research
Running head: DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH FOUNDATIONS 1
RESEARCH PLAN 21
Development of Research Foundations
[Insert Name Here]
Development of Research Foundations
No subheading is given to introduction. The introduction serves to engage the reader by discussing the overall research topic and background information to your proposed study. Provide a brief description of what has been done on the topic, where the gap is in the topic, and what the student intends to do on the topic. You should also provide clear indication of the type of research method and design that will be used in the study. What is the general topic/context of your doctoral dissertation study? How does the topic of the dissertation study address a specific problem in the degree field being sought? Discussion reflects an overview of what is contained in this paper.
A good introduction should describe the broad foundations of your study and indicate the general scope of your study but should not go into so much detail that later sections such as the purpose, problem, and methodology become irrelevant. The introduction can also provide an overview of the sections that will appear in chapter 1 of the dissertation. Complete the introduction before final submission in Week 8.
The introduction should be ½ - ¾ page.
Literature Review and Literature Gap
Based on your submission from Week 2, include a brief review of the literature on the topic of interest using a minimum of four peer reviewed sources. Organize your paper by topic, and not by article , and provide subheadings for each identified topic. This section should lead up to the statement of the problem in order to create the context of the problem for the readers. In this section, you will want to draw upon the origins of the issues from which the problem is based upon. Be sure to integrate appropriate references to evidence the existence of a problem. Your discussion should reflect why the research problem is of important social concern or theoretical interest.
The literature review and literature gap section is typically several pages in length: 2 -3 pages.
Background
Based on your submission from Weeks 2 and 3, provide background to the problem: What evidence exists that the problem actually exists (recent supporting scholarly citations)? To answer this question: Provide one to two studies on the topic and explicitly indicate the gap. Why is the research problem of importance to social concern or theoretical interests? What may occur if this problem is not resolved?
The background section should be ½ - ¾ page.
Problem Statement
Based on your submission from Week 3, provide 2 or 3 sentences providing some narrowed focused background to the observed problem, and then clearly state the problem statement. Ask yourself: What is the problem? (think big picture and then narrowly focus on the issue). The problem should reflect a negative occurrence and the consequences of the problem/issue. ‘The problem is…..’, and substantiate with a citation/research. The problem must be supported with citations. A researchable problem is not simply a gap in the literature or a lack of information; a research problem is a documented existing social issue for which there is not a known solution or an effective solution. This section is typically brief at less than one page in length. Please refer to Appendix A for additional information and a template to use to formulate the problem statement and an example of a problem statement.
The problem statement should be at least ½ page.
Purpose of the Study
Based on the purpose statement from Week 3, this section should concisely explain the focus of your study. Begin this section with the method and design you have selected and provide a clear statement of the research objectives of your study. Provide a brief description of the means through which the goals of your study will be achieved and the geographic location of the study. Keep in mind that this purpose section should directly address the problem as defined in the previous section. The two sections must align. Please refer to Appendix B for additional information and an example to follow as your formulate the purpose statement.
The purpose statement section is typically brief at less than one page in length.
Research Questions/Hypotheses
Based on your submission in Week 4, present the research question(s) and hypotheses (when appropriate) for your proposed study, being sure to make any recommended changes from the feedback provided. What research questions will guide your study? (At least one RQ for quantitative; at least two RQs for qualitative).As noted in the assignment, align the research question(s) with your chosen methodology.
The research questions section should be ½ - ¾ page.
Methodology and Justification
Based on your Week 1 submission, state the research paradigm fitting for your proposed research plan. Based on your Week 5 submission, discuss the chosen research method and provide an argument, using germinal theorists, to support your choice. Include a discussion on why another methodology wasn’t chosen, i.e. quantitative versus qualitative, . How will the methodology you chose accomplish your research goals? Cite known theorists (Appendix B) to substantiate your argument for the chosen methodology.
The methodology and justification section should be 1 – 2 pages.
Research Design
Based on your Week 6 submission, discuss the chosen research design: Why did you pick the design? How does the research design align with the methodology? How will the design accomplish your research goals? Cite known theorists/researchers to substantiate your argument for the chosen methodology (Appendix C).
