Write my Education Essay
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Freedom of Religion ( Imprimatur- seal of approval - Proselytize- not trying to convince or suay - Captive Audience- people that are required to be in a place that have to listen) School Prayer: Every morning students will stand and stay a specific prayer, if a parent sent a written request, the student did not have to participate; The court said you can’t do it, sanctioning religion, schools are an agent of the state; Bible reading, state promoting religion; Alabama would set time in morning for meditation and prayer, but aren't allowed to call it prayer so they can say a minute of silence Lee (1992): On one special occasion, high school graduation, open and close ceremony by clergy, making sure that it doesn’t go against a students religion; Can't burden people who don’t believe in a religion, it would be awkward to leave in the middle and come back in Sante Fe (2000): Let the students vote on whether they want an opening religious speech, and pick a student to give it; The court said no, this prayer is authorized by school policy and sponsored by school on school property at a school event; People that are at the event have to be there; Cheerleaders had banner with religious thing on it, can't do that its a school event Religion in the Curriculum - Mandatory high school course requires a course on puritan theology - Schools can offer courses in history of world religion and approach religion as philosophy - Can't do it to try to shape the morals of the students - Some topics have been controversial, some school want to push to teach creationism alongside evolution - Overwhelming consensus is evolution among scientists - Parents said okay maybe we won't win that fight but we dont like whats assigned in our children's classes - Simply being exposed to an idea in class is the same as being encouraged to believe in it - Objected the wizard of oz; Fairytales are out, harry potter - Some first and second grade stories are unacceptable because they proposed disobedience to their parent; Goldilock and three bears - no good - Court said you don't have the right to pick what's in the curriculum; Parents don't have veto power over curriculum School Buildings - Almost 20 years ago, two students gunman that killed 13 classmates in colorado, the school wanted to commemorate the victims and sponsored a project where families would make tiles that would become a permanent part of building and some of them were religious messages. Is this acceptable? This is what the families wanted. Court said it is school sponsored speech, permanent part of building, they said no - Since 1963 in the auditorium there had been plaque in the class, had school prayer, very general message to do well, the plaque itself says nothing about religion accept for school prayer and our father, a lot of criticism, why is it that one person can make an issue and can overturn what the community had supported for many years Expression Allowed - Pray at lunch, even its out loud → yes, as long as ur not preaching to other students - Can you bring a bible to school and read it on free time → yes; Can you pass out religious material→ depends on certain rules a school has on passing out things at club events - Student wear a t-shirt with religious message → protected, yes; Teacher to wear a religious t-shirt → no; Hate speech t-shirt → no - Student turns in a test with the letters JJM at the top of the page to promote assistance → yes Equal Access Act (1984) - If your school has other student groups that are meeting with no clear relation to the curriculum, like chess club, then the school must allow religious clubs and political clubs as well, but the group cannot have a faculty sponsor, has to be student initiated and student led - Use of school facilities by religious groups in the community , if the school lets other community groups rent it out, have to let religious groups too - Cleveland Ohio, families receive school vouchers that they could use at any school in cleveland including religious schools, 80% if parents made use of religious schools in cleveland - Have we crossed the line? 5-4 decision, the majority said that the govt role stops with the distribution of the money, any sponsorship of religion is incidental. - Legal point of view that argues that sometimes the money helps the student directly and not the school: Bus, the benefit is going directly to the child not the school; Special ed services, directly to the individual child - At delaware, Muslim student associated tried for years to get space on campus for prayers and worship, they got a reflection room in morris library years later “In God We Trust”: Playced on money; Became the national motto in 1956, seen as part of our struggle with russia in the cold war, that we were sending a message that we had a religious heritage that our country's past that was connected with religion; Reference to our religious history; Because of this tradition it is patriotic; Saying is on license plates; To mark a solemn or serious occasion, to mark that this is something very very special; Family said whenever I’m using money I’m relaying a religious message, they lost the case; Seems like should have tossed this out if school prayer isn't allowed; Whether a bakery could refuse to sell or bake on request for same sex-gay couple for their marriage, are you allowed to discriminate a customer and appeal to your religious beliefs - In favor of baker - The amish, our children should not be able to go to school, two amish men filed a lawsuit the city making horses wearing diapers to carry poop, they said it goes against their religion Freedom of Speech - Freedom of speech is not absolute Inappropriate Speech - Tinker case of 1968 - symbolic speech: Did not disrupt the school day, There wasn’t even a basis to predict that might have happened, Can't stifle freedom of speech because it is uncontroversial, Schools may not be totalitarian, school officials do not have absolute authority over the students, Limits - not a blank check - Matt frazier gave a 6 sentence speech, full of sexual innuendo, not about politics but about student council office: 600 students in auditorium, some yelled and hotted, some stood up, many did not react much. He was punished with 2 day suspension and removed as a