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The Albuquerque Housing Authority’s Seniors Not Using Information Technology

Trident University International [2020]

In 2019, the city of Albuquerque has upgraded its information technology (IT) and enterprise resource planning (ERP) for the improvement of all business processes. The IT and ERP departments created new websites to improve costs, accounting, logistics, and all other areas of business administration. The Albuquerque Housing Authority (AHA) problem is to have older adults/disabled population living in public housing to use their website to access all services provided for quality of life. The purpose of this study is to understand the reasons for older/disabled adults not using any type of information technology or electronic devices.

What can be done for AHA to improve services for older/disabled adults use information technology? How can AHA’s management assist this population to use their website?

To further study the problem with the Albuquerque Housing Authority (AHA) research methods are qualitative, with a phenomenology approach. The sample population consists of 100 participants of males and females. Instruments used were questionnaires, telephone interviews, surveys, and data collection and analysis completed through survey monkey and excel.

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ABSTRACT ii PREFACE iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 9 Background 9 Statement of the Problem 10 Purpose of the Study 11 Conceptual Framework 11 Research Questions 12 Nature of the Study 12 Significance of the Study 13 Definition of Key Terms 13 Summary 14 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 15 Documentation 15 Theme/Topic [repeat as needed] 15 Theme/Topic [repeat as needed] 16 Theme/Topic [repeat as needed] 17 Theme/Topic [repeat as needed] 17 Theme/Topic [repeat as needed] 18 Method and Design Literature 18 Summary 19 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 20 Research Methods and Design(s) 20 Population 21 Sample 21 Materials/Instruments 22 Data Collection Process 23 Data Processing 24 Data Analysis Process 24 Assumptions 25 Limitations 25 Delimitations 25 Ethical Assurances 26 Summary 26 CHAPTER IV: DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSIS 27 Results 27 Evaluation of Findings 29 Summary 30 CHAPTER V: APPLICATION TO PRACTICE AND DISCUSSION 31 Implications 31 Recommendations 31 Conclusions 31 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY REPORT 32 Introduction to the Business Problem 32 The Study 32 The Findings 32 Analysis of the Findings 33 Key Implications for Business 33 Recommendations for Practitioners 33 REFERENCES 35 APPENDIX A: LOI AND SITE AUTHORIZATIONS 37 APPENDIX B: INFORMED CONSENT FORM 38 APPENDIX C: INSTRUMENTS AND PROTOCOLS 39 APPENDIX D: OTHER REQUIRED DOCUMENTS 40 APPENDIX E: General Guidelines to Remember about Formatting 41

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The rate of senior/disabled individuals living in public housing has decreased to 79%, and the average report annually presented by Urban Housing Development (HUD) is lower within three years (AHA,2020). The other issue for low-income seniors living in public housing is that seniors are below the poverty line of the state of New Mexico, therefore, older adults cannot afford computers, and internet service (Smith, 2014). The Albuquerque Housing Authority (AHA) has a reoccurring problem with older adults living in public housing are lacking when it comes to using information technology (Khosravi & Ghapanchi, 1016; Albuquerque Housing Authority, 2020).

Technology for older adults has become mainstream and now growing to match demographics. The gap for this research is that low-income housing cannot afford certain types of digital technology, plus learning how and when they can use the website for AHA for certification or re-certification to remain in their homes. If the housing authority cannot have seniors to use technology, the cost becomes higher and less effective for their business practices.

This non-profit agency has made strides over the past three years to make in going in digital, which includes economics, income scale, access to services, and accommodations for those in need of those types of services with AHA. The main focus of AHA is to have the older adults’ access to information technology, especially with seniors/disability individuals to have cost-effective services, with understanding the reasons for this particular population not using technology.

Through innovated products, for example, smartphones, tablets, and smart home technology for seniors has been a growing market, and improve easier services for the older population (Knowles & Hanson, 2018). For the seniors that can afford electronic devices is not owning but the use. This is a two-way divide for low-income seniors, (1) not able to purchase digital devices, (2) cannot afford internet services, and (3) the reality of just using technology at all.

Despite increasing numbers of adults accessing the internet, plus many older adults have used the computer during their careers, the digital divide between older adults and younger adults still exists (Kozubaez, DiSalvo & LeDantec, 2019). The aging process has lowered the use of technology and spend less time using online services than younger adults. Research has found that personally older adults held concerns regarding its impact on the digital age and society.

Seniors’ perceptions are fears that they will do wrong when using software or other technological applications is a major factor in holding back from using technology. Elders ages 60 to 70 years of age own cellphones, tablet, or a computer. Nationwide significant growth of technology (digital) is 73% higher than 15% of over 5 years ago. The older adults ages 65 are 53% users of smartphones as well as a laptop or tablet. However, the same age group of 60 to 70 years of age that are low-income will not have any type of digital technology. Recent case studies have reported key barriers to the wider adoption of technology by older adults because of new design processes that are often created for elders (Brocke & Lippe, 2015). This type of innovation and design was based on geriatricians’ and technologists’ perceptions of what seniors need with little consideration of user perspectives and preferences on their real-world constraints.

The case study (qualitative) is researching low-income seniors (participants) who discussed having concerns about technology use and the expectations of the Albuquerque Housing Authority interactions with the management of AHA.

Further research has indicated or offers ideas on how to improve seniors of technology use, and also in the discussion is that it’s impractical to educate elders on complicated topics of computer science, basic knowledge, skills and how they interact with each other would be valuable to understand their capabilities.

This case study can show that older adults are experts in their lived experiences and can identify the potential barriers to technology adoption and use. The qualitative method and ethnography strategy is to understand the phenomenon of how to use digital technology and older adults in public housing. The context of interaction to learn of potential training in using computers is helpful or unhelpful for the solution o this problem (Smith, 2014).

Other concerns for information technology with this sample population of low-income seniors is how and why they cannot link to AHA’s IT applications for individual performance completion. The research question for this research project are:

RQ1: What are the barriers and facilitators to change older adults’ behaviors in using information technology?

The data collection and analysis started with priori coding which is a process as the researcher develops ahead of time-based on a theoretical framework, interviews, and pre-existing knowledge.

Themes in non-technology use are:

Attitudes:

· Towards technology in general

· Towards mental health conditions (memory loss)

· Barriers of not using technology

The theme of helping seniors in the digital age:

· Explain the value

· Use easy language

· Take it slow

· Write it down

· Patience

· Give them confidence

· Support and free resources

· Get seniors to use technology

Themes and Subthemes

· The motivation for using technology

· Support services

· Management to be available when seniors need assistance

· Facilitate self-awareness

· Educate the use of the Albuquerque Housing Authority’s website

· Not enough money for seniors to purchase any digital devices

· Free internet service

The theoretical or conceptual framework is based on two theories that help answer the research question. The theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is to attempt to predict human behavior and posits the attitude towards behaviors of subjective norms, with perceived behavioral influence interactions (Ajzen, 1991). Since descriptive norms are the most valuable to predict an individual’s intentions on social influence and beliefs.

The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is used for models for how individuals come to accept and use information technology (Taylor & Todd, 1995). The actual systems used help individuals learned to operate technology.

Behavioral intentions or disbelief influences the decisions not to use technology, especially with the older population. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) associates with empirical evidence or research on how the relationships exist between the ease of using technology systems and the perceptions of what seniors may believe would keep from using technology.

The practical use of TAM comes from the fact that the system designer has some degree of control, which can be the system was designed for easier use especially with older adults. The key determinants of usage that provide direction for design efforts should be their focus.

Empirical research testing for TAM explains variance to use of technology through intention and self-report of technology being used.

Figure 1.

TAM can be associated with the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) with only two beliefs which comprise attitude and no role for the subjective norm or social influences departs from TRA in a significant way. However, all factors are not explicitly included in the model expectations to impact intentions and usage of technology but through a case of use and perceptions of using technology. The appeal for using TAM is that its’ considered easier to use technology and useful as it is perceived to be more positive one’s attitude and intentions directed to use technology.

The appeal for the TAM model with regards to his case study is that TAM is both specific and simple (Davis, 1989). TAM has received support (empirical) information technology research, for example, TAM predicts software usage better than the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA).

This case study will also look at the operations of management of the Albuquerque Housing Authority (AHA) concerning how to help seniors use their information technology, plus a practice-based strategy would help with behaviors and attitudes of low-income seniors living in public housing. Because the research question is about how to make changes in attitudes and behaviors of seniors, management can be added to help makes those changes to be more effective with the elder population (Bromiley & Rau, 2014). The organizational design is to assure that the low-income senior population to have a home as well as being safe and secure in society. The aim of AHA as a regulatory are the elements of the social network, human services, shared values, a mission to serve those in need, and communication, which are the organizational structure.

The enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems designed by the IT department of the city of Albuquerque were designed to include useful operations, which are adding strategies to make necessary changes to their corporate design and architecture to all government offices including Albuquerque Housing Authority (AHA IT, 2020). The conceptual or theoretical framework of the Theory of Acceptance Model and Theory of Planned Behavior illustrates information technology (IT) has designed many various systems or processes for social trends, which may become the main focal point of society’s daily lives.