The methodology section should be at least 1 page.
Theoretical Framework/Conceptual Framework
Based on your submission in Week 7, discuss the theoretical or conceptual framework relevant to your method and topic. The framework should place the study in perspective among existing theories or conceptual models and provide a framework related to the research topic. The discussion should reflect the broad theoretical area under which the research falls and reflect familiarity with germinal and current theories in the field. Remember that a theoretical framework is typically used for a quantitative study and models theoretical relationships between the variables; a conceptual framework is typically used for a qualitative study and consists of several theories that underpin the topic. The framework should only introduce readers to the relevant theories; this discussion will be expanded in chapter 2 of the dissertation.
· For a theoretical framework: The theoretical basis for this study is (name the theory). It was developed by (originator or source) and has informed the study of (identify topics where the theory has been applied and/or how the theory has been used in prior research). This theory holds (identify major propositions or hypotheses of the theory). Applying this theory to the present study aids in understanding the (central phenomenon) by (give explanation of how and why the theory aids understanding) because (provide rationale based on the theory).
· For a conceptual framework: The conceptual basis for this study is (name the concept(s)). These concepts inform the study of (central phenomenon) by (give explanation of how the concepts relate to the study) because (provide rationale for basing the study on these concepts). The student should then expand upon the concepts in this section.
The framework section should be ½ - 1 page.
Significance of the Study
The significance section explains why the study is a unique approach to the problem to be investigated, potential benefit/benefactors from the proposed study, and the ways in which the results of the study might make an original contribution to the field. Discuss why this study is important and to whom. Describe the potential contribution this research may make to current and future studies and thought and how the results of this research might add to leadership knowledge and literature. Review the “Significance of the Study” section in the Dissertation Guide associated with your selected design to ensure that this section aligns with your design. This section will be added in Week 8.
The significance of the study section is typically brief at less than one page in length.
Conclusion
The final paragraph needs to provide a summary and discuss the significance of the study to your professional discipline.
SPL Model Reflection
For Week 8, discuss how the SPL model provides structure for your proposed study. Discuss specific moments of learning that occurred during DOC/700, LDR/711A, and DOC/705r, where applicable, that underlie your reflections.
References
Author, A. (2013). Title of article is written in sentence form with proper nouns being capitalized. Title of Journal in Italics as is the Volume Number, 31(22), 345-354. doi: 10.#########
Author, B. (2000). Title of article is written in sentence form with proper nouns being capitalized. Title of Journal in Italics as is the Volume Number, 31(22), 345-354. doi: 10.#########
Note how the issue number and page numbers are not in italics. Refer to the APA Manual, pp 198-202 for journal article formatting.
Author, C. (1998). Titles of books are written in sentence form and placed in italics. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Refer to APA Manual, pp 202-205 for book formatting.
Using DOI numbers for journal articles:
Avoid providing a URL to a secured database, such as ProQuest, EbscoHost, etc. If individuals interested in researching one of your references doesn't have access to a secured database, then that individual will not be able to 'easily' locate the article. Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) is a new system and articles have been, or are in the process, of being identified with a doi number. As an author, one of your responsibilities is to see if an article has been assigned a doi number, and if not, then you need to provide a direct link to the article, instead of providing 'Retrieved from .....(secured database)'.
Sometimes we must hunt a little to find a doi number or a direct link. When you see 'search-proquest' in a link, then you know the link is to a secured database, and a database the 'average' person will not have access too. Two areas to hunt, which usually lead the way to a viable option:
1. Use Crossref Metadata: https://search.crossref.org/?q =
if you click on the link, you will see a search bar. Copy/paste, or type in, the title of the article and hit 'enter'. If the article you are using has been assigned a doi number, the article will usually be the first one listed in the results. If your article doesn't show up in the search, then that article has not been assigned a doi number yet.
**** You may also want to bookmark this link so you can have easy access to the web page to look up doi numbers for future articles.
