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Running Head: AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 1

Aviation Safety Challenges in Africa Draft

Ivan Brian Temanju

Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 2

Abstract

Aviation remains to be one of the most dynamic industries, often marked by new

technological innovations aimed at providing superior, efficient, safe and seamless airspace

utilization among the key industry players. Security and safety remain to be key considerations

in the aviation industry, as they protect international civil aviation against unlawful acts of

intrusion that may negatively impose on the passengers, airline crew and the general public as

well. Nonetheless, aviation safety in Africa has been a growing concern, especially since the

rates of accidents and insecurity concerns in Africa exceed the global average. Despite the

adoption of new aviation laws, as well as marked improvements in certain areas of the African

aviation industry, there still exist disparities in relation to technological infrastructure,

restrictive traffic regimes, adherence to global aviation standards and government regulations

all of which have come in the way of the realization of aviation safety in Africa. Whereas these

challenges have largely been blamed for Africa’s struggling aviation safety standards, it is

without a doubt that the aviation industry in Africa is the most promising industry in the world,

especially as a result of the growing demand for aviation services that are spread in the vast

continent. Hence, in a bid to enhance aviation safety in Africa, the industry needs to be more

receptive of the adoption of open-skies policies, the African airlines need to abide by the

international global aviation standards and the technological infrastructure requires a boost as

a means to capitalize on safety.

Keywords: Aviation Terrorism, Aviation Safety, Aviation Security

AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 3

Introduction

Since the inception of aviation, safety has been a growing concern throughout the

industry. When effectively implemented, aviation safety has been proven to save money, time

and equipment. Nevertheless, implementing an aviation safety program is a daunting task,

which requires attention to detail, as well as a thorough analysis of past accident rates, legal

responsibilities, financial impact, historical data from other organizations and data from

multiple training programs to decide what will work best for the organization at hand.

Unfortunately, there lacks a universal aviation safety program, and hence each organization

must decide what works best for them even when it does not work for other organizations (Shila

& Anne, 2015). Also, the country in which an airline organization operates is largely influenced

by the existing country laws, availability of resources as well as technological infrastructure. In

the recent past, aviation safety in Africa has been in the limelight with most people arguing that

the aviation industry in Africa is below the international standards. According to the African

Development Bank Group, “The international air traffic in Africa is projected to grow at an

average annual rate of 5.1% between 2012 and 2032. Also, the air transport industry in Africa

has supported about 6.9 million jobs contributing to about $67.8 million in economic activity

and about $80.5 million in GDP” (African Development Bank Group, 2012). Nevertheless,

despite the promising statistics, the African continents have been ranked last in the Universal

Safety Oversight Audit Program, and efforts are underway by the International Civil Aviation

Organization, airlines, governments, and other institutions to promote aviation safety in Africa

(Lindsay, 2019). The implementation of aviation safety in Africa remains to be an essential part

of air transport especially since the aviation industry significantly contributes towards the

region’s economic growth through the transportation of passengers and cargo to and from the

AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 4

region. The project below, therefore, analyzes the underlying loopholes in aviation safety in

Africa while devising recommendations on ways to mitigate existing aviation challenges in

Africa.

Aviation Safety Challenges in Africa

The African aviation industry is considered to be the least performing in the world;

however “the industry has steadily improved over the years attracting a 45% increase in

passenger numbers and an 80% increase in freight traffic. In fact, in the years from 2010 to

2015, Africa was ranked at position three as one of the fastest growing regions for international

traffic” (African Development Bank Group, 2012). Even better, the trend in the African aviation

industry is projected to continue growing in the future as a result of a combination of factors

among them increasing urbanization, a rising population, robust economic growth as well as a

growing concentration of the middle class. The aviation industry has been known to boost

economic growth by accelerating the convergence of goods and people, creating job

opportunities for different people and also through the provision of different auxiliary services

(Lindsay, 2019). Moreover, the growth in the aviation industry has been known to present more

market opportunities for the local entrepreneurs through the expansion of regional and

international economic enters. The aviation industry in Africa has been credited for presenting

multiple job opportunities to its people and also for significantly contributing to the country’s

GDP (Shila & Anne, 2015). The current growth in the aviation industry in Africa can be

maintained once more people afford air transport since right now only 10% of the African rely

on air travel (Lindsay, 2019). Additionally, in recent years, the aviation industry in Africa has

AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 5

formed alliances with international airlines allowing for the further expansion of the industry

by allowing access to new long haul routes.