The barriers that cause low-income seniors to not use technology are anxiousness, money, age, levels of education, isolation, attempt to use technology, which is also barriers for AHA’s management (Allen, 2017). This qualitative research study of low-income seniors of non-use of technology of this case study indicates social isolation or loneliness does cause harm and an unhealthy environment among the elderly living in the Albuquerque Housing Authority.

Various IT systems and processes are based on interventions, with offers to reduce social isolation, especially with vulnerable populations. However, this qualitative case study and ethnography research demonstrates the role of different types of technologies, and their effectiveness in dealing with seniors that are lacking with the use of technology (Allen, 2017; Smith, 2014, et al., Taylor & Todd, 1995). This research study can take a view of empirical research in various methods of technology. The potential solutions are alleviating social disparities with low-income populations, with the use of information technology and business processes in organizational structure, a design can help with seniors living in public housing.

Ethnography is a qualitative research method studying a particular social/culture group to better understand its barriers (Fetterman, 2019). The ethnographical activity participants in a group to gain an insider’s perspective of low-income seniors of their experiences or similarities to the focus group (phenomenon). With, writing ethnography research reports creates an account of the focus group based on participation, interviews, observations, and questionnaires.

The overview of the ethnography research process includes negotiating access, data collection/analysis, and writing the results of the research findings.

Discussion on qualitative data collection and analysis with low-income seniors focus group is the key to the best way to collect data on the problem needing to resolve. The protocol for this focus group will be 15 members, develop the questionnaires for the interview process, and the chosen location of the apartment complex where these participants reside in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The most important protocol in this process is to obtain signed permission letters to conduct this case study.

The interviews are done via telephone because of the Covid19 pandemic and the city of Albuquerque offices are closed. The low-income seniors are the sampling of this qualitative research and the objective for sampling is perceptual information about their reasons for not using information technology (Fisher, David, Crothy, Dierks & Safran, 2014). In other studies, the subject of older adults not using technology is always written about cognitive, with the ability to use any type of electronic devices are the main causes of non-use. However, aging is complex with seniors in the 60s age group are becoming more technical users than in the past and learning to use technology for medical purposes. Some elders are over 60 of age still lack in using technology.

The gap in the literature is that research needed to look at low-income seniors living in public housing for other reasons besides having physical and cognitive attributes that would keep elder adults from using technology. This is the opportunity to use applied research with the qualitative methodology to understand the true reasons for seniors not using technology but to understand why and how through their shared experiences to change their views on technology.

With regards to this qualitative case study data collection and interactions with participants discussed limitations with this study. The interview processes about devices that support their activities of daily living, health, safety, mobility, communication, and physical activity to assure no biases were introduced (Creswell, 2018). Seniors have more need to consider when conducting a case study and to remember to understand senior’s time and patience to finish this project.

The management of AHA are the overseers for low-income seniors' needs, but they need to be more in tune with their needs as well to help change the dynamic of not using technology. A recent conversation with management indicates “how and why” they can understand the means of low-income seniors needing other things besides having a home. This research question was developed to understand all factors contributing to older adults not wanting to use their technology (Edmond & McManus, 2007).

Further discussion with the Albuquerque Housing Authority (AHA) management staff expressed that it is getting harder to stay in contact with elders living in low-income housing. Some of the elderly are not keeping their cellphones on, landline phones are sometimes disconnected or numbers changed without contacting the managers of any changes in their care or finances (AHA, 2020). Communication is the major focus in this case study but also bring together relationships between these two groups.

The wellness programs are mostly established in improving health and activities for young and older adults. The housing authority in Albuquerque has various local government entities for helping low-income individuals as well as seniors. It is important to change the game plans or goals for seniors to improve communication with technology by increasing benefits that are:

· Communication status, contact information kept updated

· Reduce paper cost and encourage technological use

· Have seniors learn the AHA’s website through their management

· Educate seniors on how to navigate the login process

· Provide a computer to use for all low-income seniors (AHA) to use technology

The interviews and questionnaires asked from this case study of 15 participants on using technology were (1) seniors that could not afford internet services, (2) business companies within the Albuquerque area could donate used or new computers or laptops for free, (3) the housing authority to provide free internet services for all low-income seniors, and (4) seniors from 60 to 75 years age willing to learn the AHA’s website processes. The findings prove that qualitative methodology and ethnography were the best data collection/analysis process for the conclusion of this report.

The conceptual framework of the Theory of Acceptance Model (TAM) and the second the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) help to prove how low-income seniors can accept the use of technology, and the TPB illustrated the behaviors that were mostly about being low-income, plus how to obtain devices to use, educate, patience for the elderly, and provide internet services to use technology (Lunceford, 2009).

The academic and practice-based literature helped support the research problem and question on how it relates to the Albuquerque Housing Authority has been researched through ProQuest, EBSCO, Goggle Scholar, and Trident’s online library to obtain any new or past information useful in this qualitative case study. A qualitative case study demonstrates the role of different types of technologies and their effectiveness in dealing with the senior population. This research took a view of empirical and applied research with various methods and approaches to technological use.

The solution is alleviating social disparities with the low-income elderly population living in government housing. With the use of technology and business processes (ERP) in organizational structure, organizational design can help low-income seniors living in the Albuquerque Housing Authority. Thus, a qualitative case study will improve the effects of social behaviors and the non-acceptance of technology. The baby boomers (older adults) grew up in a society of communicating via landline phones, television, newspaper, radio, and face-to-face meeting to always have that open door of not missing various ways to communicate with each other (Glanz & Bishop, 2010).

Now in the twenty-first century older adults are living longer and society has become the technology age. The elderly population still are using landline telephones, cellphones, television, and radio still exist. However, this research is dealing with the newest form of communication using electronic devices to communicate and stay in touch with family and friends. As society’s aging population thrives, some still need help or support with new or used devices for technology but to be better informed of constant changes with information technology.

Because of the low-income elders, this case study interviewing process shed light on the processes in acquiring information technology to answer the research question of how do they feel about changes in their behaviors of non-use in technology. Since this is a qualitative study based on the phenomenon of causation of not using technology by low-income elders the focus for this sample population to have the opportunity to make changes in communication with AHA’s management staff, less isolation but keeping in touch with each other within the senior housing communities.

The observation process of this case study to understand how the seniors in the focus group using a computer was placed temporarily until the pandemic has improved and AHA’s offices are opened for business. Further discussion with prospective of change will be to include a practice-based strategy to increase common practices, influence firm performance, and to improve technology practices with low-income seniors. Practiced-based views are empirical research that finds firms vary in their use of management practices (Bromiley & Rau, 2014).

The research of low-income elders living in the housing authority explains that management could do more to help. This research project is looking at management to also see the impact and answer the research question through the theoretical framework, ethnography, and qualitative methodology to increased the knowledge on what can be changed with both parties of interest. By including management of the Albuquerque Housing Authority and its low-income seniors opens up new pathways to communicate with different perspectives on views of the data collection and analysis to knowledge-based view (Fetterman, 2019).

Practiced-based strategy especially with behaviors has the implications that scholars should use to identify techniques of having the most value that managers can do by focusing on their practices. Therefore, make changes to their business processes and technology to help support low-income seniors change their attitudes and behaviors in using technology.

To summarize, it is imperative to help seniors learn to use information technology so they can thrive and confident in their skills in using technology. So many of these seniors lose so much information on various news forthcoming from public housing, they may miss out on new opportunities offered through the housing authority. The new lottery website that is strictly done by information technology is one of the new innovated business processes that is going to continue for a long time. Therefore, if a senior is wanting to move to another public housing facility, these individuals need access to a computer to fill out an application, which it is important to educate these seniors on information technology.

Thus, this case study must be done for results to train for essential support for seniors and to educate a thorough understanding of how to use information technology. Through this research project is to help AHA’s management or leadership solve through applied research their issue of non-use of technology by low-income elders. The ERP processes will help to maintain cost-effectiveness for this non-profit organization.

The concern for information technology and the population of seniors is how to link the IT applications to for individual performance completion for certifications for housing placement and consistent contact to avoid isolation, well checks, and communication (Clifford & Thorpe, 2007). The main focus for Albuquerque Housing Authority is having seniors use and to have access to their website (AHA, 2020) but to have better cost-effective service, with understanding the reasons this population is not using information technology (IT). Since 2019, the city of Albuquerque has upgraded its information technology (IT), business processes, and other software systems. The city of Albuquerque has improved through innovation all areas of accounting, finance, warehouse inventory, logistics, websites for services provided for the residents throughout the city.

These improvements were done through Albuquerque’s enterprise resource planning, department for a better quality of conducting government businesses, cost-effectiveness, and better information systems for contacting human services with ease (Vaportzis, Clausen & Gow, 2018).