speaker from commencement. Students protested this, it was unfair. A purpose of education is to encourage civil mature conduct and this cannot happen in a school where bad speech is being said, cannot tolerate this. Intention was to immerse students not arose them, court said its inconsistent with the type of language and conduct that schools should encourage. Messages on T-shirts: Schools did not allow hate speech; In one school, national day of silence, student wore a t-shirt that said homosexuality is shameful, that is a form of hate speech, it is derogatory, be happy not gay was fine because was not spiteful. Cannot wear t-shirt that is suggestive, crewed, lewd; High school seniors wore an abercrombie and fitch tshirt to class and on the front was who needs brains when you have these; Sometimes takes a stand on a political issue, picture of george bush and international terrorist; Particular issue- schools today there is zero tolerance on weapons, 13 yr old has a slogan, national rifle association, shooting sports camp on his t-shirt, courts said you cannot ban that, not an invitation to students to urge them to do something illegal or to break school rules; Get in trouble for speech: If it threatens disruption, obscenity - things such as sexual innuendos, speech that is defamatory (says something so wrong, intentionally misleading), fighting words or threats of violence Student Newspapers: Before 1970s most newspapers has a sponsor to feel free to sensor whatever students wrote; Students began to do underground papers and wrote whatever, to distribute on campus has to follow school regulations; There were two articles that the principal said we have to delete, one about high school student pregnancy, and the impact of divorce on students, he deleted them not because they were controversial but because it wasn't good journalism, pregnancy- easy to know who the three girls were, divorce- one parent identified by name had not been interviewed and just was on daughters thoughts, were written as part of a journalism class, for credit. Court says the newspaper carries the ok from the school, can sensor it.; Family suing the for fumes of school bus, the student said that the public newspapers are talking about it. Court said it was okay, it was good journalism; UD Newspaper: We are independently funded by donations and other stuff don’t have a faculty advisor, review- one columnist wrote delaware undressed about the social and sexual pursuits of undergrads, private landscaping article Cyber Speech - Off-campus cyber-speech: Back to tinker-- does it interfere (or threaten to interfere) with day to day activities in the school? Can't just be unpopular or controversial - What is the “nexus” (connection / link) to the school? Was the cyberspeech created at school or during the school day? Was it created on computers or laptops owned by the school? Was the message designed to reach the schools students and / or staff? - Donninger Case (2208): Avery donningers blog post when a concert was cancelled, avery went to the school computer lab and accessed her father's email account. Urged recipients to call or email the supt, who soon scolded avery, i was willing to reschedule. What happened? Supt said the blog contained inaccurate and vulgar language, banned her from running for senior class secretary, no captive audience, court says the stronger precedent is tinker.. Uphold the school in the school - Unacceptable cyber speech: A student website that listed different ways to disrupt class (booing), Violence, even if the student claims it was all a joke, Harassment: targeted particular student, Calling the principal a town drunk, Comparing math teacher to hitler, Claiming that his teachers worshipped satan, Anonymous posts that are maliciously inaccurate, Schools can regulate or ban cell phones but they cant confiscate and then snoop on them, - Issue arises: High school in colorado, students sexting, over 100 diff students engaged in this practice and they would rate students...Did the students do this as consenting participants or not? Did students circulate pictures without permission? - Off campus- speech, at a school sponsored event, parade: Several students thought it would be amusing to hold up a 14 foot banner that said bong hits for jesus and the school said this is not appropriate because it promotes illegal drug use Privacy- In Loco Parentis - Reasonable Cause- weaker, less evidence is needed, schools only need to show this Probable Cause- what is needed if you go to judge and ask for search warrant Searches - Do you need a search warrant if you think a girl has weed in her purse? Early on courts made it clear that you don’t need a search warrant within schools. - Teachers and administrators should have the same rights as the parents - If you don’t need a warrant and you don't have parents blank check what type of evidence do you need to search. - TLO: 2 school girls are smoking in bathroom and teacher catches them, one girl says she was one girl says she wasn’t, one girl had purse searched by teacher, he sees rolling papers and says its for use of weed, he finds a lot in the purse, list of customers and money, she sues and says it went too far. Was the start of the search reasonable? Did the teacher have reasonable cause to start the search?What about the scope of the purse? He just checked out the purse, it was justified at the start and reasonable at scope. - Are we investigating one particular person or checking out everyone in the school? Are we looking at a rule that has been broken but are we concerned about any type of infraction? How serious is the threat? Is it okay for a school to search your locker? Yes, it is the schools property so they can Told in the school handbook. - Same thing applies to parking lot, if you park car there giving up some of privacy rights - Metal detectors in some urban schools, everyone has to go through, courts have upheld this, especially in schools where there is a bad history of weapons - Invasive search becomes a problem - canine searches to check often for drugs. The dogs will sniff the lockers and other areas, public areas, far more controversial for dog to sniff an individual. Most invasive search is a strip search, student must remove some or all of his clothing, need an individual pointed out, need a particular rule is violated, best