Article 1
Ertmer, P. A., & Newby, T. J. (2013). Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 26(2), 43–71. doi:10.1002/piq.21143
Ertmer and Newby (2013) explored three theories in one: behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist. These theories are the foundation for instructional planning. The three theories are thoroughly explained how each theory is effective when it comes to learning. According to Ertmer and Newby, learning is defined by the desired change that is sought. The goal of this text is to demonstrate how to apply these theories to obtain the desired results. The writers believed that it is not about determining which theory is the best, but what is the most efficient to achieve the desired results. The learners and the tasks must be evaluated prior to utilizing any strategy. Learners should be able to adapt to any situation and produce the desired results even when conditions are not optimal. Once instructors are knowledgeable about all three theories, they will be able to foster learning in a more creative fashion as opposed to only having to rely on the tried and true methods. The information in the article is beneficial for the intended research because it affirms the notion that different students will be more prepared for college because they already possess the needed skills to adapt to their new environment.
Article 2
Hughes, J.N., Gleason, K.A., & Zhang, D. (2005). Relationship influences on teachers’ perceptions of academic competence in academically at-risk minority and majority first grade students. Journal of School Psychology, 43, 303-320.
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