Annotated Bibliography

Aleeyahblanchard

Example_AnnotatedBibliography.pdf

Home >Psychology homework help >Annotated Bibliography

Example

Annotated Bibliography& Reference Page

HCAP 4900

Overweight and Obesity Among African-American Youths. (2010, May).

Retrieved February 23, 2016, from http://www.cahperd.org/cms-

assets/documents/28168-686161.overweightobesityafricanameryouth.pdf

This fact sheet focuses on the causes and consequences of obesity among African-

American youth. Currently, 35.9 percent of African-American youth experience obesity

compared to 31.7 percent of all children other races. This makes African-American youth

more susceptible to developing type 2 diabetes, and other health issues associated with

being overweight. Due to the many barriers to healthy eating and physical exercise,

African-American youth are more likely to become overweight or obese compared to

their Caucasian peers. Increasing access to recreation centers, affordable healthy foods

and limiting the unhealthy foods available in those areas could be a solution to this

problem.

Hasson, R. E., Adam, T. C., Pearson, J., Davis, J. N., Spruijt-Metz, D., & Goran, M. I.

(2013). Sociocultural and Socioeconomic Influences on Type 2 Diabetes Risk in

Overweight/Obese African-American and Latino-American Children and

Adolescents. Journal of Obesity, 2013, 1-9. doi:10.1155/2013/512914

This study examines the relationship between sociocultural and socioeconomic influences

and type 2 diabetes in overweight African-American and Latino-American children. The

study was assessed using a questionnaire, social position calculation, and glucose

tolerance test. Among African-Americans, cultural identity while shifting into white-

American society was independently associated with lower diabetes risk. For Latino-

Americans, a higher diabetes risk was linked to an increased household social position.

More research is needed to better understand the relationship between sociocultural

orientation, social household position and type 2 diabetes risk in these particular minority

groups.

Nwobu, C. O., & Johnson, C. C. (2007). Targeting obesity to reduce the risk for type 2

diabetes and other co-morbidities in African American youth: a review of the

literature and recommendations for prevention. Diabetes & vascular disease

research : official journal of the International Society of Diabetes and Vascular

Disease, 4(4), 311. doi:10.3132/dvdr.2007.058

Obesity has disproportionately affected African-American youth more than any other

race, due to their elevated risk for developing comorbidities associated with obesity. A

survey conducted in 2004, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination showed

that 20 percent of African-Americans were classified as obese compared to 16.3 percent

of Caucasian youth. This article addresses various interventions; type 2 diabetes

prevalence in African–American youth, the pathophysiology of this disease and

behavioral risk factors that have increased the prevalence of this disease within African-

American youth.

Pettitt, D. J., Talton, J., Dabelea, D., Divers, J., Imperatore, G., Lawrence, J. M., …

Hamman, R. F. (2013). Prevalence of Diabetes in U.S. Youth in 2009: The

SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes Care, 37(2), 402-408.

doi:10.2337/dc13-1838

The SEARCH study looked at the prevalence of youth diagnosed with diabetes in certain

areas of the United States. The study results from 2009 showed that African-American

youth and Native Americans have the highest prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Almost

200,000 youth under the age of 20 were diagnosed with diabetes. Diabetes is one of the

leading chronic illnesses affecting children. Racial and ethnic disparities play a role in

diabetes prevalence overall.

Mayer-Davis, E. J., Beyer, J., Bell, R. A., Dabelea, D., D'Agostino, R., Imperatore, G., …

Rodriguez, B. (2009). Diabetes in African American Youth: Prevalence, incidence,

and clinical characteristics: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes

Care, 32(Supplement_2), S112-S122. doi:10.2337/dc09-s203

In this study, the incidence, prevalence, and clinical characteristics of diabetes in African-

American youth are examined. Majority of youth with type 2 diabetes live in low-income

households. In addition, this type of diabetes was rare among youth under ten years old, but

twice as high among girls between 10-19 than boys in the same age group. About 90 percent

of youth diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were obese or overweight, which proves a possible

correlation between the two.

Hannon, T. S., Rao, G., & Arslanian, S. (2005). Childhood Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

Mellitus. PEDIATRICS, 116(2), 473-480. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2536

In the past, majority of juvenile diabetes cases were type 1 but sadly obesity has caused a

dramatic increase in type 2 diabetes in youth, normally referred to as adult onset. Obesity is

linked to insulin resistance and when partnered with insulin deficiency leads to type 2 diabetes.

Developing type 2 diabetes mellitus at such a young age can lead to more health problems

compared to someone who develops the disease in adulthood. Obesity rates have tripled over

the last three decades in adolescents and disproportionally affected African-Americans and

Latino-Americans. This article gives an overview of the prevalence and pathophysiology as it

relates to adult onset diabetes in youth, as well as the evaluation of an overweight child for type

2 diabetes.