2. If the above doesn’t produce a doi number, then visit the journal's website to see if you can locate the article directly from the website. If not, then provide a link to the journal's website and state: Available at (link to journal's website).
More information on the use of doi numbers is in the APA Manual on pages 188-192.
Appendix A
Week 3: Formulating a Problem Statement
· Introduce the problem by providing some general background (2 to 3 substantiated sentences).
· After presenting some general background, explicitly state the problem: The problem is ____________ resulting in__________(in this second blank include the negative consequence of the problem)
· Support the problem by adding one or two sentences addressing the impact or adversity of the general problem (cited). This problem impacts (name the population) because (describe the impact).
· Conclude with a sentence summarizing the importance of addressing the problem. This study will contribute to the body of knowledge needed to address this problem by _____ (identify the study focus which will be specified in the research questions). In a quantitative study: should see the variables; In a qualitative study: should see the phenomenon.
· The problem statement does not indicate the purpose of the study (purpose statement).
Sample Problem Statement
End-of-life discussions are one of the most crucial interactions between terminally ill patients and their physicians. The American Medical Association (2016) recommends physician-initiated end-of-life discussions with all patients with life-limiting illnesses. More than 80% of cancer patients want to die at home and avoid aggressive, life-preserving treatment, but over 60% receive treatment and die in the hospital (Berkelman et al., 2015). Boschert (2012) noted that patients who have end-of-life discussions with their doctors are less likely to die in hospitals and receive aggressive treatments that represent the default of the health care system. The problem is that less than one third of advanced-stage cancer patients have end-of-life discussions with their oncologists, resulting in aggressive chemotherapy and diminished quality of life (American Cancer Society, 2016; Boschert, 2012). According to Corker (2010), although physicians believe it is their responsibility to have end-of-life discussions, the majority feel uncomfortable and don’t initiate or engage in these discussions.
The purpose of the qualitative case study is to gain oncologists' perceptions of barriers to engaging in end-of-life discussions and could promote exploration of training and educational initiatives to increase oncologist-patient communications.
Appendix B
Week 3: Formulating a Purpose Statement
· What is the purpose of the study?
· What do you want to study?
· What do you hope to accomplish?
· Why do you want to know it?
· What variables or central phenomena will you study?
· How will achieving the purpose help solve the problem or inform leaders in your field about the problem?
· Keep in mind that this purpose section should directly address the problem as defined in the previous section (the problem statement). The two sections must align.
· For quantitative -- The purpose of this ____ (indicate study research method: quantitative, mixed methods; and study design: experimental, quasi-experimental, correlatoin, etc) study will be to ____ (test, describe, measure) the theory of _____ that ____ (describes, compares, or relates) the _____ (independent variable) to _____ (dependent variable), controlling for _____(name control variables, if appropriate) for _____ (participants) at _____ (site). The independent variable(s) are generally defined as _____ (general definition). The dependent variable(s) are generally defined as _____ (general definition). The control and intervening variable(s), ____ (identify, if appropriate) will be statistically controlled in the study. Results from this study may ______.
· For qualitative -- The purpose of this ____ (study research method: qualitative; study design: exploratory case study, ethnographic, narrative) study will be to ____ (describe, explore, discover) the ____ (issue, situation, central phenomenon) of ____ (name the unit of analysis and location). Results from this study may ______.
Appendix C
Primary Theorists
You will hear often not to use a book's references or non-peer reviewed authors and to use only primary theorists. Be aware that primary theorists also write books and under those circumstances it is ok to use them. When we refer to book’s references, we refer to books used in class for teaching techniques and concepts.
The following list is extensive and something you want to file for future courses and the dissertation process.
Research in General
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Babbie, E. R. (2015). The practice of social research (14th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth.
Babbie, E. R. (2008). The basics of social research (4th ed.). Florence, KY: Wadsworth Publishing.
Becker, H.S. (1998). Tricks of the trade: How to think about your research while you're doing it. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Booth, W. C., Colomb, G. G., & Williams, J. M. (2003). The craft of research (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (1993). The practice of nursing research: conduct, critique& utilization (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
Cone, J. D., & Foster, S. L. (2006). Dissertations and theses from start to finish: Psychology and related fields (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Cooper, D., & Schindler, P. (2003). Business research methods (8th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill: Irwin.