The problem for Albuquerque Housing Authority (AHA) and their senior population does not use information technology, it affects the daily operations for management is higher, and it occurs daily. The Housing Urban Development (HUD) has over five years ago had implemented that all housing authorities have all residents including the older population use information technology (HUD, 2019).

Technology for older adults has become mainstream and growing to match demographics. The gap for this research is that low-income seniors living in low-income housing cannot afford certain types of digital technology, plus learning how and when they can use the website for AHA certifications or re-certification to remain in their homes or other housing services that may be important for seniors to have access. If the Albuquerque Housing Authority cannot have the seniors use technology, the cost becomes higher and less effective for their business practices. Another problem for AHA is those older adults trying to move into public

housing to move into public housing has longer wait times, harder to obtain applications because all application is done online via AHA’s website and other support services. The new website application for Albuquerque Housing Authority is called the “Lottery” website when any individual or family members has to use digital means to apply for housing. AHA has lost thousands of potential applicants, especially with the older population due to not having access to a computer or smartphone which is not provided through the agency (AHA, 2020).

The purpose of this qualitative case study is to better understand the reasons for low-income seniors living in the Albuquerque Housing Authority will not use information technology (Rosenthal, 2018). This case study is using the ethnography as a qualitative strategy as the researcher to study the focus group of low-income adults in their natural setting at the facility where this group resides in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The use of ethnography will help benefit or impact of this case study by interviews, observations, and questionnaires to obtain the answers needed to understand why, what, how this issue of not using technology from this focus group of participants (Creswell, 2014).

With literature all studies are on the subject of the main reason for seniors not using technology is evolve around the mental and physical attributes being the main focus of seniors not using technology (Smith, 2014). The issue that is always discussed is isolation that seniors want to be alone, with the obvious of not trying to use any type of technology. However, this study’s is based on low-income housing and its senior population to start using Albuquerque Housing Authority’s website. Barriers are AHA and seniors is funding, plus how can seniors purchase internet services and electronic devices to work the technology processes and systems. Thus, the real problem is money, services and technological equipment needed for the housing authority in Albuquerque to understand the importance of funding is for low-income seniors and what can management do to incorporate their information systems to work for seniors and to close this gap of leaving seniors out of the systematic loop.

This qualitative case study is based on two theories for conceptual or theoretical framework to help in answering the research question of this cases study. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is to attempt to predict human behavior and posits the attitude towards behavior of subjective norms, with perceived behavioral influenced interactions (Ajzen, 1991). Since descriptive norms are the most valuable to predict an individual’s intentions on social influence, and their beliefs.

The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is used for models for how individuals come to accept and use information technology (Taylor & Todd, 1995). The actual systems used to help individuals learn to operate technological systems and processes. Behavioral intentions or disbelief influences the decision not to technology of any forms, especially with seniors that are living in low-income environment.

The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) associates with empirical evidence or research on how the relationships exist between the ease of using technology systems and the perceptions of what seniors may believe would keep them from using technology.

The practical use of TAM comes from the fact that the system designer has some degree of control, which can be the system was designed for easier especially with older adults. The key determinants of usage that provide direction for design efforts should be their focus. Empirical research for this case study, testing for TAM with answering the research question will explain variances to use technology through intention and self-report of the Albuquerque Housing Authority technology systems (Taylor & Todd, 1995, et al., Blackman, Moscardo, & Gray, 2016).

Tam is associated with the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) with only two beliefs which comprises attitude and no role for the subjective norm or social influences departs from TRA in a significant way. However, all factors are impacted in the model expectations to impact intentions, with usage of technology but through a case of use and perceptions of using technology. The appeal to use TAM and TPB is consider easier to use the model and useful as it is perceived to be more positive for an individual’s attitude, intentions, and change in behaviors directed in using technology.

Therefore, TAM with regards to this case study is that it is simple and specific (Davis, 1989) with support (empirical) information technology research, for example TAM predicts software usage better than the TRA model. The practical use of TAM comes from the fct that the system designer has some degree of control, which can be the system was designed for easier use especially with older adults. However, the key determinates of usage provide direction for design efforts should be their focus. Empirical research testing for TAM explains variance to use technology through intention and self-report of technology used.

Research Questions

This ethnographic case study focuses on a group of seniors living in low-income housing. The focus is on 15 participants of ages 60 to 75 years of age to understand the influences of their reasons for not using technology. The case study examines these seniors on how they are influenced in not using technology, a requirement of the Albuquerque Housing Authority. This focus groups consist of men and women of diverse background and cultures. The expectation of doing this case study is to identify their ideologies and motivation for lacking in using information technology.

RQ1: What are the barriers and facilitators to change older adults’ behaviors in using information technology?

The nature of this study is to define the impact of how seniors not using information technology and they understand the importance of what their lives entails of using technology (Rosenthal, 2018) living in public housing. Ethnography research with this case study allows this study to look at these consumers lifestyle to further understand their point of views in details and depth. This study involves methodology and design of observation in natural setting of the participants common area of the apartment complex of the Albuquerque Housing Authority.

The observing the behaviors or barriers of the focus group in person, and to see in full detail how these seniors use technology or not in the technological process. The observational process is traditional in using notepads, tablets, computers, or smartphones for online access if available. The method of “eye tracking” is used for understanding the focus group natural behavior and to see what they use or not use with information technology.

Through the eye tracking method is to measure the effectiveness of marketing the use of information technology and the interactions with digital content (Rankin, 2017). The questionnaires for this focus group are intended for ethnography are as follows:

· What are the specific needs will the computer meet for you?

· What are the specific needs will the computer/technology fail to meet?

· Does the pricing of computer/product equate its value?

The theoretical orientation chooses to guide and design to implement this research included tools use to collect data (e.g., participant observation, interviewing, and collecting artifacts, document analysis and analyze data (e.g., discourse analysis, document analysis, content analysis, and transcribing either by video/audio data). Theory guides the decisions of social groups home or community center. The interview process is done by telephone or when it is appropriate to have the focus group together to finish data collection.

This purposed study design using the software MAXQDA which is used for ethnography research to input data analysis (Pool, 2017). For this field work the MAX app can be used via smartphone or tablet to record snapshots, video and interviews. To summarize the ethnography research for this study of seniors not using technology for over 3 years to have applied research to solve these issues with seniors living in public housing, which management can help understand the need of senior as well as the organization to improve their business and technology processes.

The Albuquerque Housing Authority has a problem of seniors not using technology especially AHA’s website. The research project helps to improve seniors use of technology and better quality for AHA business processes for cost effectiveness with compliance of all residents living in public housing are all using technology. The findings of this study will directly benefit the Albuquerque Housing Authority services to have cost-effectiveness by going paperless.

The use of ethnographic research is that ethnography identifies and analyzing is useful in uncovering relevant attitudes and emotions that these participants not using technology. Therefore, significance of using ethnography is describing the culture of this focus group, and how they can adopt to using technology required by the Albuquerque Housing Authority, plus this study will further explain the seniors’ culture of lacking in the use of information technology.

Term 1. Albuquerque Housing Authority- empowering people in the city of Albuquerque community through affordable housing and self-sufficiency opportunities (AHA, 2020).

Term 2. Ethnography- is a qualitative strategy for the researcher studies an intact cultural

group in a natural setting over a prolonged period of time by collecting observational and interview data (Pool, 2017).

Term 3. Housing Authority- is a generally a governmental body that governs aspects of housing providing low rent or free apartments to qualified residents (Urban Housing Development, 2020).

Term 4. MAXQDA software- is used for qualitative or mixed methods research that is computer assisted, text, multi media analysis, academic, scientific, and business institutions for results to data collection (MAXQDA, 2020).

Term 5. Practiced -based view- are publicly known practices; resource-based views; performance explanations; strategy prescriptions (Bromiley & Rau, 2014).

Term 6. Social influence- is the concept assessed by subjective norms that are perceptions that are expected by people’s friends, for example, the cae of not using technology (Chen & Chan, 2013).

Term 7. Subjective norms- are from peer groups including thoughts such as some of my friends use technology or my other friends do not use technology,

Term 8. The theory of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) -is an information systems theory that models how users come to accept and use technology (Fathema, Shannon, & Ross, 2015).

Term 8. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)- was developed as an attempt to predict human behavior and the subjective norms (Ajzen, 1991).

Summary

Findings for this qualitative case study suggests that behavioral intentions targeting seniors that are low-income living in the housing authority. This project is conducted in the natural setting of public housing that is designated for older adults that need to consider and possibly integrate social strategies. To address the impact of social environment in both supporting and behavior change and continued maintenance for improvement in quality of services for Albuquerque Housing Authority’s business and technology systems and processes. The literature reviews are essential for this research project by describing how this proposed research project is related to prior research in business information technology. Literature review shows originality and relevance of the study’s research problem, which demonstrates preparedness to complete this ethnographic research project.

Introduction

Living independently is challenging for older adults. In the twenty-first century, which is the technological age (Wakefield, 2015). Technologies have innovation and creativity to help not only individuals or families but to help older adults to develop the need to use technology. Many studies have been written to illustrate why seniors or how technology affects their lives. Literature reviews have demonstrated that seniors are looked upon as being resistant or not interested in technologies.