Nonetheless, the European Commission for Air Safety has banned most African carriers

for failing to meet the international safety standards, thus indicating that despite the

improvements, there still exist significant struggles in maintaining international aviation safety

standards in most African countries (Lindsay, 2019). Therefore, the rapid expansion of the

aviation industry in Africa can only be attained once the existing challenges are redressed.

Currently, the aviation industry in Africa is impeded by factors like poor safety and security

records, lack of regulation and government actions, limited resources and infrastructure,

distance and limited connectivity among others (PWC, 2016). These constraints result in high

operating costs and jeopardize on the safety of the passengers and associated crew members,

and hence they need to be addressed to help maximize the industry’s potential.

Security Aviation Challenges in Africa

Of all the challenges encountered in the aviation industry, safety and security are

deemed to be the most significant. The aviation industry is frequently plagued by security issues

ranging from terrorist attacks to geopolitical posturing. Therefore, although the air travel is

deemed to be the safest mode of travel as a result of the widespread international regulatory

frameworks, the industry is often linked to associated cases of global securities and cyber risks

(Shila & Anne, 2015). Unlike other industries, accidents involving the aviation industries tend

to have a higher impact on the public. In Africa, the situation is twice as bad owing to the

changing character of terrorism, emerging technologies and a growing dependence on the

internet all of which are altering the nature of threats experienced by the aviation industry

AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 6

(Hattem, 2017). Hence the African aviation industry has been under pressure to maintain its

safety levels especially with the current projections where the number of air travelers is

expected to be twice as much in the next twenty years. As of 2011, “The average number of air

traffic accidents in Africa was nine times higher than the global average” (Hattem, 2017). The

frequent rate of recurrence of air accidents in Africa has been mainly attributed to lack of

adherence to accepted international safety standards and practices (Hattem, 2017).

Therefore, aviation safety needs to be a major consideration in the growth of the African

aviation industry. So far most African governments have implemented the African Union

backed the plan which aims to address existing deficiencies in aviation safety (African

Development Bank Group, 2012). For example, the International Air Transport Association is

currently working in conjunction with the International Civil Aviation Organization in enacting

the Africa Strategic Improvement Action Plan of the African Union (African Development

Bank Group, 2012). The plan is significant in aviation safety since it demands the different

airline companies in Africa to adopt the globally accepted standards of security and safety.

Inadequate Infrastructure

The aviation industry in Africa is plagued by multiple infrastructure related challenges

among them inadequate infrastructures, limited connectivity, lack of trained personnel and

limited transit facilities. Despite the substantial progress realized in the past decade in the

aviation industry, Africa still lacks in both hard and soft infrastructure (PWC, 2016). In general,

Africa’s poor state of transportation infrastructure with limited road and rail links makes it

difficult for Africans to move within the vast continent. Even worse, African airlines tend to

incur higher operational costs arising from the existence of a few large airports, few major

AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 7

aircraft maintenance resources, and inadequately trained personnel. Thus, as a result of the

dominance of poor infrastructure in Africa, the continent has been ranked first in relation to

the number of major accidents and safety incidents experienced in the world, largely as a result

of the dominance of older and outdated airliners (PWC, 2016).

Therefore, the existing infrastructure is only causing more problems for the airlines in

Africa despite the increase in passenger growth in the recent years; the existing airports are not

designed to cater for the ever-growing number of passengers. In recent years, governments, as

well as foreign investors, have largely invested in improving the infrastructure in airports, but

the goal is not yet achieved (PWC, 2016). Chinese investors and banks, in particular, have

recently increased their investments in the African airlines, but the development is still uneven

in most parts of Africa. Thus, it is essential for African governments to invest in improved

airline infrastructure for the aviation industry to be effective (PWC, 2016).

Lack of effective government regulations

In spite of the recognition of the contribution by the aviation industry in Africa, the

advancement of the industry lacks in the priority areas of most African nations. A majority of

the African airlines are dominated by foreign airline airlines, as a result of the unwillingness by

the African governments to open their skies to more local airlines, in the fear that increased

local airlines will unfairly compete with international airlines, yet they are considered to be

symbols of pride (Shila & Anne, 2015). Such challenges thus beg for a joint effort from the

African governments to impose regulation on consumer protection, airline safety, and aerospace

management. This is because, a combination of factors like inadequate aviation professionals,

AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 8

rising airport fees, poor connectivity and limitations on transit visas only worsen to the burden

of the challenges plaguing the African aviation industry.