Luker, K. (2008). Salsa dancing into the social sciences. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Sproull, N. L. (2002). Handbook of research methods: A guide for practitioners and students in the social sciences (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press.
APA Format
Adelheid, A. M., Pexman, N., & Pexman, P. M. (1999). Presenting your findings: A practical guide for creating tables (1st ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Adelheid, A. M., Pexman, N., & Pexman, P. M. (2003). Displaying your findings: A practical guide for creating figures, posters, and presentations (1st ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
APA Style Blog (n.d.) blog.apastyle.org
Ethical Conduct of Research
Knight, G.P., Roosa, M.W., & Umana-Taylor, A.J. (2009). Studying ethnic minority and economically disadvantaged populations: Methodological challenges and best practices. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Panter, A.T., & Sterba, S.K. (2011). Handbook of ethics in quantitative methodology. New York: Routledge.
Tran, T.V. (2009). Developing cross-cultural measurement. New York: Oxford University Press.
Proposal Writing
Becker, H.S. (2007). Writing for social scientists: How to start and finish your thesis, book, or article. (2nd ed.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Coley, S. M., & Scheinberg, C. A. (1990). Proposal writing. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Dunleavy, P. (2003). Authoring a PhD: How to plan, draft, write, and finish a doctoral thesis or dissertation. New York: Palgrave.
Locke, L., Spirduso, W., & Silverman, S. (2013). Proposals that work: A guide for planning dissertations and grant proposals (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Terrell, S.R. (2015). Writing a proposal for your dissertation: Guidelines and examples. New York: The Guilford Press.
Wentz, E.A. (2013). How to design, write, and present a successful dissertation proposal. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Wolcott, W.F. (2009). Writing up qualitative research. (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Problem & Purpose Statements
Krathwohl, D. R. (2004). Methods of educational and social science research: An integrated approach (2nd ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
Metoyer-Duran, C., & Herenon, P. (1994). Problem statements in research proposals and published research: a case study of researchers' viewpoints. Library & Information Science Research, 16(2), 105-118. doi: 10.1016/0740-8188(94)90003-5
Terrell, S.R. (2016). Writing a proposal for your dissertation: Guidelines and examples. New York: The Guilford Press.
Research Questions
Alvesson, M. & Sandberg, J. (2013). Constructing research questions: Doing interesting research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Andrews, R. (2003). Research questions. New York: Continuum.
White, P. (2009). Developing research questions: A guide for social scientists. New York: Palgrave.
Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks
Aneshensel, C.S. (2002). Theory-based data analysis for the social sciences. (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Anfara, V.A. & Mertz, N.T. (2014). Theoretical frameworks in qualitative research. (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Ravitch, S.M. & Carl Mittenfelner, N.C. (2015). Qualitative research: Bridging the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Ravitch, S.M. & Riggan, J.M. (2016). Reason & rigor: How conceptual frameworks guide research. (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Strayhorn, T.L. (2013). Theoretical frameworks in college student research. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Quantitative Research
Allison, P.D. (1998). Multiple regression: A primer. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1966). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. (2nd ed.) New York: Routledge.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G., & Aiken, L.S. (2002). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2002). Business research methods (8th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill: Irwin.
DeVellis, R.F. (2012). Scale development: Theory and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. (4th ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Grimm, L. G., & Yarnold, P. R. (Eds.). (1995). Reading and understanding multivariate statistics. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Keith, T. Z. (2015). Multiple regression and beyond: An introduction to multiple regression and structural equation modeling, Kindle Edition
Pelosi, M. K., Sandifer, T. M., & Sekaran, U. (2001). Research and evaluation for business. New York, NY: John Wiley.
Shadish, W., Cook, T., & Campbell, D. (2001). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Stephens, L. J. (2004). Advanced statistics demystified. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics. (6th ed.) New York: Pearson.