The aging population is complex and personal but how does this translate to older adults adopting to use technology. It is important to understand the origins, economics, demographics, and consequences that are important for business but to help to ensure the quality of life (Anderson & Perrin, 2017). Baby boomers are living longer now. However, there is the older adult population that relies on a single income that impacts how they pay bills, purchase food, clothing, and out-of-pocket funds for medicines, dental care, and vision.

Seniors 65 years and older are using cell phones at a 24% increase and seniors 70 years or older still like to use landline telephones. The Albuquerque Housing Authority has various ways of helping seniors through other entities of the city of Albuquerque and the state of New Mexico (AHA, 2020).

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Technological solutions are used because of saving funds, for example, money for a non-profit agency (Albuquerque Housing Authority) and to allocate the money needed elsewhere in the organization. Effects for the community for older adults and technology promote social factors to maintain health and wellness and prevent isolation or a monitoring system to assure safety and check-ups for those seniors who do not come out of their homes (Roy, Dube, Despres, Freitas & Legare, 2018).

As the adult's age, their mindset is to stay at home but this type of behavior of physical determinants and mental aliments are factors. All studies of seniors not using technology is based on their mental and physical ailments due to aging us the main cause of disinterest in using any type of technology. Most studies or research are designed to focus on healthcare promotion programs to solved issues in various types of socialization. The pandemic of Covid-19 has put seniors in a situation of more isolation because of having certain physical diseases that have these individuals in more isolation and no type of activities to stay active.

Empirical research is based on actual observation or experimentation. The results and summary through analysis give outcomes, which are the measures including charts, graphs, and tables (Khosravi & Ghapanchi, 2016). Literature review on empirical research studies is based on actual observation or experimentation for results and a summary of measures of the studies project.

Valid measurement scales for predicting user acceptance of computers are in short supply especially with low-income seniors living in public housing (Greenberg, 2015; et.al Anderson & Perrin, 2017). Other literature reviews on empirical evidence and the information technology that most subjective measures used in practice are unvalidated and their relationship (seniors) to system usage is unknown. The empirical research with unvalidated measures is routinely used in practice to understand the design, selection, implementation, and evaluation (Brocke & Lippe, 2015). Research projects are collaborative are emerged as a specific form of academics, business, and other interactive studies.

The evaluation of information and using empirical research provides goals or aims to understand the origins and consequences of technology as an acquirement by independent seniors. However, the gap in the literature review is the low-income older adults that either has some type of electronic device or none at all living in public housing. It is unclear how seniors living on fixed income obtain electronic devices and to understand how to use information technology.

Qualitative Research Design

The research design of qualitative methodology is the understanding and exploring meaning about individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. This research process involves emerging questions and procedures, collecting data from the participants, setting the data deductively from themes. The interpretations of data collected and analyzed become a written report.

Phenomenology

A qualitative strategy that is well used in research is phenomenological research where the researcher identifies the essence of human experiences about the phenomenon that is described by participants in a research study. The use of phenomena is to have a coherent explanation or interpretation of one or more phenomena. The project on information technology phenomena is the perceived, ease, and user acceptance from older adults about information technology and electronic devices.

Longitudinal Qualitative Strategy

In qualitative studies, longitudinal qualitative research studies are undertaken for structural interviews (Baretta, Perski, & Steca, 2018). Data analysis concerning longitudinal qualitative analysis (thematic analysis) including open coding by using construct comparison, deductive coding, and case or cross-case longitudinal analysis of change. The strength of using the qualitative longitudinal strategy would work with a large group of participants and research projects.

With longitudinal qualitative research literature reviews indicate that this strategy for longitudinal studies involves repeated observations that is over short or long periods. However, longitudinal studies are structured for randomized experiments. The strength of this qualitative study (longitudinal) is used for social -personality and clinical psychology. It is also to research rapid fluctuations in behaviors, thoughts. and emotions from day to day or moment to moment. Using a longitudinal qualitative strategy for data collection and analysis helps with consumer trends in life spans or sociology (Becker, 2017).

Deductive and Inductive Research

Deductive in qualitative studies gives the researcher a perfect conclusion, which only if the premise is 100% (Hayes, 2017). For theories, deductive moves from theory to experiment to validation, where inductive moves from observation to generalization to theory. Another point of deductive is that this strategy is harder for use outside of lab or science settings because it's harder to find a set of fully agreed-upon facts to structure the argument. The argument to be made about deductive and inductive is to avoid the force of deductive (true) while using inductive (probability based on strength of evidence) for example empirical research (Kapp & Walton, 2018).

Method and Design Literature

The literature research design is a plan to answer your research question. A research method is a strategy used to implement a plan. Therefore, research design and methods are different and closely related because a good research design that is obtained will help answer the research question more effectively (Kumar, 2012). For the research problem the determination is the design method that can be used the examples are:

· General structure and writing style

· Action research and applied research design

· Case design

· Causal design

· Cohort design

· Cross-sectional design

· Descriptive design

· Experimental design

The research methods areas as follows:

· Experiments

· Surveys

· Questionnaires

· Interviews

· Case studies

· Participants and non-participants observation

· Observational trials

· Studies using the Delphi method

Research studies and literature gives various studies of qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods in design and methods. Most of all case reviews to help find gaps in research studies have indications of the research problem, research design, method, sampling, data collection, data analysis, and theoretical framework.

The literature review case studies on this research project offer information about seniors and the use or non-use of computers (Poli, Kelfve & Klingebeil, 2019). Other literature review case studies were psychology-based and cognitive challenges and the use of technology and healthcare technology to have seniors have access to computers. Upon research, numerous literature reviews lack studies on the business aspect of seniors using technology or the lack thereof for business organizations.

The critique of a literature review or scholarly literature is that they should be critiqued briefly and with description. In the conceptual discussion, there should be a theoretical framework, empirical study, plus the weaknesses and strengths of the study should be identified.

Critique of Scholarly Literature

The source for the theoretical framework is to indicate the source of the theory, overlaps, and disparities with other applicable theories. By having at least two theories can show whether how well the theory has been empirically verified. The conceptual approaches on research studies indicate the sources (citations) of the concepts and disparities or how well the concepts have empirically identified. Empirical studies (research) provide evidence of qualitative methods that indicate research questions, methodological strengths, and weaknesses, results of statistical significance (Miles, Huberman & Saldana, 2014).

The statistical significance and cross-verification are conclusions and implications. One important fact on the literature review is the focus on primary sources such as journal articles, text, books, secondary sources, and electronic e-books. Writing reviews are a challenge because the review has simultaneous purposes. The best strategy for a researcher is to organize the major topics, theories, construction of research questions, or methodologies.

When a study addresses more than one organizational category it is best to critique as appropriately under the first category, and if literature has more categories the researcher needs to organize to second or third level categories to be presented.

Data Collection and Analysis

Empirical research and qualitative data collection and analysis can recreate the study and its test results. Other methods for this approach are visual analysis, for example, books, videos, interviews by focus group or individual, telephone interviews (Johnson & Christensen, 2019). However, qualitative methodology is the most common use approach in healthcare, education, and business research. Qualitative research is empirical where data are in the forms of numbers (quantitative).

Inferences for Current Study

The problem to be addressed with this research project is seniors living in public housing not using any form of technology and the current website of the Albuquerque Housing Authority (AHA, 2020). The significance of the study is to close the gap of seniors to use technology, and for the agency be more cost-effective and reduce waste, plus to have all individuals use the housing authority’s new enterprise resource planning that was just created for faster and easier to take to task (Rohner, 2018). In public housing seniors are known for not using information technology, and the time is being wasted trying to find seniors by phone and 95% of those senior’s phones are either disconnected or these seniors have no phone at all.

Other factors with seniors in public housing in Albuquerque have the problem of being low-income will not purchase any type of telephone service or internet service to have some type of contact service. Therefore, the research for this study is a qualitative methodology for the motivational role to perceive abilities concerning the constructs. The research questions will be answered by the qualitative strategy of the phenomenology of the senior’s experience or lack thereof with technology. This study has a behavioral relevance, with perceived abilities must combine motives (Knowles & Hanson, 2018 et.al; Chen & Shultz, 2016).

The key constructs in this project can conceptually be defined in that they have meaning in theoretical terms. The concepts are general or abstract ideas that express the social and/or economic phenomena of this study project. Thematic analysis is a method or strategy of qualitative research and this project will be analyzed (thematic) to be applied to interviews from the participants chosen. The goal of thematic analysis is to identify, data important to address the research problem and research questions.

Foreshadowed Problems and Conjectures

Conjectures are is collecting evidence to support or deny any findings with data collected and analyzed, plus conjectures are educated guess based on known information. This study has already gone through changes and challenges especially with the focus group for interviews and questionnaires (Graham, 2020). The Covid19 pandemics has caused four deaths in the past 6 months and recently because the population is older and has pre-existing conditions that are now sick and are more isolated within their homes. The behavior of fear of this pandemic is a prime example of how as a researcher to be prepared for anything or anymore towards completing data collection, and analysis answering the research questions and problem to finish the final report.

