Critical Thinking/Research Critique- final

Name of Group Member (indicate in parenthesis after the name- what specific question(s) each member was responsible to initially address):

1-Mehrnoosh Ejlali (I worked on whole assignment and answered all questions, then we sent each other the work we did, review it, and submitted the best answers)

2- Kamran Vastani (He did the same thing and worked on whole assignment and answered all questions, then we sent each other the work we did, review it, and submitted the best answers)

Date:

7/10/2019

7/10/2019

INSERT the full reference citation for your APPROVED article in the grey space below (NOTE: Use correct APA. Your faculty is aware of indentation challenges and will not deduct points for incorrect indentation).

Wells, R., Ejem, D., Dionne-Odom, J. N., Bagcivan, G., Keebler, K., Frost, J., Azuera, A., Kono, A., Swetz, M.K., Bakitas, M. (2018). Protocol driven palliative care consultation: Outcomes of the ENABLE CHF-PC pilot study. Heart & Lung, 47(6), 533-538. doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2018.06.012

11. Collecting Data

11a. Identify the research design for your selected study. Discuss how the data collection method is appropriate (fits or is consistent) with the research design. (You may want to review your response to question 9a-Module 2 Worksheet)

(Hint: This is a question that frequently perplexes past students. It is important for you to understand the concept of design. Basically, what is being asked is the way the researcher(s) collected the data consistent/fits/congruent with the study design. For example, if I was doing an experimental study using human subjects, and I collected data from observing mice- this would not fit with an experimental study involving patients- right?! I might suggest that you refer to Resource on the course menu list and review the Quantitative Research Designs Figure in addition to your text-chapter 9).

The parent study (the one that had interventions) is a longitudinal outcome-based study that was preceded by this two site, single-arm pilot feasibility study which is evidently outlined in the method section as follows: “From April 1, 2014 to December 31, 2015, we enrolled 61 patients diagnosed with advanced HF and 48 family caregivers in a two-site, single-arm pilot study to determine the feasibility of ENABLE CHF-PC (Educate, Nurture, Before Life Ends: Comprehensive Heart care for Patients and Caregivers), an intervention to deliver early concurrent PC” (Wells et al., 2018).

The two selected sites were cardiology clinics. The data collected, the methodology and research findings can be applied carrying out larger scale studies (Wells et al., 2018).

11b: What specific data/information did the researchers collect? How did this information/data address the research question? Under what specific heading in your article did you find the answer to these questions? Identify the page number(s).

The objective for this study was to describe evaluation practices and treatment recommendations made during protocol-driven OPCCs for advanced HF (Wells et al., 2018, p. 534). The inadequacy of information regarding protocol-driven outpatient palliative care consultation for advanced heart failure (HF) got addressed through the findings that this research established (Wells et al., 2018 p. 533)

The study found that HF patients had weighty burdens of symptoms and unmet goals of care. Other findings showed that protocol-driven consultations for HF clients was motivated by the symptoms and social issues (Wells et al., 2018 p. 533).

The title of the article is ‘Protocol

11c: Discuss how the researcher collected the data.

Were specific instruments used to collect the data? If yes, what was the name(s) of the instrument(s)? (Identify the page number you found this information. Make a two-column table; place the exact name of the specific instrument(s) to collect the data (if the researcher developed the instrument and did not name the tool, then state researcher developed tool) and in the second column the page number where you found this information.Make sure you do this for each specific instrument used in this study.

(Hint: Interchangeable terms for “instrument(s) may be tools/survey/questionnaire/measurements/surveys/ test, etc. However, also know that it is possible that the researcher(s) did not use a paper and pencil type tool to collect the data. How data is collected dependent on the research method).

Instrument used

Page No.

Survey

The researchers designed the survey as evidenced on page 535

“….Investigator designed survey of recent hospital days…”

(Wells et al., 2018, p. 535)

Telephone Interviews

The telephone sessions were based on previewing the Charting Your Course curriculum (Wells et al., 2018, p. 535).The curriculum was based on Chronic Care Model that promotes patient self-management and the decision to foster, activate and have ensure the patient are informed about their health outcomes (Wagner et al., 2001).