Warner, R. M. (2012). Applied statistics: From bivariate through multivariate techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Qualitative Research - General
Babbie, E. (2015). The practice of social research (14th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning.
Erlandson, D. A., Harris, E. L., Skipper, B. L., & Allen, S. D. (1993). Doing naturalistic inquiry: A guide to methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Kvale, S. & Brinkmann, S. (2014) InterViews. (3rd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Lincoln, Y.S., & Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers.
Maxwell, J. A. (2012). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. (3rd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Merriam, S. B. (2013). Qualitative research. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Patton, M.Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integration theory and practice. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Prior, L. (2003). Using documents in social research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers.
Richards, L. (2006). Handling qualitative data: A practical guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Rubin, H. J. & Rubin, I. S. (2014). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Saldana, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Savin-Baden, M. & Howell Major, C. (2013). Qualitative research: The essential guide to theory and practice. New York: Routledge.
Seidman, I. (2013). Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Shank, G. D. (2001) Qualitative research: A personal skills approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (2016). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Taylor, S. J., & Bogdan, R. (1998). Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
Qualitative Research - Appreciative Inquiry and Participatory Action Research
Chevalier, J.M., & Buckles, D.J. (2013). Participatory action research: Theory and methods for engaged inquiry. New York: Routledge.
Cooperrider, D.L., & Whitney, D. (2005). Appreciative inquiry: A positive revolution in change. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Hacker, K.A. (2013). Community-based participatory research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
McIntyre, A. (2007). Participatory action research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Qualitative Research - Phenomenology
Detmer, D. (2013). Phenomenology explained: From experience to insight. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company.
Giorgi, A. (2009). The descriptive phenomenological method in psychology: A modified Husserlian approach. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
Goulding, C. (2005). Grounded theory: Ethnography and phenomenology. European Journal of Marketing, 39(3/4), 294-308. doi: 10.1108/03090560510581782
Hegel, G. W. F. (1977). Phenomenology of spirit. (A. V. Miller, Trans., J. N. Findlay, Analysis). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Heidegger, M. (1927/1962). Being and time. (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). New York,NY: Harper.
Kaufer, S., & Chemero, A. (2015). Phenomenology: An introduction. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Polkinghorne, D.E. (1988). Narrative knowing and the human sciences. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Schutz, A. (1967). The phenomenology of the social world. Chicago: Northwestern University Press.
Schutz, A., & Luckmann, T. (1973). Structures of the Life-World, vol. 1. Chicago: Northwestern University Press.
Schutz, A., & Luckmann, T. (1989). Structures of the Life-World, vol. 2. Chicago: Northwestern University Press.
Smith, J.A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method, and research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Vagle, M.D. (2014) Crafting phenomenological research. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
Van Manen, M. (1990). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. London, Ontario: Althouse Press.
Van Manen, M. (2014). Phenomenon of practice: Meaning-giving methods in phenomenological research and writing. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
Welton, D. (Ed.). (2003). The new Husserl: A critical reader. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Zahavi, D. (2003). Husserl's Phenomenology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Qualitative Research - Grounded Theory
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Chiovitti, R., & Piran, N. (2003). Rigour and grounded theory research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 44(4), 427-435. doi: 10.1046/j.0309-2402.2003.02822.x
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Dey, I. (1999). Grounding grounded theory: Guidelines for qualitative inquiry. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing.
Dey, I. (1993). Qualitative data analysis: A user friendly guide. Oxon, UK: Routledge.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine.
Goulding, C. (2005). Grounded theory: Ethnography and phenomenology. European Journal of Marketing, 39(3/4), 294-308. doi: 10.1108/03090560510581782
Goulding, C. (2002). Grounded theory: A practical guide for management, business and market researchers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kathy, C. (2000). Grounded theory: Objectivist and constructivist methods. In N. Denzin and Y. Lincoln (Eds.). Handbook of qualitative research. (pp.509-535).
Holton, J.A., & Walsh, I. (2016). Classic grounded theory: Applications with qualitative and quantitative data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (2016). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (Eds.). (1999). Grounded theory in practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Qualitative Research - Ethnography and Ethnomethodology
Agar, M. (1996). The professional stranger: An informal introduction to ethnography. (2nd ed. Revised). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, Ltd.