Qualitative Sampling Methods

Qualitative methods in research are to seek answers to questions giving the constructs (focus group/seniors). The next step is to collect evidence (empirical) and to systematically predefined a set of procedures to answer the research questions (Kiradoo, 2020). The lesson learned from qualitative sampling methods is its ability to provide a complex textual description (descriptive research) of how people experience a given research problem and purpose.

The qualitative sampling methods references identifying intangible factors such as social norms, socio-economics status, ethnicity, gender roles in this research study. However, sampling in qualitative research is the study (research problem) only a sample of the population selected for this study. The objectives of this study are the characteristics of the study’s population (size and diversity). The determination of the size of the sample for this research project will be a total of fifty seniors (25 males and 25 females).

Purposive Sampling for Qualitative Research Methods

Sampling is based on purposive which is common sampling strategies, group participants according to preselected criteria (Chao, 2019) relevant to particular research. Questions to be asked for this research “How does the Albuquerque Housing Authority assist seniors to use information technology”. Further discussion on a purposive sample is the most successful when data reviews and analyses are done in conjunction with the collection of data. One important fact about the purposive sample in qualitative research is that the sampling is determined based on theoretical saturation.

Conceptual Framework

The design of the research plan is systems, tasks, products, exercise programs, or plans for construction to design for the relationship between human life and its environment (Jefferson, 2019). The conceptual framework for this qualitative research is theory-based on creating methods and creating those relevant to the data analysis. Information technology for older adults should be aimed to design a system to support independent living and culturally sensitive enhancements that can contribute towards their well-being, with the assurance of keeping communication lines open.

The property managers for Albuquerque Housing Authority (AHA) which are responsible for securing assistance do not have the technology processor systems to help with the influx of older adults having the capabilities of using information technology. The internal systems (IT) integrate a positive relationship between inter-functional coordination for their website with firm customer response capabilities. Therefore, upgraded the IT systems would be a framework for marketing and improving business for this non-profit organization.

Conceptual Framework Modified

The theoretical framework will provide insights (conceptual framework) for qualitative research (1) provide focus and organization to this study, (2) expose and obstruct meaning (3) connect this study to existing scholarly reviews and terms and (4) identify strengths and weaknesses. The above four steps concerning conceptual and theoretical frameworks indicate strengths (Agarwal & Brydges, 2018).

The theoretical framework is defined as an empirical or quasi-empirical theory of social and/or psychological processes (e.g. explanatory research method) to be applied to the understanding of the phenomena. The weaknesses of the conceptual framework are rigid and making it difficult to incorporate new ideas. Also, other limitations are conflicts that arise between the framework that accounts for standards already in use before the actual framework is introduced.

Other strengths for the conceptual framework are the credibility of financial reporting enhanced when objectives and concepts provide direction and structure with accounting and reporting.

Figure 1. The Role of Theory in Conceptual Framework

Qualitative Research Paradigms and Methodologies

Qualitative research involves fieldwork and in the target population environment. This methodology is the fact as the researcher for this study (Brocke & Lippe, 2015). The study works involve being physically on-site where people are in their natural setting, and in the situation to observe and record behavior in its natural setting. The qualitative research study is descriptive with interest in the process, meaning, and understanding gained through writing, designing charts and graphs, questionnaires, observation notes, surveys data collection are done until the final report is done,

The paradigm in qualitative research is the common belief and agreements shared and how problems should be understood with potential solving of the current issue. Paradigm is a social science, for example, positivism with an emphasis on objectivity, knowability, and deductive logic (Patton, 2015). Social constructionism that emphasizing truth as a varying, socially constructed, and ever-changing environment. These paradigms are strong to the concepts of the research problem and purpose of this study, but weakness with these two paradigms can be potentially not changing in a population’s environment or change in a socially constructed society.

Five methodologies are used in research projects: (1) ethnography, (2) narrative, (3) phenomenological, (4) grounded theory, and (5) case study. The ethnography methodology is used in this research project because of adherence to the framework and design. Ethnography is the strategy in a qualitative approach to research this project’s studies an intact cultural group (seniors not using technology) in a natural setting over time by collecting observational and interview data. However, the conjectures currently posing a problem is that the study cannot due observations in the target population natural setting and interviews and questionnaires will be conducted by telephone because of the COVID-19 pandemic (Graham, 2020).

Theories for Social Science and Qualitative Research

The two theories to be used for this research on low-income seniors living in public housing not using information technology will help the process of understanding this population's lack of technology and their basic knowledge (Burmeister, 2010). Two theories that are crucial for senior’s cognition and behavior are cognitive learning theory (CLT) which explains why the brain is the most essential network of information processing and interpretation to learn things.

The second theory for this study is called social behavior theory (SBT) the three variables to consider are:

· Behavioral factors

· Environmental factors (extrinsic)

· Personal factors (intrinsic)

These theories can be beneficial to this research due to the overall picture of aging adults and their current social environment. Other factors for the theories for data analysis and themes in the inductive approach (thematic) during the observational stage and initial interviews. The expectation will be the characteristics of the population's cognitive and behavior can be identified of their learning and comprehension skills can be improved. The basic concepts are observational learning is that people can learn from each other by observation. The observation learning model is an effective way to gain knowledge, about changing negative behaviors. Reproduction goals are to effectively increase change behaviors utilizing putting groups of individuals in a comfortable environment. By using these theories will be consistent with qualitative and phenomena research.

Summary

The summarization of chapter two literature review helps with others' research on topics of interest but find gaps that can be research to improve quality of work, lives, environmental issues (Torraco, 2016). The discussion on conceptual frameworks is numerous which are based on the research of business, education, healthcare, marketing, or finance to study and publish processes for decades. Some conceptual frameworks are based on empirical research and existing theories. However, many cases of the conceptual framework are not evidence-based.

A recent systematic review was published by the review group (collaborative) reported a meta-narrative approach to synthesize (modify) conceptual framework. The primary objective in research is critically used to synthesize, for example, the RAMESES publication standards for publishing reports on framework assessments. Upon reading this literature review it is commendable and the conceptual framework was present, coherent, and attractive, the demonstration of the report did not use transparency, with a replicable review approach or meta-narrative review (Brocke & Lippe, 2015).

Therefore, any conceptual (framework) reports on any research project are based on reflection or opinion, but the concept is more of formal conceptual development and/or theoretical development process and testing. Concluding, this summarization of chapter II literature review it is not unknown to publish critical appraisal of an individual journal report. If any work is published and has been flawed the published works are useful for learning. In the coming weeks and months, a critical appraisal can assist in developing a strong synthesis concerning any methodologies used.

Introduction

The Albuquerque Housing Authority (AHA) has continued the goals of all residents living in public housing use information technology (IT). However, the main issue is to have older adults use IT or other devices to improve paperless applications, certifications, or recertifications in the AHA (2020). The senior population is the only resident who has trouble or will not use information technology on any electronic device. Therefore, the purpose of this project is that computers and the internet will have the potential to help change the quality of independent living. The other benefit to changing these seniors living in public housing is to improve the working relationship with AHA’s management staff, more cost-effective, and providing faster service to seniors and other living in the housing authority (Charness & Boot, 2009)

Population

The construction or the nature of the problem is centered around seniors to encourage the use of information technology. This problem with the AHA and seniors is a business strategy for better performance with using IT (Miles, Huberman & Saldana, 2014). The sample population will be participant requirement to understand how and what can work to meet their needs as well as AHA management needs to ensure proper communication. Senior participation includes questionnaires and observation on their knowledge of information technology (IT) and their use of electronic devices. This project is a qualitative approach with the central phenomenon of the critical idea of the chosen population. As a qualitative strategy, ethnography will enhance this research project of the group of seniors in a natural setting by collecting observational and interview data (Patton, 2015). Because seniors are a vulnerable group, the data collection of observation and interviews will be helpful with analysis.

Because seniors are a vulnerable group, the data collection of observation and interviews will be helpful with analysis. Most of the information and the data of contact information used when needed to reach a senior. During the sampling process, as the research,

understanding that social pressures, low-income, indigenous individuals, ethnicity, and culture. With sampling participants, it is essential to keep the four concepts of 1. Thinking statistically, 2. Incorporating technology, 3. Working collaboratively, and 4. Writing thoughtfully.

Plus, permission from management staff to be included for interviews, questionnaires as well as the focus group (seniors) to understand their lack of the use of information technology, especially with this population.

More studies were conducted to evaluate new digital technology, especially with healthcare technology, to be incorporated into the provision of healthcare services and to meet the needs of older adults. Recent research of AHA older residents of ages 55 to 65 indicates some basic knowledge of using IT and other electronic devices. Nevertheless, older adults in their 70s are not using information technology is the gap for public housing and to have a comparable solution for all.

