemented to support the theoretical discussion about
human capital but would not suit my subject. The intended audience are job seeker, and
employees.
Support: The report serves a rebuttal about how employers rely on educational credentials as
important skill indicator for an occupation. It also highlights what employers avoid.
Popular Magazine
Bartholomew, Dana. "Study: Region Short Mid-Skill Workers." Los Angeles Business Journal, 9
Oct. 2017, p. 4. Popular Magazines,
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link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A511783679/PPPM?u=losangeles_cc&sid=PPPM&xid=14
30303e. Accessed 5 Dec. 2017.
Summary: The analysis is about a report by the new center for a Competitive Workforce at the
Los Angeles Country Economic Development Corp that surveyed occupations and 28 southern
community colleges to determine if community colleges provide students the mid-level skills to
match the high-growth industries across Los Angeles and Orange counties. The results showed a
skills-job gap and a shortage of qualified job seekers for over sixty-five thousand job openings.
Authority: The Los Angeles Business Journal examines how Los Angeles economy operates.
Information about the author, besides an occupational description with Los Angeles Business
Journal, is not provided. Additional search about the other was not also found.
Evaluation: The short study begins with an effective statistic followed by a citation to support the
information. As the analysis continues, new sources are presented. Several hyperlinks serve as
the citations since no works cited is provided. Overall, the text appears objective. The author did
not dramatize the concerning short information. It’s intended audience are Angelinos, students
and educators. The demographics within one city may not reflect those of others within
California; however, the facts should consider by other CCC thus suiting my subject matter.
Being published in the middle of this year, the report is up to date and relevant for my topic.
Support: The facts observed about the CCC system supports my other points.
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Newspaper Freedberg, Louis. “Report points out where community colleges fall short.” The Daily News of
Los Angeles, 24 July 2017, p. 4. LexisNexis Academic,
http://www.lexisnexis.com/lnacui2api/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&ris
b=21_T26895768332&format=Gst=DATE,D,H&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T26
895768326&cisb=22_T26895768325&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=157105&docN
o=21.
Summary: The points covered in this news report lead to the California’s Community College
system board of governor’s adoption of the document titled “Vision to Success” due to the
system “falling short”, according to Freedberg. He writes about the students are not designated to
appropriate courses to graduate or transfer. The report set goals and a target of increasing the
full-time enrollment of a younger population.
Authority: Louis Freedberg is Executive Director of EdSource. EdSource informs Californians
about the educational challenges to enhance the system to make a better education for the next
generation, the state’s civic life and economy. Freedberg has a Ph.D. in social Anthropology
from UC Berkeley and a B.A. in child development from Yale University. He has been awarded
for best education reporter while being a member for the San Francisco Chronicles.
Evaluation: Freedberg offers honest details about the California Community College system
based from the report. Updates and alarming statistics were obtained from the report itself that
was arranged by CCC’s chancellor Eloy Ortiz Oakley. Although I have not read the original
report, as a CCC student, the facts and figures sound accurate. Still, some portions may appear
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questionable. No reference page is provided to verify the information, but the writer cited the
source at the beginning of the text. I was published in the middle of the year and up to date for
my topic. The intended audience are Californians.
Support: The CCC’s Chancellor’s perspective about CCC’s unmet requirements to prepare
students supports my other source.
Website Skibell, Arianna. “Rising Costs Brings New Focus on How Colleges Set Their Prices.” U.S.
News & World Report. The Hechinger Report. 1 Feb. 2016.
https://www.usnews.com/news/college-of-tomorrow/articles/2016-02-01/rising-costs-
brings-new-focus-on-how-colleges-set-their-prices. Accessed 3 Dec. 2017.
Summary: This news sheds lights to the main concern of the increasing tuition cost and covers its
causes and effects to students. The author provides readers a business mind point of view to
explore how colleges and universities determined the price, or the “sticker price”, for a student’s
higher education. Skibell points out that the focus should be on the cost of educating students
effectively rather than competing prices with other campus price against the students.
Authority: This article was contributed by The Hechinger written by Arianna Skibell, who is
currently a climate reporter at E&E News. The Hechinger Report covers topics about inequality
and innovation in education with in-depth journalism that uses research , data and stories from
classroom and campuses to show the public how education can be improved and why it matters
and also collaborate with news organization nationwide. Prior joining The Hechinger Report,
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while earning her master’s degree at Columbia Journalism University, Skibell covered academic
interest on health, education, race and criminal/social justice. She also graduated Phi Beta Kappa
with a BA in Psychology and Linguistics from Emroy University in Atlanta, Ga.