Content analysis of OPCC notes

The researchers designed the instrument page 535 under ‘data collection’ section (Wells et al., 2018, p. 535).

In-person consultations.

AHF patients were slated to go for one OPCC at palliative care outpatient clinic in UAB or DHMC (Wells et al., 2018, p. 535).

Baseline questionnaires.

The information about the instrument is found ‘data collection’ in page 535 (Wells et al., 2018, p. 535)

11d: If an instrument was used, what was the type and format of the instrument? (Likert scale (pages 273; 284-85), open-ended question(s), physiologic measure (for example, a blood pressure reading), risk assessment tool, etc.). Make a table and in the first column identify the instrument by name and in the second column identify the type and format of the instrument. Do this for each specific instrument used in this study.

(Hint: You may need to Google the specific name of the instrument and see if you can review the instrument if this information is not provided within your selected article).

Instrument used

Type and Format of the Instrument

Survey

Patient-reported healthcare utilization (utilization measure). This has been outlined in page 535 of the article (Wells et al., 2018 p. 535).

OPCC notes

Content analysis of OPCC notes (Wells et al., 2018 p. 535)

Baseline questionnaires.

On page 536 under Table 2.

The answers to the questions show that the answers are measure of central tendency.

The questions are close-ended, which makes it a quantitative instrument (Wells et al., 2018, p. 536).

In-person consultations.

AHF patients were slated to go for one OPCC at palliative care outpatient clinic in UAB or DHMC (Wells et al., 2018, p. 535).

Telephone Interviews

The parent-study was composed of in-person OPCC and six weekly telephone sessions during the early palliative care HF intervention, conducted at sites in the Northeast and Southeast. (Wells et al., 2018, p. 535).

The Chronic Care Model used in coming up with Charting Your Course curriculum was adopted from Wagner et al. (2001)’s study.

11e: How did the participants in the study obtain/receive or gain access to the instruments/tools/survey/questionnaire/physiological measures, etc. in order for the researchers to obtain the data?

Baseline questionnaires were filled in as part of a parent study. During the ENABLE: CHF-PC intervention, the participants gained access the instruments and survey through in-person OPCC and six telephone sessions conducted on weekly basis, to review their progresses.

The single in-person outpatient palliative consultation occurred at either DHMC or UAB.

Patients initially gained access to these instruments by being approached by study coordinators and recruiters for this study.

(Wells et al., 2018).

11f: Discuss who specifically collected the data. Discuss if the person(s) collecting the data were trained in data collection procedures. (If yes, state page number(s) where you found this information). If this information is not provided in your article-state “Information Not Provided”.

The article points out that all the staff members were trained on page 535. This is stated in the second paragraph of the section ‘Data analysis (Wells et al., 2018).

Also, under the section sample, the article indicates that the identification of study subjects was done by study coordinators and recruitment staff who approached and checked the eligibility of patients if they qualified to be included in this research (Wells et al., 2018, p. 535).

The parent study was conducted by nurses with special training in palliative care (Wells et al., 2018, p. 535), under section ‘ENABLE: CHF-PC intervention’.

Data collection from the patient with AHF took place as personal OPCC basis and six weekly telephone sessions to review the Charting Your Course curriculum (Wells et al., 2018).

11g: If an instrument/tool/survey/questionnaire etc. was developed/written specifically for the study by the researcher(s), was the reader informed who and how the instrument/tool was developed?

1. A curriculum on Charting Your Course was developed based on Chronic Care Model (Wagner et al., 2012).

2. In-person OPCC were modeled from guidelines of the National Consensus Project (Wells et al., 2018, p. 535).

3. Survey was designed by the investigators as it is outlined under data collection section (Wells et al., 2018).

11h: Discuss how the authors presented evidence or discussed the reliability of the instruments/tools/survey/measurements. What page number(s) did your find this information? Did the researchers present the Cronbach’s Alpha or the test-retest reliability related to the instrument? If yes, how would you interpret this statistic related to reliability? If no information was presented in the article on reliability of an instrument, discuss how an instrument would be determined reliable?

(Hint: Review Chapter 15 to address question 11h).

Information has not been provided about reliability.

Reliability looks at the ability of the instrument to measure consistently (Wells et al., 2018).