Coulon, A. (1995). Ethnomethodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
DeWalt, K. M., & DeWalt, B. R. (2010). Participant observation. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
Emerson, R.M. & Fretz, R.I. (2011). Writing ethnographic field notes. (2nd ed.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Garfinkel, H. (1967/1999). Studies in ethnomethodology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Goffman, E. (1963). Behavior in public places: Notes on the social organization of gatherings. New York: The Free Press.
Goffman, E. (1967/2005). Interaction ritual: Essays in face to face behavior. Chicago: Aldine.
Goffman, E. (1986) Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Chicago: Northwestern University Press.
Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (2007). Ethnography: Principles in practice. (3rd ed.) New York: Routledge.
Lassiter, L.E. (2005). The Chicago guide to collaborative ethnography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
LeCompte, M. & Schensul, J. (2012). Analysis & interpretation of ethnographic data. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
LeCompte, M. & Schensul, J. (2010). Designing & conducting ethnographic research. (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
LeCompte, M. & Schensul, J. (1999). Analyzing & interpreting ethnographic data. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
LeCompte, M. & Schensul, J. (1999). Mapping social networks, spatial data, & hidden populations. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
LeCompte, M. & Schensul, J. (1999). Using ethnographic data: Interventions, public programming, and public policy. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
LeCompte, M. & Schensul, J. (1999). Essential ethnographic methods. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
LeCompte, M. & Schensul, J. (2012). Specialized ethnographic methods. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
Pink, S. (2013). Doing visual ethnography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers.
Pink, S., Horst, H., Postill, J., & Hjorth, L. (2016). Digital ethnography: Principles and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers.
Spradley, J. (1979). The ethnographic interview. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
Van Maanen, J. (2011). Tales of the field: On writing ethnography. (2nd ed.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Qualitative Research - Case Study Method
Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The Qualitative Report, 13(4), 544-559. Retrieved from http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol13/iss4/2
Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry, 12(2), 219-245. doi: 10.4135/9781473915480.n40
Ellet, W. (2007). The case study handbook: How to read, discuss, and write persuasively about cases. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gerring, J. (2006). Case study research: Principles and practices. Leiden: Cambridge University Press.
George, A. L., & Bennett, A. (2005). Case studies and theory development in the social sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Gillham, B. (2000). Case study research methods. London: Continuum.
Hancock, D.R., & Algozzine, B. (2011). Doing case study research: A practical guide for beginning researchers. (2nd ed.). New York: Teachers College Press.
Merriam, S. (1985). The case study in educational research: A review of selected literature. Journal of Educational Thought, 19(3), 204-217. Available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/23768608?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Simons, H. (2009). Case study research in practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Stake, R. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Stake, R. (2005). Multiple case study analysis. New York: The Guilford Press.
Tellis, W. (1997). Introduction to Case Study. The Qualitative Report, 3(2). Retrieved from: HYPERLINK "http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR3-2/tellis1.html"http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR3-2/tellis1.html.
Thomas, G. (2016). How to do your case study: A guide for students and researchers. (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Yin, R. (2013). Case study research: Design and methods (Vol. 5). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Yin, R. K. (2002). Case study research design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
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Delphi and Nominal Group Technique
Adler, M. (1995). Gazing into the Oracle: The Delphi method and its application to social policy and public health. Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Knight, P.T. (2002). Small-scale research: Pragmatic inquiry in social science and the caring professions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Linstone, H.A., & Turoff, M. (1975). Delphi method: Techniques and applications. Boston: Addison Wesley Educational Publishers.