The sample population selected for the interviews, observation, and questionnaires are the variance in generating the numbers and effects in the data collection process (Silver & Lewins,2014). This project will have the challenge of constructing a balanced set. The sample population for this project is to analyze and validate the importance of different sample methods (interviews and observation) of the focus group. Irrespective of the data set used, the sample methods indicated above influence reducing the gap (seniors not using IT) demonstrates the efficiency of the sampling methods and without manipulation. Therefore, qualitative validity helps the research for accuracy of findings by employing specific procedures and research methods involving the forms of data collection, analysis, and interpretation for this project study. The sampling provides some sense of the study and credibility, which relies on the quality of the methods used to select the participants. The rationale for the sampling strategy was composed of ten males and ten females to answers the questions on their use of the computer, smartphone, or tablet. These interviews of twenty seniors will illustrate the phenomenon of their reasons for not using information technology. The site for this project was conducted at the residence of the seniors selected. The office for AHA management is at the residence of the sample population, and two computers are available for use. The use of the computers will show how seniors respond to using (observation and questions) computers; thus, this is purposeful for a qualitative method to identify these problems for seniors and public housing management.

Observations from chosen sampling (seniors) are why the phenomenological study is criteria-based on these individuals who have experienced the same phenomena. Further discussion on qualitative interviews are face-to-face focus group is to be unstructured with open-ended questions to understand views and opinions from the participants. Because of the age of the sample population, it is vital to have a time constraint, so the information obtained will be to get enough information about field notes from observation, especially since these individuals are older and will tire quickly (Krueger & Casey, 2014).

Demographic information will be a profile that describes who they are, where they are initially from (another state) basic history, background, education, and personal information such as age, gender, and ethnicity. The information will be useful with this project to explain what underlying individual’s perceptions as well as differences and similarities among participants. All information may give further explanation of specific findings emerging from this project. Perceptual information (participants' perceptions) will be referred to in this study as a part of the inquiry as a part of qualitative research. It is stated that they are not facts, but what people perceive as facts or the assumptions of one’s view of society, plus what is believed to be true.

Social science theory (SST) is the theoretical framework to be included in this qualitative research design. Social science theory may inform various aspects of this project from the problem, findings, and the final suggestions for the theory and phenomenon of the sample population. The theoretical framework that comes from the topic of inquiry serves to:

· Provide support and evidence for this methodological approach.

· Provide support for interpretation, analysis, and synthesis.

· Provide support for the conclusion that has been drawn and recommendations from this project.

· Provide support from this theory (SST) to relate to this project research questions that form the development and ongoing refinement and conceptual framework.

Triangulation of data collection methods lends credibility by using the qualitative approach, and the qualitative strategy of the phenomenological method will corroborate the evidence that is obtained from different means. The searching variation in understanding of the phenomenon seeks instances that can challenge the expectations of this project or emergent findings. However, because this project is studying real-life composed of different perspectives that do not always come together, discussing contrary information adds to the credibility of accounts to this study.

Information to be collected for this group of seniors is to get permission letters for this project. will come from AHA for demographics, the total number of seniors living in public housing. Because seniors are a vulnerable group, the data collection of observation and interviews will be helpful with analysis. Most of the information and the data of contact information used when needed to reach a senior. During the sampling process, as the research,

With sampling participants, it is essential to keep the four concepts of 1. Thinking understanding that social pressures, low-income, indigenous individuals, ethnicity, and sampling participants, it is essential to keep the four concepts of 1. Thinking statistically, 2. Incorporating technology, 3. Working collaboratively, and 4. Writing thoughtfully.

Plus, permission from management staff to be included for interviews, questionnaires as the culture is the use of information technology, especially with this population. The sample of seniors is 15 participants. The respondents (characters) ages 60 to 80 years, gender are 10 females and 5 males. The older adults' work status in public housing are retirees and their wages are social security retirement (Astin & Long, 2014). Plus, permission from management staff to be included for interviews, questionnaires, and the surveys if need to get their input on this problem of seniors not using technology.

This (seniors) population selected for this study is the qualitative methods of interviews, observation, and questionnaires are the variance in generating the numbers and effects in the data collection process (Butina, Campbell & Muller, 2015). More studies were conducted to evaluate new digital technology, especially with healthcare technology, to be incorporated into the provision of healthcare services and to meet the needs of older adults. Recent research of AHA older residents of ages 55 to 65 indicates some basic knowledge of using IT and other electronic devices. Nevertheless, older adults in their 70s are not using information technology is the gap for public housing and to have a comparable solution for all.

Low-income senior's lack of funds indicates influence this gap (seniors not using IT) demonstrates the efficiency of the sample population (Mostaghel & Oghazi, 2017). This project will have the challenge of constructing a balanced set. The sample population for this project is to analyze and validate the importance of different sample methods (interviews and observation) of the focus group. Irrespective of the data set used, the sample methods the sampling methods and without manipulation. Therefore, qualitative validity helps the research for accuracy of findings by employing specific procedures and research methods involving the forms of data collection, analysis, and interpretation for this project study. The sampling provides some sense of the study and credibility, which relies on the quality of the methods used to select the participants. The rationale for the sampling strategy was composed of five males and ten females to answers the questions on their use of the computer, smartphone, or tablet. These interviews of fifteen seniors will illustrate the phenomenon of their reasons for not using information technology. The site for this project was conducted at the residence of the seniors selected. The office for AHA management is at the residence of the sample population, and two computers are available for use. The use of the computers will show how seniors respond to using (observation and questions) computers; thus, this is purposeful for a qualitative method to identify these problems for seniors and public housing management.

Observations from chosen sampling (seniors) are why the ethnography study is criteria-based on these individuals who have experienced the same phenomena. Further discussion on qualitative interviews are face-to-face focus group is to be unstructured with open-ended questions to understand views and opinions from the participants. Because of the age of the sample population, it is vital to have a time constraint, so the information obtained will be to get enough information about field notes from observation, especially since these individuals are older and will tire quickly (Krueger & Casey, 2014).

Demographic information will be a profile that describes who they are, where they are initially from (another state) basic history, background, education, and personal information such as age, gender, and ethnicity. The information will be useful with this project to explain what underlying individual’s perceptions as well as differences and similarities among participants. All information may give further explanation of specific findings emerging from this project. Perceptual information (participants' perceptions) will be referred to this study as a part of the Plus permission from management staff to be included for interviews, questionnaires as the culture are the use of information technology, especially with this population.

This population selected for the interviews, observation, and questionnaires are the variance in generating the numbers and effects in the data collection process (Silver & Lewins, 2014). More studies were investigated to evaluate new digital technology, especially with healthcare technology, to be incorporated into the provision of healthcare services and to meet the needs of older adults. Recent research of AHA older residents of ages 55 to 65 indicates some basic knowledge of using IT and other electronic devices. Nevertheless, older adults in their 70s are not using information technology, plus lack of money is the gap for public housing of Albuquerque, and to have a comparable solution for all.

This project will have the challenge of constructing a balanced set. The sample population for this project is to analyze and validate the importance of different sample methods (interviews and observation) of the focus group. Irrespective of the data set used, the sample methods the sampling methods and without manipulation. Therefore, qualitative validity helps the research for accuracy of findings by employing specific procedures and research methods involving the forms of data collection, analysis, and interpretation for this project study. The sampling provides some sense of the study and credibility, which relies on the quality of the methods used to select the participants. The rationale for the sampling strategy was composed of ten males and ten females to answers the questions on their use of the computer, smartphone, or tablet. These interviews of fifteen seniors will illustrate the phenomenon of their reasons for not using information technology. The site for this project conducted was at the residence of the seniors selected. The office for AHA management is at the residence of the sample population, and two computers are available for use. The use of the computers will show how seniors respond to using (observation and questions) computers; thus, this is purposeful for a qualitative method to identify these problems for seniors and public housing management (Kiradoo, 2020).

Observations from chosen sampling (seniors) are why the phenomenological study is criteria-based on these individuals who have experienced the same phenomena. Further discussion on qualitative interviews are face-to-face focus group is to be unstructured with open-ended questions to understand views and opinions from the participants. Because of the age of the sample population, it is vital to have a time constraint, so the information obtained will be to get enough information about field notes from observation, especially since these individuals are older and will tire quickly (Krueger & Casey, 2014).

Demographic information will be a profile that describes who they are, where they are initially from (another state) basic history, background, education, and personal information such as age, gender, and ethnicity. The information will be useful with this project to explain what underlying individual’s perceptions as well as differences and similarities among participants. All information may give further explanation of specific findings emerging from this project. Perceptual information (participants' perceptions) will be referred to this study as a part of the inquiry of this case study. It is stated that they are not facts, but what people perceive as facts or assumptions of one view of society, plus what is believed to be true.

Materials and Instruments

The importance of statistics in qualitative research is that statistical knowledge is essential to use methods to collect the data (Borg & Gall, 2006). the correct analysis and present significant results with predictions. Qualitative research helps make conscious and deliberate decisions with descriptive and inferential statistics in both rigorous and assessable. The descriptive statistics explain the graphic representation of data, measures of variability, and the relationships between the variables and the size indicators.