11i: Discuss how the researcher(s) presented evidence or discussed the validity of the instruments/tools/survey/measurements. What type of validity did they implement regarding the instruments/tools/survey/measurements? How did they specifically determine validity? What page number(s) did you find this information? If no information was presented in the article on validity discuss how an instrument would establish validity? Be specific as to type of validity you would expect.

(Hint: Review Chapter 15 to address question 11i).

Validity is the extent to which an instrument precisely measures what it is expected to measure (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2018).

There was no information provided in this article on validity, however, based on the information provided, content validity could be achieved measuring the knowledge of content domain of which it was fashioned to measures (Wells et al., 2018).

12. Statistical Analysis

12a: How is the data analyzed? What is the name of the method/test provided? State the page number where the data analysis method is identified. Discuss how the analysis fits the research question. For this response, make a table and in column 1 identify the data approach of inferential or descriptive (see Chapter 16 in Lo-Biondo-Wood and Haber) used, in column 2-identify the specific statistic(s) used in your study as it relates to the data approach and the page number where the data analysis method was identified. Lastly, in column 3 provide the rationale for using the specific statistical test as it relates to your selected study. How does this statistical data analysis fit the research question?

(Hint: For example, if the researcher wanted to know the average pulse rate of patients who followed a specific protocol-what would be the appropriate statistic? If you said t-test, you would be asked to think again but if you said mean-you would be congratulated.To address this question, you will need to know the purpose of the identified statistical data analysis method.

Data Approach

Specific Statistic(s)

The rationale for using the specific statistical test

Inferential

T-tests

T-test is useful in testing and possibly reject a null hypothesis. (Liobondo-Wood & Haber, 2018).

Two sample T-test was used to test differences in demographic means (Wells et al., 2018).

Inferential

Chi-square

Inferential statistics are useful in making inferences or predictions about a population based on available data.

Chi-square is crucial in determining how probable it is for an event to occur due to chance. (Wells et al., 2018, p. 535)

Demographic characteristics were measured using Chi-square (Wells et al., 2018).

Descriptive Statistics

Means

OPCC’s codes and patient demographics were computed by descriptive statistics.

Descriptive statistics, in this case, are useful as one can use them to describe, summaries, and present data. (Wells et al., 2018, p. 534)

12b: What level of measurement is used to measure each of the major research variables? (See pages 282-85). Justify your answer with an example from your study if this information is provided. (State page number where you found this information). To answer this question, you are to make a table: label one column: Research Variable(s); another column: LOM (level of measurement); and the 3rd column: explaining how you knew that was the level of measurement.

(Hint: You may need to use your statistics class notes to address this question, and Google level of measurement and/or text chapter 16 and/or scroll to the “level of measurement” at http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/nursing/sonet/rlos/rlolist.php ).

(Hint 2: Review your CT 2 and identify what independent and dependent variables you correctly identified in question 5d-this is very important in addressing select questions in this section. ).

Research Variables

LOM (level of measurement)

Explanation

Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC)

Ratio

Has an absolute zero

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

Ratio

Has an absolute zero

Global physical health T score

Ratio scale

The measurements global physical health have of an absolute zero.

Days in ICU

Ratio

Has an absolute zero

Decision making preferences

Ordinal

Decision making preferences entails following an order of the choices at hand, settling on what a client best fits him or her.

An intervention to deliver early concurrent PC

Nominal Scale

Attend religious service

Nominal

AHF patients had either attended or never attended religious services.

These are mutually exclusive events

Do-not-resuscitate Order

Nominal

Either a yes or a no.

These are mutually exclusive events

Smoking habits

Nominal

AHF patients either has ever smoked or has never smoked

These are mutually exclusive events

Disability

Nominal

One is either disabled or not disabled.

These are mutually exclusive outcomes

Early concurrent PC

Nominal

The participant either had early concurrent PC or did not.

Source: (Wells et al., 2018, p. 535)

12c: Identify the statistical test(s) used for varying level of measurements found in your study. Did researchers use an appropriate type of statistic for the level of measurement associated with each variable? Now, copy the table you provided in answering questions 12b. Add a column, indicating the specific statistical test for the level of measurement and another column indicating if the statistical analysis was appropriate, answering yes or no and then your rationale for your answer.