Khan, A. (2013, July 31). Children with Type 2 Diabetes: An Alarming Trend - Diabetes

Center - Everyday Health. Retrieved from

http://www.everydayhealth.com/diabetes/children-with-type-2-diabetes-an-alarming-

trend-6706.aspx

Annually 3,700 children under 20 years old are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and by 2050

over 84,000 children are expected to develop the disease. Although the number might sound

small about 15 years ago, only a small about of children were diagnosed as type 2. Therefore,

instead of worrying about complications from the disease during mid-life you have to worry

about them a decade or two earlier. The exact reason for the rise is still unknown but obesity

and lack of exercise plays a large role in these numbers. This can lead to a $7,500 additional

medical expense yearly compared to a child that is non-diabetic. With increasing rates

researchers are searching for more understanding of this disease in American youth.

Pinhas-Hamiel, O., & Zeitler, P. (2007). Acute and chronic complications of type 2 diabetes

mellitus in children and adolescents. The Lancet, 369(9575), 1823-1831.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60821-6

The increase in the number of cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents will

lead to an anticipated rise in secondary comorbidity cases. Such early onset of type 2 diabetes

could lead to additional clinical complications early on. Two decades ago only three percent of

new type 2 onset cases were accounted for in adolescents and now it has increased to 45 percent

of all new cases. This article reviews acute and long-term comorbidities connected with type 2

diabetes in children.

http://www.everydayhealth.com/diabetes/children-with-type-2-diabetes-an-alarming-trend-6706.aspx

Linder, B., & Imperatore, G. (2013). Research Updates on Type 2 Diabetes in Children. NASN

School Nurse, 28(3), 138-140. doi:10.1177/1942602x13479402

As noted in the Diabetes Study in Youth funded by the CDC, type 2 diabetes in adolescents is

predominate in minorities with 58 percent of new cases occurring in African-American youth.

This article also discuss the HEALTHY program study, which presented healthier food

choices and a higher level of physical exercise in schools to reduce the risk of obesity in

adolescent and children. Despite prevention being a top priority to control type 2 onsets in

youth, more treatment options for children already diagnosed with type 2 diabetes needs to be

provided.

2014 CDC Statistics Report, Data & Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved from Centers for Disease and

Control website: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/

2014StatisticsReport.html

The CDC statistics report (2014) indicated that over 29 million people in the U.S. have

diabetes. Non-Hispanic African-Americans have the second highest prevalence rate of

diabetes. Over 200,000 people under the age of 20 are diabetic. During 2008-2009 there were

over 5,000 new cases of type 2 diabetes in adolescents. Non-Hispanic blacks between 10-19

years old have the second highest rate of type 2 diabetes. Individuals diagnosed with diabetes

can later develop blindness, kidney disease, amputations, and heart disease. Billions of dollars

are spent to treat diabetes yearly. Type 2 diabetes can often be controlled by oral medications,

eating healthy and daily exercise.

http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/%202014StatisticsReport.html

References

2014 CDC Statistics Report, Data & Statistics, Diabetes. (n.d.). Retrieved from Centers

for Disease and Control website:

http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/2014StatisticsReport.html

Hannon, T. S., Rao, G., & Arslanian, S. (2005). Childhood Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

Mellitus. PEDIATRICS, 116(2), 473-480. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2536

Hasson, R. E., Adam, T. C., Pearson, J., Davis, J. N., Spruijt-Metz, D., & Goran, M. I.

(2013). Sociocultural and Socioeconomic Influences on Type 2 Diabetes Risk in

Overweight/Obese African-American and Latino-American Children and

Adolescents. Journal of Obesity, 2013, 1-9. doi:10.1155/2013/512914

Khan, A. (2013, July 31). Children with Type 2 Diabetes: An Alarming Trend - Diabetes

Center - Everyday Health. Retrieved from

http://www.everydayhealth.com/diabetes/children-with-type-2-diabetes-an-

alarming-trend-6706.aspx

Linder, B., & Imperatore, G. (2013). Research Updates on Type 2 Diabetes in Children.

NASN School Nurse, 28(3), 138-140. doi:10.1177/1942602x13479402

Mayer-Davis, E. J., Beyer, J., Bell, R. A., Dabelea, D., D'Agostino, R., Imperatore, G.,

… Rodriguez, B. (2009). Diabetes in African American Youth: Prevalence,

incidence, and clinical characteristics: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Diabetes Care, 32(Supplement_2), S112-S122. doi:10.2337/dc09-s203