Restrictive air traffic regimes

According to Pierobon, there exist extremely restrictive air traffic regimes around the

African continent. Pierobon further notes that it is rather strange that a majority of the African

nations are reluctant to empower their local airlines and are more willing to allow the foreign

airlines to operate all over the continent where, “About 80% of the air traffic to Africa is on

non-African airlines”( Pierobon, 2017). Thus, there need to be more intra-African airline

activities, and African countries need to be more open to the idea of liberalizing their skies.

Although most African countries hold the idea that opening their markets would kill their local

airlines, it is without a doubt that the local airlines are not effective enough in their performance,

and hence African countries need to be less restrictive in their measures so as to give more

opportunities to local airlines (Shila & Anne, 2015).

The existence of the current protectionist barriers and regulatory hurdles make it harder

for local airlines to thrive since they must first acquire permission from all intended areas of

operation, which is often a lengthy and costly project marked by significant bribes. Also, in

spite of the fact that “Over 44 African nations signed an agreement in 1999 to enhance

competitive markets and to do away with regulatory barriers; very few countries have

implemented the plan on the grounds” (African Development Bank Group, 2012). Most of the

African countries display protectionist tendencies which limit other African airlines to access

their own airspace. Such is because most of the countries seek to assert themselves by creating

national airlines, rather than by working with other nations. This indicates that currently, the

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only airlines that are effectively situated to take over the African skies are the behemoths which

are either based in Europe or in the Middle East (African Development Bank Group, 2012).

With such dominance in the African market and a lack of local competition from the local

airlines, these mega-carriers charge expensive fares while prioritizing on profits over quality,

thus compromising on the safety standards.

Therefore, empowering the local airlines will make aviation in Africa more accessible,

will create opportunities for the citizens, and will result in greater productivity and efficiency

especially arising from increased monitoring of the airlines thus reducing the instances of

aviation-related accidents. It is important that the African aviation industry continues focusing

on enhancing safety every year.

Future of the Aviation Industry in Africa

According to the IATA Director, “Africa is the region with the greatest aviation

potential” (Juniac, 2018). The continent is home to over a billion people, and the industry is

strategically positioned to connect Africa’s economic opportunities locally and internationally,

thereby imposing prosperity and changes on the people’s lives for the better. The aviation

industry in Africa is thus very promising since it can help in the attainment of the UN’s

Sustainable Development Goals among them eradication of poverty and enhancement of

healthcare and education (Juniac, 2018). Nonetheless, Africa faces significant challenges, and

many airlines are still struggling to break-even. According to, Frank “The African aviation

industry stands to lose about $1.50 for each passenger it carriers owing to the high cost of

operations such as taxes, fuel, and infrastructure charges all of which exceed the current global

average” (Frank, 2017). Moreover, multiple factors serve as a threat to the current aviation

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safety in Africa as a result of factors like insufficient safety oversight, restrictive air service

agreements and failure to comply with the global aviation standards all of which add to the load

that stand in the way of Africa’s aviation economic and social benefits (Tonye, 2017). Hence,

in a bid to ensure that the African aviation industry, delivers quality services to its customers

while capitalizing on passenger safety, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) has

identified five priority areas that need to be addressed to ensure that the aviation industry in

Africa delivers maximum economic and social benefits to its clients. These five areas include:

Enhancing safety efforts

Overall aviation safety in Africa has improved over the years. For example, “In 2016,

there were no recorded cases of passenger fatalities or jet hull losses in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Once the turboprop operations were included, Sub-Saharan Africa recorded 2.3 accidents per

million flights against the global average of 1.6 accidents per million flights”(Frank, 2017).

Hence it is important to note that aviation safety in Africa has improved, but there still exists a

gap that needs to be closed. Hence, African countries need to align their aviation standards with

global standards like the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA), as a means to enhance their

safety oversight and to reduce the accident rates associated with their carriers. According to

Juniac, there needs to be improved government safety oversight, especially since as of 2018,

“Only 22 African countries had reached or even surpassed the implementation of 60% of the

International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO) standards and recommended practices

(SARPs) for safety oversight” (Juniac, 2018). Both ICAO and SARPs are critical global

standards which are committed to enhancing the achievement of world-class safety in Africa;

therefore, all African governments should be more committed in the enactment of these two

AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 11

key global standards as a means to enhance the attainment of aviation safety in Africa (Juniac,

2018).