Evaluation: Despite the news report being published over one year ago, Skibell’s information
and statistics from 1986-2014 supports when she stressed how tuition cost has been increasing in
both colleges and universities. Skibell also cited prominent political figures, such as Secretary of
Education, who provided relevant points as hers, scholars within the education institution, and
student debt cases. A work cited is not provided, however there are links within the text to verify
the information; sources appear credible and well researched. There are several links
implemented but the text is still clear to read. The intended audience are parents who have, or
plan to enroll their children, into college and university, and students themselves.
Support: The theory behind college tuition in this website entry is will enrich my contention for a
tuition free community college for Californians. It also aids a students’ point of view about
college prices and the increasing doubt majority fellow college students continue to confess: “Is
it even worth it?”
Primary Source National Center for Education Statistics. "Average Student Costs at Public Institutions of Higher
Education in the U.S. in 2015-2016, by State (in U.S. Dollars)." Statista - The Statistics
Portal, Statista, www.statista.com/statistics/306860/us-higher-education-student-costs-
public-institutions/, Accessed 5 Dec 2017.
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Summary: The infographic illustrates the average student cost at public institution of higher
education in the U.S. by states.
Authority: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) collects, analyzes, and makes data
available data related to education in the U.S and other nations. It is located within the United
States Department of Education.
Evaluation: These statistics was originally published in the 12th Annual Report Student Debt and
the Class of 2016, a nonprofit and nonpartisan organization working to make higher education
affordable for all. They document statistics among various states as well as colleges. It’s also
limited to population attending public colleges and universities. This statistics are based on one
academics year, average in-state tuition and fees for full time students in public higher
institution. It is narrowed to the population for my topic and the academic from 2015-2016 is
appropriate since 2017 won’t have sufficient data collected.
Support: Having statistics from a reliable source illustrates the cost to attend California colleges
and Universities. Being in the top ten of and higher than the country’s average student, it will aid
to increase my audience’s understanding the causes to student loan debts.
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Works Cited
Bartholomew, Dana. "Study: Region Short Mid-Skill Workers." Los Angeles Business Journal, 9
Oct. 2017, p. 4. Popular Magazines,
link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A511783679/PPPM?u=losangeles_cc&sid=PPPM&xid=14
30303e. Accessed 5 Dec. 2017.
Bills, David B., et al. “The Demand Side of Hiring: Employers in the Labor Market.” Annual
Review of Sociology, vol. 43, Summer 2017, pp.291-310. Google Scholar Database, doi:
10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074255.
Florida, Richard. “The Creative Class.” The Changing World of Works, edited by Lynn M.
Huddon, Pearson Longman, 2006, pp.30-41.
Freedberg, Louis. “Report points out where community colleges fall short.” The Daily News of
Los Angeles, 24 July 2017, p. 4. LexisNexis Academic,
http://www.lexisnexis.com/lnacui2api/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&ris
b=21_T26895768332&format=Gst=DATE,D,H&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T26
895768326&cisb=22_T26895768325&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=157105&docN
o=21.
National Center for Education Statistics. "Average Student Costs at Public Institutions of Higher
Education in the U.S. in 2015-2016, by State (in U.S. Dollars)." Statista - The Statistics
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Portal, Statista, www.statista.com/statistics/306860/us-higher-education-student-costs-
public-institutions/, Accessed 5 Dec 2017.
Nuwer, Hank. "United States." World Education Encyclopedia, edited by Rebecca Marlow
Ferguson, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2002, pp. 1491-1519. Gale Virtual Reference Library,
link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3409700236/GVRL?u=losangeles_c&sid=GVRL&xid=
1e22e6c8. Accessed 4 Dec. 2017.
Samuels, Robert. Why Public Higher Education Should Be Free: How to Decrease Cost and
Increase Quality at American Universities. Rutgers University Press, 2013. eBook
Collection (EBSCOhost).
libpxy.lacitycollege.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d
b=nlebk&AN=645331&site=ehost-live.
Skibell, Arianna. “Rising Costs Brings New Focus on How Colleges Set Their Prices.” U.S.
News & World Report. The Hechinger Report. 1 Feb. 2016.
https://www.usnews.com/news/college-of-tomorrow/articles/2016-02-01/rising-costs-
brings-new-focus-on-how-colleges-set-their-prices. Accessed 3 Dec. 2017.