(Hint: Sometimes students find this specific question as challenging. It is important for you to understand that the appropriate type of statistical analysis will be based on selection and use of the correct statistical test(s), which depends on the level of measurement of the research variables. For additional guidance, you also may need to refer to the text from your prerequisite statistical course, or you might check resources available via the internet; images about the flow of statistical decisions can be found by searching the internet for “flowchart of decision tree for choosing a statistical test.” Relevant information also is available at the following website, http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/nursing/sonet/rlos/rlolist.php . , where learning modules called “reusable learning objects” (RLO) are available. For additional help, see the “RLO entitled, “Descriptive statistics for interval and ratio scale data” AND the RLO: “Probability associated with inferential statistics.” Other resources also may be helpful, such as the following source:

Introduction to SAS. (2007, November). UCLA: Statistical Consulting Group. Retrieved from http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/mult_pkg/whatstat/

Study did not specify which statistical test was used, only stating descriptive statistics or “Chi Squared, T-test, or Fishers exact tests as appropriate” (Wells et al., 2018).

Research Variable(s

LOM (level of measurement)

Explanation

Specific statistical test

Gender

Nominal

Being either a male or female is an identity. Besides the outcomes of gender are mutually exclusive events.

Descriptive

Age

Ratio

Because age has an absolute zero, which is the point of origin.

Descriptive

Race

Nominal

Social grouping of people based on their physical or social qualities. Based on these qualities, one may be named as black, of Hispanic origin and so on.

Descriptive

Educational Level

Ordinal

These are various levels of education that one may go through that takes place in a sequential manner.

For example, they are patient who have attained are high school graduate while others have attained graduate degrees. The actual GPA and level of college education may vary.

Descriptive

Religion

Nominal

Names of religious inclinations like protestant, catholic and so on.

Descriptive

Days in hospital

Ratio

Has an absolute zero

Chi Squared, T test, or Fishers exact tests

Days in ICU

Ratio

Has an absolute zero

Chi Squared, T test, or Fishers exact tests

Attend religious service

Nominal

Either a yes or a no.

These are mutually exclusive events

Descriptive

Do-not-resuscitate Order

Nominal

Either a yes or a no.

These are mutually exclusive events

Chi Squared, T test, or Fishers exact tests

Alcoholic drinks per week

Ratio

Has an absolute zero, which is zero number of bottles consumed per week

Chi Squared, T test, or Fishers exact tests

Smoking habits

Nominal

Either one has ever smoked or has never smoked

These are mutually exclusive events.

No measure of how much each participant smokes.

Chi Squared, T test, or Fishers exact tests

Medical Insurance

Nominal

Either one has private or Medicaid insurance cover.

Chi Squared, T test, or Fishers exact tests

Disability

Nominal

One is either disabled or not disabled.

These are mutually exclusive outcomes

Chi Squared, T test, or Fishers exact tests

Ever used tobacco

Nominal

Either a yes or a no.

These are mutually exclusive events

Chi Squared, T test, or Fishers exact tests

Work Status

Nominal

Either retired/homemaker or disabled or are currently working.

These are mutually exclusive events

Chi Squared, T test, or Fishers exact tests

Early concurrent PC

Nominal

The participant either had early concurrent PC or did not.

Chi Squared, T test, or Fishers exact tests

12d: What are the important/significant findings/results? Place this answer in table format with just one column for listing findings.

The following characteristics have p-values are less than 0.05 according to Wells et al. (2018). These results show that there are significant differences as between patients who received OPCC and those who did not receive OPCC.

Site (cardiology clinic sites)

Seen by palliative care

Attend religious services

Ever prayed for your health

Completed an advanced directive

Other important findings were there was a major difference between early triggered OPCCs and clinically-driven consultations for patients with HF (Wells et al., 2018, p. 536).

The findings are also in support of introduction of personalized care to HF care for the purpose of establishing a rapport (Wells et al., 2018).

12e: Discuss if or how the findings were statistically significant. How did you know the findings were statistically significant? Provide rationale and state the page numbers when appropriate. Was the p-value provided? How would you interpret the findings of the p-value? Now, copy the table from 12d, add one column indicating if statistical significance was found. Add another column with the p-value if provided and exact page number (s) where you found this information. The last column should address your interpretation of the p-value as related to the statistical findings.