Enabling airlines to improve intra-Africa connectivity

Owing to the current challenges in the intra-Africa connectivity, where it is difficult for

passengers to move from one country to the country, it is significant to improve intra-Africa

connectivity and to enhance ease of passenger movement between the African countries (Zedd,

2018). Currently, aviation safety is largely compromised because of the lack of effective intra-

Africa connectivity policies, which forces passengers to use multiple airlines when moving

around the continent, which further increases the risks of more accidents, as opposed to the use

of single connectivity airlines (Zedd, 2018). Hence, enhancing Intra-Africa connectivity will

go a long way in reducing the number of aviation accidents incurred while also resulting in the

expansion of the intra-Africa aviation markets. Thus, more African countries and governments

should be more open to implementing Africa Union’s Single Africa Air Transport Market

Initiative not only as a means to foster connectivity in the continent but also to realize African

economic growth which is largely inhibited by the absence of intra-Africa air connectivity

prospects (Zedd, 2018). Additionally, both social and economic opportunities are being lost

owing to the lack of convenient flight connections, and hence prompt measures need to be put

in place to foster intra-African connectivity as a means to attaining a brighter future full of

opportunities while also optimizing on passenger safety.

Unblocking airline funds

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Currently, most African airlines are facing the challenge of blocked funds, where it has

more difficult for airlines to track the money generated from operating in foreign countries.

Even worse, the existing strict regulations in the aviation industry in most countries hinders the

movement of money generated from airline operations, hence resulting in an excessive amount

of blocked funds which has been shown to negatively impose on the cash flow of most airlines

hence forcing them to get into more debts to fund their operations (Tonye, 2017). What’s worse,

working with strained budgets, compromises on the quality of services, technology, and

infrastructure in which such airlines operate thus increasing the risk for associated aviation

accidents (Tonye, 2017). Therefore, there needs to be the enactment of practical solutions to

ensure that most airlines can reliably repatriate the revenues earned from their operations in

different African countries. Such will help to enhance the airline business, to improve

connectivity and even to foster overall aviation safety (Tonye, 2017).

Avoiding air traffic management, re fragmentation and over investment

According to Smith, one of the key problems facing the aviation industry in Africa is

fragmentation and the over-protectionism of the national airlines (Smith, 2018). The current

fragmentation in the African industry makes it more difficult for the aviation industry to achieve

the required level of success needed to compete with international airlines from outside the

continent (Smith, 2018). Hence, it is essential for the African airlines to work together to help

the travelers to visit more destinations, through the alignment of the different government

departments in the industry. IATA has thus far, urged all African governments to avoid air

traffic management and re fragmentation but rather to work towards the enactment of upper

airspace initiatives as a means to improve the efficiency of air traffic management

AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 13

(Briedenhann, 2017). Moreover, IATA has stressed on the importance of industry consultations

when devising air traffic management investments decisions as a means to ensure alignment

with airline operational needs and also to cut on over-investments (Briedenhann, 2017).

Aviation investments must be such that they are tailored towards improving passenger safety

and efficiency and should not serve as an additional cost burden to an organization.

Ensuring that Africa has the professionals it needs to support the industry’s growth

The recent Ethiopian Airline crash which occurred on March 10th, 2019, involving the

Boeing 737 Max 8, raised questions on the level of training held by the professionals within the

aviation industry. According to a claim by a pilot colleague, the crash occurred because the

captain of the Ethiopian airline failed to practice on a new simulator for the aircraft (REUTERS,

2019). As a result, the pilot lost control soon after take-off resulting in a losing battle to stop

the plane from plunging down. The accident thus raised one of the biggest inquiries in the

aviation history, on whether pilots, especially those from Africa are sufficiently trained to deal

with the new automated systems and in this case, whether the pilot was well trained to operate

the MAX simulator (REUTERS, 2019). Globally, most commercial airline pilots are subjected

to mandatory refresh training in simulators after every six months, and hence such shows that

the same does not exist in Africa since the pilot was confused on operating the new simulator

(Briedenhann, 2017).Therefore, in a bid to control aviation accidents in Africa, the different

airlines need to ensure that Africa has the right amount of professionals who are adequately

trained to support the industry’s growth (Pierobon, 2017). Hence, African governments need to

provide the right resources in ensuring that the professionals are adequately trained for them to

meet the current needs of the industry and to avert any possible accidents (Briedenhann, 2017).

AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 14

Thus, there needs to collaborate efforts tailored towards the growth of future talent to help in

the realization of the much-needed returns of aviation growth.