Therefore, statistics show how research estimates characters in the data sample. Also, how much funds for any business or organization, including the Albuquerque Housing Authority (AHA), which is a non-profit organization that is dependent upon Urban Housing Development (HUD) funds once yearly (AHA, 2020).

New Mexico will give funds to AHA by using grants to help AHA with their needs. This agency does not take private donations; instead, the funding comes from federal, state, and local governments. The descriptive analysis for this statistics report indicates funds provided for AHA over five years. The graphs will indicate 100 percent needed to continue funding from Housing Urban Development (HUD). The calculation performed was 100 percent. The main reason for this particular-statistical design was to see if ever needed to find money that could potentially have funds for technological devices that seniors could benefit from in the housing authority. However, the funds would be helpful if needed to help seniors use technology, and for low-income seniors who cannot afford a computer, tablet, or smartphone. Therefore, by having this type of data analysis help as the researcher were could, additional funds can AHA use to help low-income seniors living in public housing.

In qualitative research focus groups and interviews are an excellent way to gather qualitative data to have an impact on the research problem (van de Wiel, 2017). Protocols for focus groups should run between 60 to 90 minutes, identify participants, and determine how many participants in a group. Other protocols are to develop a script, select a facilitator, and choose a location. The location chosen for this case study is at Embudo Tower for Seniors, it is an apartment facility for low-income seniors living in the realm of the Albuquerque Housing Authority.

The interview research protocol is a four-phase process for systematically developing and refining the interview protocol. The phases are: (1) ensuring that the interview questions align with the research questions, (2) constructing the inquiry-based conversation, (3) receiving feedback are interview protocols, and (4) piloting the interview protocols. To interview and focus group of the older adults in public housing is to understand their expertise, development, interactions between knowledge, cognitive processing, and task characteristics for information technology (Fine, 2018). These characteristics have an impact on examining seniors at different levels of (a). training, (b). experience, and (c). performance.

Since the seniors of AHA are the focus group and involved in the interview process the examination of work and cognitive task analysis is charted of their knowledge, skills, and strategies to employ their experiences that effectively represent tasks given. Interviewing shed light on the process of acquiring the information and answers to the research question to solve this problem of not using information technology. Other methods for interviewing protocols are video recordings and as the researcher the timing, answers can be logged in and charted. Since this case study is a qualitative method and applied research the focus group (15 seniors) helped to gather different kinds of evidence (e.g. opinions, knowledge, limited skills) concerning information technology.

The importance of statistical research qualitative research is statistical knowledge that is essential to use approaches to collect the data, employ correct analysis, and effectively present the results. The access influences the research process will help qualitative case studies or research to make conscious and deliberate decisions.

The sample size the distribution be non-random with significant proportions of this case study presenting sample size is saturation or multiple of tens, it's congruent with the principles of qualitative research. This case study sample is small due to the nature of the population being studied, plus other factors can dictate how quickly or slowly this can be achieved for this qualitative research study (Awasthy, 2019).

Instruments

The instruments or tools for this case study are Microsoft Excel, Survey Monkey, and MAXDQA are easier to use, plus less time consuming and cost-effective for this case study. Microsoft Excel is the best tool for qualitative data collection and analysis and applied social science projects that involve interviews and produce vast amounts of data or text that are difficult to structure systematically (Solveig, 2016). By using Microsoft word and excel these methods for data analysis are coded and the codes correspond with the heading in a final document.

Systematic minimal coding ensures that all the content is coded not in just words or terms that are extracted from the text is extracted from the text. Microsoft word can extract (spreadsheets) interviews of more than 100 responses. The method is also suitable for coding and structuring answers to open-ended questions in web-based surveys, which can produce screencasts, focus groups, software, etc.

This case study (qualitative methodology) stresses the “why” and “how” on the problem rather than the “what” “where” and “when’. The validity illustrates or establishes an explanation of the research methodology. The results are generated based on the extent to which the research remains incongruity with universal laws, objectivity, truth, and its facts. To ensure validity in qualitative research, when the study permits saturation into the research will also promote validity (Creswell, 2018, et al. Darawsheh, 2014).

The responses from the sample (seniors) become more consistent across a larger number of the sample, in which the sample has become more reliable.

To increase the reliability of the assessment of the sample is (1) use enough questions to assess competence, (2) have a consistent environment for participants, (3) ensure participants are familiar with an assessment user interface, (4) measure reliability by using graphs, charts, and t testing. To have an impact on this case study of low-income seniors not using technology living in public housing that is vital in qualitative work the subjectivity can readily cloud the interpretation of the data and the findings are questioned or viewed with skepticism by science in the community.

The research on the housing authority for low-income seniors not using technology views as the researcher the reflexivity by reflecting on how their biases, values, and personal background, and socioeconomic status ensured the sample shaped their interpretations formed during this study via interviews and questions. Creswell (2018) expresses interpretation is the first step of qualitative findings for the use of qualitative results from the development of the instruments.

Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding that enquires different kinds of descriptive research that describes the characteristics of the population phenomena. The use of the descriptive research method helped this study to focus on and describing the nature of a demographic segment without focusing on the “why” a particular phenomenon occurs. Since the sample of this project focus is low-income seniors living in public housing in Albuquerque and not using the AHA’s website or any technology descriptive research along with other qualitative strategies are naturalistic, observation, surveys, archival, and longitudinal research.

Data Collection

Informed consent was acquired, participants were informed by letter on the research project progress. This data collection aimed to understand participants' lives and their perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors towards technology. Therefore, the purpose three forms of data collection: (1) background information on education, (2) civil status, (3) living arrangements, (4) level of care formal or informal, (5) chronic health conditions, and (6) frailty and cognitive abilities (Bryman, 2012).

Participants interviewed on their experiences in using electronic devices or not using devices by asking this question helped in understanding their knowledge and skills or lack thereof using technology and devices. A list of various electronic devices was included in the interviews to see any capabilities that participants may have used in the past or present. Because of the pandemic, all interviews were conducted and notes were taken via telephone.

Data Analysis

This case study (qualitative) analysis was done in two phases, the first was thematic and was supported by using Microsoft spreadsheets (Gomez, 2015). The second phase was completed b coding transcripts to see the impact of what participants used technology and those participants did not use technology. Also, in the second phase, the dynamics and interplay between the factors and themes were analyzed. Ethnographical work because in applied research the benefit for this project detailed the findings of the open-ended questions, with answers and descriptions of the focus group or public housing program of the city of Albuquerque under study. The analysis can be revised and take into account the participants' responses about the accuracy and knowledge of the program (Fetterman, 2019).

Data Collection Process

Data collection process approaches for qualitative research usually involve direct interaction with an individual on a one-to-one basis (Ryan, Tysza & Culbertson, 2017). Direct interaction with individuals in a group, with the process for data collection, are as follows: (1) individual interviews, (2) focus groups, (3) observation, and (4) action research.

An important fact in qualitative research and the data collection process is statistical testing, for confidence intervals and effect sizes, but also important to clarify the meaning of reports and their results. See the following tables for examples of the data collection process and interactions for the sample and participants.

Table 2. Four Data Collection Process

Data Processing

This research project's financial graph illustrated in Table 1 that HUD funds more than the city of Albuquerque and the state of New Mexico. However, the graphs indicated that if the agency (AHA) were to have for-profit the is slightly below the city and state. The use of this type of graph helps in looking through research as a potential fund to help AHA and low-income seniors to have accessibility to technology. The t-testing was not done because the agency is a non-profit and only receives money from state and local governments (Christensen, Johnson, & Turner, 2014).

The approval from the IRB and Albuquerque Housing Authority gives more access to have further data collection and analysis to have a response to questions, surveys, and observation of chosen participants further testing done by IBM SPSS and Excel (Hesse-Biber & Leavy, 2011).

The Albuquerque Housing Authority (AHA) is a public body corporate that is quasi-governmental, and AHA functions as a not-for-profit. This agency receives 100% of its funding from the federal government of Housing Urban Development, the city of Albuquerque, and the state of New Mexico.

Limitations/Summary

Limitations arise from the restricted sample size, sample selections, the reliance on specific techniques for gathering data, and issues of researcher biases and participant activity. Also, a discussion on limitations is to show the understanding of this project is without limitations and to give more thought to the shortcomings of the project. By mentioning limitations is to alert in the dissertation is to remind that the study is situated with a specific context and to make decisions about usefulness for other settings.

Ethical considerations with this research study are to protect the participants, which is a vital concern and to the IRB. As the researcher (social science), the responsibility, is both protecting and informing respondents. The essential factor or issue concerning protecting participants in the way of information is retrieved. Therefore, the well-being of this project participants is safeguarded to ensure protection and their rights.