(Hint: See “Hints” under 12c).

Yes p-values have been provided on page 535 of the chosen article

Source for the information about p-values: (Wells, et al., 2018, p. 535)

Findings

Rationale

Page numbers

Site (cardiology clinic sites)

It has a p-value of 0.0006 which is less than 0.05; there is, therefore, a significant difference between those who received and those who did not receive OPCC in sites; Dartmouth and UAB

(Wells et al., 2018, p. 535)

Seen by palliative care

The p-value for those that have seen palliative care is 0.0059, the value that is less than 0.05 and is therefore statistically significant to reject a null hypothesis

(Wells et al., 2018, p. 535)

Attend religious services

The p-value for those who attend religious services between the two groups was found to be 0.0198, and since this is lower than 0.05, there is a significant difference those who received OPCC and whose who did not, in terms of attending religious services

(Wells et al., 2018, p. 535)

Ever prayed for your health

The p-value for those of who have ever prayed is 0.0175, a value that is less than 0.05 and is therefore statistically significant to reject a null hypothesis.

(Wells et al., 2018, p. 535)

Completed an advanced directive

The p-value for having completed an advanced directive is 0.0279, a value that is significantly significant to reject a null hypothesis since it is less than 0.5

(Wells et al., 2018, p. 535)

12f: Discuss/identify the effective use of table and figures, ease of interpretation, correct labeling, etc. How did this information add to the reader’s understanding? Discuss what information could have been deleted or added to the tables and figures. (State the page number of all tables and figures in this article). Respond to this question by inserting a table. The first column of the table should indicate the table number/figure number/page number of the table/figure. The second column should address ease of interpretation, and/or correct labeling. The third column should address how this information enhanced your understanding and the last column what information you would suggest needed to be added or deleted to the tables and figures. If you selected article did not include tables or figures, suggest what tables and figures would have been helpful and what data should have been included.

The article has one figure – fig. 1 and three tables, namely Tables; 1. 2 and 3.

The information on the tables helps the reader to understand the number of an occurrence in all the variables that were measured because it creates a visual interpretation of the data.

Table/figure# w/ page #

Ease of interpretation

How this enhanced understanding

Addition/ subtraction suggestions

Figure 1 page 534

Easy to interpret

It did not

Delete the figure entirely

Table 1 page 535

Information was labelled accurately, making it easy to understand.

Visually presented the data that was collected regarding characteristics of participants

Keep as is

Table 2 page 536

Information was labelled accurately, making it easy to understand

Visual representation of baseline measures

Keep as is

Table 3 page 537

Information was labelled accurately. Understanding was easy when read when read with the text. Otherwise, it is difficult to understand what the numbers represent.

Visual representation of the assessment and treatment code frequencies in OPCC clinic notes.

Keep as is.

(Wells et al., 2018)

12g: Discuss the researcher(s) report of any bias in the findings.

(Hint: Look at bias in the index in your Lo-Biondo-Wood and Haber text. Sometimes this is addressed in the “Analysis of the Findings, Discussion, or Conclusion sections).

According to LioBondo-Wood & Haber (2018), bias is “an error in the measurement of the dependent variable”. By that definition, the researcher did not report any bias. There was only report of inclusion/exclusion criteria in sample selection (Wells et al., 2018).

13. Conclusions and Implications

13a: Discuss how you believe the findings advance nursing science. (While this is your thoughts, apply specific findings/information from the study that contributed to your answer).

Nurses get exposed day in day out, to dying patients and deaths in their line of duty. Based on the results of this survey, early introduction of palliative care is crucial in building rapport as evidenced by the focus of OPCC on social factors and dynamics (Wells et al., 2018).

As patients’ advocates, nurses need to learn knowledge on how to establish care before overwhelming symptoms or medical crisis sets in. This can be through them carrying out health education to caregivers as well as the patients. Nurses can also be the ones to signal to providers when palliative services may be appropriate.

Nurses are among the outcome-focused professionals, who always endeavor to get positive results while offering the best quality healthcare. To reap these benefits, especially in palliative care, the nurses need to be familiarized with updated information. This article provides a wealth of ideas on how to give the best of care to AHF patients in palliative care to avert preventable deaths and provide a better quality of life while living with this disease by introducing PC well before a medical crisis (Wells et al., 2018).