Ways to Mitigate Aviation Challenges in Africa

Adopting Open-Skies Policies

In research done by the International Air Transport Association, implementing open

skies policies will help to foster competition, which helps to grow the traffic by double.

According to Hattem, “African nations could boost their collective GDP by at least $1.3 billion

and attract a further 4.9 million new travelers by enacting bilateral agreements. This will help

to reduce ticket prices by as much as 35% while the trade will grow by about $430 million. In

a country like Ethiopia alone, the open skies policies will help to create 15,000 new jobs while

attracting a further $60 million in economic uplift” (Hattem, 2017). In the past, open skies

policies between Zambia and South Africa helped to reduce fares between the two countries by

about 40 % whereas the same policies between Morocco and European airline resulted in a

significant reduction in fares while doubling the number of passengers. In this case, adopting

open-skies policies will help to cut on associated costs in the intra-African airlines, while

increasing credibility and better monitoring of the airlines hence resulting in the prioritizing of

passenger safety at all times.

Implementation of Universal Global Standards

For years, air travel has been termed to the safest form of long distance transportation,

and different bodies exist to ensure that certain standards are adhered to thereby making air

travel continues to attract the least risks possible in regards to travel. According to a research

AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 15

conducted by IATA, it was established that the trend of aviation safety worldwide continues to

improve and that in the last five years, IATA airlines had a lower accident rate compared to the

non-IATA airlines (Zedd, 2018). Hence, IATA is constantly dedicated to ensuring that the

standards of safety are maintained and improved. Moreover, according to Smith, “Airlines

registered under the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA), have outperformed non-IOSA

airlines globally in the period between 2012 to 2017” (Smith, 2018). Such indicates that IOSA

conducts frequent audit reviews, in ensuring that airlines met the highest standards in their

different areas of operator systems. Hence, the existing statistics clearly indicate that airline

operators that maintain IOSA standards tend to have a better safety performance overtime

where even in Africa, “The accident rates is 1.18 for IOSA registered carriers and 9.79 for the

non-IOSA carriers" (Smith, 2018). Therefore, it is crucial that more African airlines abide by

the existing global standards or rather associate with bodies which will ensure that their safety

is maximized hence reducing associated incidences of insecurities and accidents.

Adopting Improved Technology Infrastructure

The African civil aviation is known to be nine times riskier than the global average, and

thus latest technological advances would be highly applicable to Africa’s challenges on civil

aviation safety. According to the Tellumat Air Traffic Management (ATC), “Technological

advances in the African civil aviation will go a long way in enhancing safety and cost-

effectiveness in regional air and ground security hence increasing Africa’s attractiveness as a

sought after travel and business destination” (Langenhoven, 2017). Therefore, the African

aviation stakeholders need to be more focused on improving global air transportation and air

traffic management system by modernizing the remote air traffic control (ATC) infrastructure

AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 16

in the continent. Langenhoven further stresses that technological advancements can effectively

ensure safety and security is attained in most African airports through the use of fewer skilled

air traffic controllers positioned in one control room thus reducing on operating costs while

optimizing on safety (Langenhoven, 2017). Moreover, Langenhoven adds that for there needs

to be technological advancements in the areas of satellite-based navigation and solar power

solutions as a means to revamp the African civil aviation. Additionally, the African airports

need to align themselves with initiatives like NextGen in the US, and SESAR in the EU, as a

means to boost air and space transport thus improving remote control towers using improved

cameras and data communication links (Langenhoven, 2017). Such will quickly improve air

traffic safety by uniting different destinations thus attaining the required safety standards

required of airlines (Langenhoven, 2017). Lastly, it is crucial for Africa to continue adopting

cutting-edge navigational aid systems like radar, runway lights, weather observation systems,

instrument landing systems (ILS), and precision approach systems among others in a bid to

meet Africa’s needs for new installations thus improving air transport in general.

Conclusion

In conclusion, as seen above, the aviation industry in Africa holds a bright future, but

its full potential can only be realized once the current safety and security concerns are

addressed. Aviation safety is still a pressing problem in Africa that has been made worse by

factors such as poor technological infrastructure, restrictive traffic regimes, lack of adherence

to global aviation standards and poor government regulations all of which have made it more

difficult for the African aviation industry to compete favorably on the global front. Therefore,

addressing the current aviation challenges in Africa demands for better technological

AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 17

infrastructure, adhering to the existing global aviation standards, and adopting open-skies

policies as a means to maximize on the revenues from the industry while optimizing on aviation

safety.

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