To summarize, this report on sampling is about setting the framework of chapter 3 of the methodology for this dissertation. Writing methodology (chapter 3) requires time, mind work, and reflection about the nature of the problem to research. This means that the researcher of this study is to present well-reasoned research and to represent the integrity of this study. The lessons learned by taking methodology are a reminder of notes, memos to change, revisions, and update what has already been written. There has been some frustration but not despair because this is the part of managing, organizing the research and writing process.

Note: The development process and tests for instrument and construct reliability and validity must be described in detail within this section of Chapter 3 and the resultinvalidity/reliability measures repo collection. Expert reviews should be conducted by scholars with a doctoral degree and qualitative research experience or by practictioners who are considered experts in a relevant field to the DSP toic. This section should explain the qualifications of the reviewers and note that the final instruments provided in the appendix were updated to meet expert feedback. These reviews should be done before proposal defense. A pilot study is conducted after IRB approval and includes conducting the instruments with two or more participants that meet the criteria for study participation, but they cannot be included in the study results. Pilot study is used to determine if questions are appropriate to elicit responses that will allow for answering the research question. Edits to the instruments should be conducted prior to data collection.]

[Describe the collection process in a sequential step-by-step explanation. This should be stated in enough detail so that the study could be replicated. Provide specific details relative to the execution of the design. Describe the types of data to be collected (recommended to breakdown this section into the three sources of data, in the order that the three sources will be collected. The collection process should also explain how the informed consent form was completed by the participants prior to collecting data.]

Note: This section will only need to briefly explain the three processes prior to the Prospectus Presentation. All details must be provided prior to the Proposal Defense.

[Describe who data will be processed following the collection procedures. This should include steps for transcription of audio files, either through a professional, available software, or manual transcribing (which is very time consuming). This section must also explain the procedures for storing and protecting the raw data, both physical and electronic, until and throughout data analysis and final reporting.]

[Describe the data analyses process in enough detail so that it could be replicated. Describe the steps that will be taken to carry out the analysis. Describe the method for storing and categorizing data. This may include the use of electronic software used for analysis. Each source of data may have a different analysis process. Analysis process(es) should follow a procedure found in the literature and be cited. Explain how the author of the procedure explains each step and then explain how you will implement each step.

1. Quantitative: Describe the analysis strategy used to test each hypothesis. The discussion must be sufficiently detailed so that the appropriateness of the statistical tests chosen is evident (i.e., the statistical tests are appropriate to respond to the research questions).

2. Qualitative: Describe how the data will be analyzed (including any efforts for triangulation). Provide primary qualitative design support for the proposed analytical strategy. Explain the role of the researcher.

3. Mixed Method: include all of the above.

Note: The process should stay in sequential order based on the order explained in the data collection section. It may be necessary to detail analysis of each source of data individually, using subheadings to define each, and then combining the analysis of each to show triangulation (how the individual results form a final conclusion).]

[Discuss the assumptions about the population and design along with corresponding rationale and support for the assumptions (e.g., if an adequate response rate or participant honesty are assumed, refer to the steps that will be taken to make these reasonable assumptions).]

[Describe the study limitations (potential weaknesses to interpretation and validity) within the context of the study design. Limitations are those items that cannot be controlled by the researcher. Discuss any measures taken to mitigate limitations. Review any potential threats to validity (specific to the study design) and how they will be addressed to the extent possible. The limitations will be revisited within Chapter 5.]

[Describe the study delimitations (specific choices made to narrow the scope of the study). Delimitations are those items that are determined as parameters of the study by the researcher. Discuss the scope of data used in the study in this section.]

[Discuss compliance with the standards for conducting research as appropriate to the proposed research design. The Letter of Intent and Site Authorization, as necessary, must be explained. Describe the informed consent procedures and how you will maintain confidential

(note: Chapter should be 10 – 20 pages)

(Approximately 10-20 pages for the entire chapter; approximately 1-2 paragraphs for the introduction) [Begin the discussion with a brief overview of the purpose of the research study and provide a brief overview of the chapter. Organize the chapter around the research question(s). Review the APA manual and published, peer-reviewed, empirical research articles for examples of how to report results of various research designs.]

Note: If changes are made to instruments after proposal approval, through an expert review or pilot study, explain the changes made before explaining the results. Ensure the updated version of instruments are provided in the Appendix.

[Data analyses – Report results without discussion (interpretation, speculation, etc. appears in the next section):

1. For Quantitative analyses,

a. Give appropriate descriptive information,

b. Present the results in a logical fashion, answering the research question(s)/hypotheses as stated and appropriate to the type of data collected,

c. Identify assumptions of statistical tests and address any violation of assumptions,

d. Make decisions based on the results of the statistical analysis (for example: Are the results statistically significant?). Include relevant test statistic and p values.

e. See the APA manual regarding how to present results in text, tables and figures,

f. Present sufficient information so the reader can make an independent judgment regarding interpretation.

2. For Qualitative analyses

a. Present results logically and in a way that answers the research question(s) by distillation steps of the discernment process,

b. Present sufficient information so the reader can make an independent judgment about your interpretation,

c. Review published articles that use similar designs for examples of how to present qualitative, thematic findings,

d. Ensure that no potentially indentifying information is published.

3. Mixed Method include all of the above.

Note: Triangulation of data should be explained in this section, if applicable. Tables and figures, where appropriate, are necessary and referred to in the text. Ensure compliance with APA format of tables, table titles, figures and figure captions. See APA, 6th ed, Chapter 5 for guidelines on displaying results.]

Example of tables provided:

Table 1 Caption for Table 1

Example of figures provided:

[This section is used to briefly report what your findings mean. The discussion will be expanded in Chapter 5. Interpret results in light of the theory (or theories) and/or the conceptual framework(s) you have identified. Describe whether the results obtained were expected given the literature and provide potential explanations for unexpected or conflicting results. Take care to avoid drawing conclusions beyond what can be interpreted directly from the study results.]

[Discussion summarizes key points presented in Chapter 4. Provide a transition to Chapter 5.]

(note: Chapter should be 10 – 20 pages)

(Approximately 10-20 pages for the entire chapter; approximately 1-2 paragraphs for the introduction) [Begin the discussion with a brief review of the problem statement, purpose, method, limitations, and ethical dimensions, and conclude the introduction with a brief overview of the chapter.]

[Discuss each research question, and draw logical conclusions. Note: support all conclusions with the research findings and avoid drawing conclusions that are beyond the scope of the study results. Discuss how any potential limitations may have affected the interpretation of the results. Place the results back into context by describing how the results respond to the study problem, fit with the purpose, demonstrate significance, and contribute to the existing literature described in Chapter 2.]

[Present all recommendations for practical applications of the study. Note: support all recommendations with the research findings.

Present recommendations for future research.

Recommended to create subheadings for practical recommendations and future research recommendations.]

[In this section, summarize all key points in Chapter 5.]

The Executive Summary Report should begin with a brief explanation of the business problem that was examined during the research study. The Executive Summary Report should be specific to the information needed by the organization and should read as a Consultation Report based on the findings of the research study. Graphics, charts, and tables that summarize data and findings can be useful in providing necessary information to the organizational leadership. The total report should be approximately 5-10 pages. A copy of the Report will be added to the DSP following Chapter 5.

This section should provide a brief explanation of the study purpose and design. This does not require specific details of the collection and analysis processes.

This section should provide a brief explanation of the findings. This section does not explain the implications or recommendations based on those findings. The below table may assist in summarizing the findings. This table is not required.

Summary of Research Question Findings

This section should provide an explanation of the completed analysis. This should incorporate the associated themes from the analysis.

Theme 1: [insert]. Explain theme.

Theme 2: [insert]. Explain theme. (Repeat this process for each theme.)

This table may provide an easy reference for themes and their corresponding codes from the analysis. This table is not required.

Themes and Codes

The findings should provide some implications for the organization. Explain those implications in this section. Ensure to use language that is specific to the organization and field of practice.

The implications should provide for recommendations of action or improvement. Provide those recommendations here. Ensure these are actions or improvements that can be utilized by the organization directly. Do not explain recommendations related to the general field, unless the organization has the ability to further that recommendation. There should not be any recommendations related to theory or research advancement, unless the organization have the ability to conduct such research.

Aarons, G., Hurlbert, M., & Horwitz, S. (2011). Advancing a conceptual model of evidence-

based practice implementation of public service sectors: administration and policy in

mental health. Health and Mental Health Services Research, 38(1), 4-23.

Agarwal, G., & Brydges, M. (2018). Effects of a community health promotion program

on social factors in a vulnerable older adult population residing in social housing.

Insert all required LOIs and Site Authorizations from organizational Site Representatives. These documents must include signatures from the Site Representatives.

Insert the template of the Informed Consent Form(s) that are used for the study participants. Each instrument may require a separate Informed Consent Form. The completed forms, signed by the participants, are NOT included in the appendix.

Insert all required instruments or protocols used to collect data. Note that the DSP requires three sources of data. Most sources of data, except for use of secondary archival records, should require a physical instrument or protocol.

Insert any additional documents or information that must be incorporated into the DSP. All appendices should be cited in the text.