13b. Discuss if the researcher(s) clearly identify the implications of the research for nursing practice? (State page number where you found this information. If they did not discuss, then write N/A.

Yes on page 537 under discussion, the last paragraph (Wells et al., 2018). The study underpinned the necessity for an early outpatient palliative care (OPCC) in advanced HF patients to meet the goals of care, address symptoms, and have workable care plan needs as indicated in the outpatient palliative care (OPCC) of this study. Wells et al. (2018) states that there are recent guidelines which call for continuing palliative care integration into heart failure care with access to ambulatory palliative care.

13c: What study limitations did the researcher(s) identify? (State the page number where limitations are identified). Discuss any limitations you identify that the researcher(s) did not address from your perspective as the reader. Place identified limitations in a table format and include the page number (s) indicated after each limitation.

Study Limitation

Page No.

Small sample size

(Wells et al., 2018, p. 537)

Fairly homogenous sample that does not represent the HF population and therefore impedes generalization.

(Wells et al., 2018, p. 537)

Evaluation of initial protocol-driven consultation notes is highly likely not to explore all the aspects of palliative care

(Wells et al., 2018, p. 537)

Source of the information on study limitations: (Wells et al., 2018, p. 537)

13d: What did the researcher(s) recommend for future research? (State page number where this information is found). Place identified recommendations in a table format and include the page number(s) found after each recommendation.

Recommendation

Page No.

Longitudinal studies that will evaluate multiple palliative care consultation notes

(Wells et al., 2018, p. 537)

Research studies that will evaluate the impact of timing of palliative care consultation on patient outcomes.

(Wells et al., 2018, p. 537)

Under discussion, the authors also inferred that with a standardized template from the eight domains given an account of by the National Consensus Project, can enhance uniformity in both evaluation and documentation.

(Wells et al., 2018, p. 537)

The utilization of different templates at the two research sites pointed out that future research design should include the need for protocol training for all the clinicians in research to ensure consistency in delivering the elements of palliative care.

(Wells et al., 2018, p. 537)

Source of information on research recommendations: (Wells et al., 2018)

14: Recommendations

14a: Discuss the researcher(s) recommendations for how this study should inform/change nursing practice. (State the page number where recommendations are located). This answer differs from 13a as this information is taken directly from the article and is not your thoughts.

Nurses are patients’ advocates. Through their role as patients’ advocates, nurses can catalyze the introduction of palliative care earlier to the HF patients, which, in turn, increase the chances of the utilization of the palliative care services offered in the course of their illness to demonstrate the benefits. By introducing PC earlier, HF patients are more likely to utilize PC services throughout the disease process and reap positive outcomes (Wells et al., 2018, p. 537).

14b: What recommendations were made by the researcher(s) specifically focused on nursing education? (State the page number(s) where recommendations are located). If not discussed, then answer with: This information was not addressed in the article.

(Hint: Remember, nursing education is not just attendance at a formal academic program; it may include institution-based education.)

Establishing medical care before medical crisis sets in is prudent as it helps the patient to relieve themselves from the irrepressible burden of symptoms while exposing the patients and their caregivers to specialty palliative care (Chellappan, Ezhilarasu, Gnanadurai, George, & Christopher, 2013, p. 52). This has the capability of also forming a therapeutic relationship that is devoid of common perceptions that palliative care services are only provided as the end of life services. (Wells et al., 2018, p. 537)

Irrespective not being driven by the symptoms, when OPCC are triggered, they frequently address symptoms assessed and interventions are immediately recommended before the disease worsen (Wells et al., 2018, p. 537).

14c: What recommendations would you suggest for nursing practice and nursing education based on the research findings not identified by the researcher(s)?

Further training is imperative in assisting the primary case and Heart Failure clinicians to be able to easily identify patients who need hospice services and the kind of treatment recommendations they need.

Future research should can diversify in palliative care for other diseases such as different types of cancers like breast and cervical cancer.