Mixed Methods Research
Brewer, J., & Hunter, A. (2005). Foundations of multimethod research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bryman, A. (2007). Barriers to integrating quantitative and qualitative research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1, 8-22. doi: 10.1177/2345678906290531
Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Gutmann, M., & Hanson, W. (2010). Advanced mixed methods research: Designs. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 619-637). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward a conceptual framework for mixed method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11(3), 255-274. doi: 10.3102/01623737011003255
Howe, K. R., & Eisenhardt, M. (1990). Standards for qualitative (and quantitative) research: A prolegomenon. Educational Researcher, 19(4), 2-9. doi: 10.3102/0013189x019004002
McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2010). Research in education. New York: Pearson Education- Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Rao, V., & Woolcock, M. (2003). Integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches in program evaluation. In F. Bourguignon & L. A. Pereira da Silva (Eds.), The impact of economic policies on poverty and income distribution: Evaluation techniques and tools (chap. 8). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Sechrest, L., & Sidana, S. (1995). Quantitative and qualitative methods: Is there an alternative? Evaluation and Program Planning, 18(1), 77-87. doi: 10.1016/0149-7189(94)00051-X
Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2003). The past and future of mixed methods research: From data triangulation to mixed model designs. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 671-701). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Narrative Inquiry
Andrews, M., Squire, C., & Tamboukou, M. (Eds.) (2013). Doing narrative research. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Bold, C. (2011). Using narrative in research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Clandinin, D.J., & Connelly, F.M. (2004). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Clandinin, D.J. (2013). Engaging in narrative inquiry. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
Kim, J.H. (2015). Understanding narrative inquiry: The crafting and analysis of stories as research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Webster, L., & Mertova, P. (2007). Using narrative inquiry as a research method. Oxon, UK: Routledge.
Statistics
Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Leon-Guerrero, A. (2002). Social statistics for a diverse society (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
Gardner, M. J., & Altman, D.G. (Eds.). (1989). Statistics with confidence. London: British Medical Journal.
Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2004). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Griffiths, D. (2009). Head first statistics: A brain-friendly guide. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media.
Healey, J. F. (1999). Statistics: A tool for social research (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Kachigan, S. K. (1991). Multivariate statistical analysis: A conceptual introduction (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Radius Press.
Mason, R. D., Lind, D. A., & Marchal, W. G. (1999). Statistical techniques in business and economics (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Irwin, MacGraw-Hill.
Miles, J., & Shevlin, M. (2001). Applying regression and correlation: A guide for students and researchers (10th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Pyrczak, F. (1999). Statistics with a sense of humor: A humorous workbook and guide to study skills (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.
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Rumsey, D. (2007). Intermediate statistics for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Stephens, L. J. (2004). Advanced statistics demystified. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Terrell, S. R. (2012). Statistics translated: A step-by-step guide to analyzing and interpreting data. New York: The Guilford Press.
Utts, J. M., & Heckard, R. F. (2002). Mind on statistics. Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury/Thomson Learning.
Weiss, N. A. (2007). Introductory statistics: MyStatLab series (8th ed.). Schweiz, AG: Pearson Education.
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Survey Research
Babbie, E. R. (1990). Survey research methods (2nd ed.). Florence, KY: Cengage Learning.
Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2009). Internet, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: The tailored design method. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Fink, A.G. (2012). How to conduct surveys. (5th ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Fowler, F. J., Jr. (1995). Improving survey questions: Design and evaluation (Applied social research methods). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Fowler, F.J., Jr. (2014). Survey research methods. (5th ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Groves, R. (2009). Survey methodology. San Francisco: Wiley.
Kish, L. (1965/1995). Survey sampling. San Francisco: Wiley.
Nardi, P. (2013). Doing survey research. (3rd ed.) New York: Routledge.
Rea, L. M., & Parker, R. A. (2005). Designing and conducting survey research: A comprehensive guide. Jossey-Bass Public Administration Series. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Visual Data Presentation
Banks, M. (2008). Using visual data in qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Few, S. (2012). Show me the numbers: Designing tables and graphs to enlighten. Burlingame, CA: Analytics Press.
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Tufte, E.R. (1997). Visual explanations: Images and quantities, evidence and narrative. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.
Tufte, E.R. (2001). The visual display of quantitative information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.
Wong, D.M. (2013). The Wall Street Journal guide to information graphics: The dos and don'ts of presenting data, facts, and figures. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.