Discussion responses (3 responses)
Discussion topic: Developed and Underdeveloped Countries
What is the difference between a developed and an underdeveloped country? Give an example of one of each of these countries and describe how the healthcare systems of these countries are different (do not choose US). Does the US have any responsibility to healthcare in other countries? You must utilize and reference at least two scholarly resources that weren't part of your weekly readings in your response.
Respond to classmate 1:
Government programs for healthcare, retirement benefits, family allocations, and health insurance are national traditions' legacies.
Types of Universal Health care include:
1. The Bismarck Model --> health insurance and healthcare access are linked to employment in this model, which is financed through social contributions rather than taxes. It relies on health insurance funded through social contributions (by employers and employees), managed by companies and employees' representative. State must decide on the scope of intervention of health insurance funds and take the appropriate measures if a financial imbalance.
2. The Beveridge Model --> Social protection system is based on the principle of universal access to health care, nondependent on employment. This access to healthcare is not considered contingent on employment but rather an intrinsic part of citizenship. Public authorities fund this system through taxes rather than through social contributions.
3. The Semashko Model --> Socialized medicine is the product of a specific political ideology. Healthcare services belongs to the state, and the state paid healthcare professionals. Services were usually free, but patients had to pay out-of-pocket fees for medication, etc. System provided universal access to health care. It was broadly a benefit in the kind system. Central authorities defined coverage levels and the amounts set aside for healthcare spending.
4. The Out-of-Pocket Model --> Fundamental of the American healthcare system is that health is a matter of individual responsibility and private insurance. Both Medicare and Medicaid are the federal agency's responsibility, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). CMS directly manages Medicare and oversees Medicaid (Zieff, et al., 2020).
Pros:
1. Increase longevity
2. Lower health care costs for all
3. Enhance pricing transparency
4. Improve health care equality
Cons:
1. Require healthy people to pay for those in need
2. Need careful public management
3. Make medical careers less rewarding
4. Make access to medical resources more difficult
Education is important when it comes to healthcare. It is important to make sure that we get the right coverage for everyone. How can we make sure that all individuals get the correct care that they need? Can we use an assessment or interview?
Discussion topic 2
Healthcare Spending
Examine healthcare spending in the US. How is this different than spending in at least one other developed country? You must utilize and reference at least two scholarly resources that weren't part of your weekly readings in your response.
This assignment is worth 2 points.
Respond to classmate 1
Healthcare Spending
The US spend more on health care spending than any other country. Furthermore, the United States spend twice as much then Canada although United States and Canada have a lot of common factors when it comes to Health Care. As a share percentage of the GPD United States has the highest percentage rate. According to authors Pozen & Cutler (2010) the United States spends twice as much on Healthcare in Canada with 7290 per person in the United States in the year 2007 compared to 3895 per person in Canada.
Meanwhile, increase spending in Canada at $2, 989 as for United States at $5, 711 are see the lower life expectancy of 78 and 75 years, respectively (Holtz, 2016, p. 130). The United States spending cost for private insurance is five time higher than Canada. Authors Anderson, Hussey, Frogner, Water (2005), stated that the United States GDP increased by 1.6 percentage point from 1992 to 2002 with a 3.2 percentage in Canada (p. 7). There is a list of categories that associated with the United States spending cost which are broken down to hospitals care, physicians service, clinical service and much more.
Reference
Holtz, C. (2016). Global health care: Issues and policies. 3rd Ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
Respond to classmate 2
The healthcare expenditures of the United States are the highest of any other developed nation at $11,945 per capita, per year (Wager et al., 2022). In comparison, France’s yearly healthcare expenditure per year, per capita is $5,564, just below the average of comparable countries. The US spends roughly twice the amount of comparable countries in healthcare at 19% of the gross domestic product (GDP) (Wager et al., 2022). McCullough et al. (2020) stated that the US has spent more in healthcare per capita than any other country since 1976, which has been attributed to high cost of goods, services, and products as well as spending in defensive medicine and social spending differences. Additionally, steady increase in obesity rates and comorbidities related to obesity in the US have driven the increase of healthcare spending over the past two decades (van den Broek-Altenburg et al., 2022). Similarly, healthcare spending in the US is spent on modifiable risk factors of health burdens, outside of healthcare, and the consequential illnesses or conditions that require additional spending, emphasizing the need to continue to implement preventative care and health education (Bolnick et al., 2020).
France’s healthcare expenditure is about 11% of its GDP, with 77% of the expenditures publicly financed (Osborn et al., 2020). The difference in the US and French people’s healthcare expenditure can be explained by many factors. The healthcare system defines how much and to what extend people spend on their healthcare, larger co-pays and more out of pocket expenses can contribute to the per capita spending. Social trends and national epidemics, such as obesity and other lifestyle illnesses contribute as well. France has no deductibles, a larger safety net for their population, maternity care from 12 weeks prenatal through six months after delivery, and most prescription drugs are covered, whereas in the US these items operate in an opposite way (Osborn et al., 2020).
References
Bolnick, H. J., Bui, A. L., Bulchis, A., Chen, C., Chapin, A., Lomsadze, L., Mokdad, A. H., Millard, F., & Dieleman, J. L. (2020). Health-care spending attributable to modifiable risk factors in the USA: an economic attribution analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 5(10), e525–e535. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30203-6