Tasks

Target:

Acceptable:

Unacceptable:

Not Addressed:

11. Data Collection

· Fit between data collection method and research design

· What data was collected

· Instruments/ tools/ survey/ questionnaire/ measurements used to collect the data

· If instrument used, type and format

· How was data collected and by whom?

· If instrument was developed specifically for the study

· Reliability of instruments/ tools/ survey/ measurements

· Validity of instruments/ tools/ survey/ measurements

Accurate response

Justified appropriately

Clearly understands measurement related to instruments/ tools/ surveys and research terminology

Responses demonstrate a solid understanding of data collection process

Minimal or no improvement needed for final CT paper

Uses table format when asked

Accurate responses for the majority of responses but a few responses lack substantive justification

Responses reflect a satisfactory understanding of the data collection process but could be improved

Uses table format when asked

Attempted to respond but response and justification are frequently inaccurate/incorrect

Does not provide page number when requested or frequently does not provide requested page numbers

Responses reflect a limited understanding of the data collection process and needs considerable improvement

Does not use table format as asked.

Not addressed

7-8 points

4-6 points

1-3 points

0 points

12. Statistical Analysis and Findings

· Describe data analysis and states page number

· Identifies level of measurement used

· Descriptive and/or inferential statistics used

· Appropriateness of statistics used

· Important findings discussed

· Statistical significance of findings

· Use of tables and figures

· Evidence of researcher bias

Accurately described how data was analyzed and provided explanation

Responses demonstrate a solid and correct understanding of statistical analysis as it relates to the research report

Uses table format when asked

Accurate responses for the majority of responses but a few responses lack substantive justification or understanding of statistics is questionable on some responses

Responses reflect a satisfactory understanding of statistical analysis as it relates to the research report but could be improved

Uses table format when asked

Attempted to respond but response and justification are frequently inaccurate/incorrect

Does not provide page number when requested or frequently does not provide requested page numbers

Responses reflect a limited understanding of statistical analysis as it relates to the research report and needs considerable improvement. Minimal understanding of key concepts related to statistical analysis and findings present

Does not use table format as asked

Not addressed

7-8 points

4-6 points

1-3 points

0 points

13. Conclusions and Implications

· Relevance and importance of problem in advancing nursing science from own perspective

· Implications of findings for nursing practice

· Identified limitations of study and page number

· Author’s recommendations for future research

Accurate responses to each question

Justified appropriately

Responses demonstrate a solid understanding of the research process. Minimal or no improvement needed for the final CT paper

Uses table format when asked

Accurate responses for the majority of responses but a few responses lack substantive justification

Responses reflect a satisfactory understanding of conclusions and implications as it relates to the research report but could be improved

Uses table format when asked

Attempted to respond but response and justification are frequently inaccurate/incorrect

Does not provide own perspective regarding the advancement of nursing science. Does not provide page number when requested or frequently does not provide requested page numbers

Responses reflect a limited understanding of conclusions and implications as it relates to the research report but need considerable improvement

Does not use table format as asked

Not addressed

3 points

2 points

1 point

0 points

14.Recommendations

· Recommendations for nursing practice

· Recommendations for nursing education

· Self-recommendations for nursing practice and/or education

Accurate responses to each

Justified appropriately

Responses demonstrate a solid understanding of the research process

Own thoughts are reflective and demonstrate an understanding of the research report

Accurate responses for the majority of responses but a few responses lack substantive justification

Own thoughts are satisfactory but could be strengthened

Attempted to respond but response and justification are frequently inaccurate/incorrect or incomplete

Does not always provide page number when requested or frequently does not provide requested page numbers

Own thoughts do not demonstrate a clear understanding of the research report and a cursory understanding at best.

No addressed

3 points

2 points

1 point

0 points

USE of APA according to the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.)

Additionally, use of good grammar, spelling and proofreading work is required

No APA errors whatsoever, congratulations!

No grammar or spelling errors

Only minor errors in APA rules for format, citation in text and reference list; revisit some of the common errors in APA

OR

Minimal grammar or spelling errors

Many errors in APA rules for format, citation in text and reference list; revisit some of the common errors in APA

AND

2-3 grammar or spelling errors

Little attention to APA rules for citation in text and reference list, errors in basic format; need to crack the APA manual.

grammar/spelling errors

2 points

1 point

0.5 points

0 points