to have probable cause. - Student known to use drugs, he was suspected of carrying drugs during the school day, he was crocheting drugs, the court upheld it, it's in private, someone of same gender, need high evidence for strip searches - Vernonia: All student athletes are required to give urine samples at start to season and have random samples throughout the season. One student refused because thought it was too invasive, supreme court upheld what school did, athletics are voluntary, they surrender part of privacy when they go out for the team, this promotes the schools fight against drugs, the way they did it was respectful, they were collected discreetly and handled by outside lab and only checked for drugs and kept the results locked up with a key. 5 Examples of Invalid Searches: 1.Strip search, 8th grade students who had prescription strength pain relievers, the school said you can't bring prescription drugs to school, one student is apprehended with pills, I had no idea how that pill got in here maybe my friend put it in, and the friend denies it, check the backpack, they didn't stop there, they made her take off her socks shoes and jacket and then had her further take off clothing. Mother sues school district, at the start of search there was no basis to have justification to do a strip search. 2. Third grade student, 10 years old in florida and was taken from class and given a pregnancy test, urinated into a cup, the test was negative, the school said that they were concerned that she had a large stomach and wanted to intervene for her welfare, the court said no you cannot do that, very invasive, need parents approval. Court said you had other options. 3. Brandywine District, north wilmington, school made a mistake, want to search backpack of fred but we mistaking singled out joe and we searched his backpack and we found a credit card knife and he's not carrying serious weapon but there is a zero tolerance policy on weapons and he is suspended and the parents sue, how can you punish our son of a mistake in the search? The case was settled out of court, and district made it clear they were going to make changes and give time to appeal suspension and not even do a search until a parent will be contacted, trying to honor due process Student’s Files: The Buckley Amendment (FERPA): Many outsiders could see student files before 1974, In the 60s the FBI and CIA had more access than parents, Teachers wrote subjective opinions- Fred had “peculiar policial ideas” - School in ohio that said that we want to collect a range of info from each student, filles with details about students and students parents with information that you wouldn’t really need to know, no policy on who can see it - What rights do parents have? They can inspect their children’s records, Consent before school releases any info to outsiders, School must tell/remind parents of their FERPA rights, When junior turns 18, only he can see the file - Does FERPA apply it all records? Applies to computer files, not just handwritten, Includes disciplinary infractions but does not include school “police” records, Does not include the notes of teachers, counselors and other staff that are the sole possession of that person and are used as “personal memory aids”, Very conscious of what goes in school file and personal notes. Can you waive the right to see records? Many of you might have done so. Can teachers poke around in student files? Yes, as long as they have legit educational interests in doing so, Every school district must have a written policy specifying WHO has that legut interest - Then how did the new yorker get president bush’s take transcript? He didn't release the transcript, somebody swiped it without permission. Can the state take a look? No pass, no drive law in the state of kentucky..Supt had to tell the Dept of Ed whenever a high schools student was failing or dropped out! License was then remove, court said that violated FERPA. Exceptions: serious health or safety risk - UDEL policy makes it clear that conduct that proposed a significant risk to safety and wellbeing of others and yourself, your parents can be notified - Case that made it to supreme court: Students graded each other's papers in class, teacher had each student call out the score in front of entire class and teacher entered it into gradebook. Supreme court said that FERPA protections only begin when it is in gradebook, might be bad teaching practice but not part of teaching files - Directory Information: Basic Info, often favorable, released to the press and other non profit agencies; Name, address, phone,email, date of birth, sports awards, scholarships; Before releasing it school must tell parents what it considers directory info, parents can refuse to permit its release if they notify school; School has no obligation to supply directory information to outsiders. - Some results of FERPA: Most schools sanitized their files; Many teachers and counselors keep a second set of records apart from the Official file in the main office; “Consent Forms” and “IRB” for research When can the U of DE call your parents? Without your written consent, professors can’t talk to parents about you Can’t post grades outside room for everyone to see anymore and can’t leave a stack of graded papers outside your office Immoral Conduct - If you have a felony conviction, 1 year or more prison sentence, drastically reduces odds of being hired and increases being fired. - Illegal and incompetent - Late 1960s and 1970s, changing notions of what was appropriate behavior and not - Affected both teachers and students - A series of headline articles that spotlight sexual abuse and there is a shock when it is a well known person - Headline stories: Elementary school teacher married with four children, began an affair with a student in 7th grade, later said i had no idea it was a crime, the student said was pursuer, she is arrested and convicted and gives birth to the students child in prison, she is released on condition no communication with student, back at it again and back in jail, and says they love each other and they end up getting married
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- 17 year sentence in the chorus teacher case - Hard to get reliable stats for the early years - Recent years have better evidence: 500 cases a year, sexual misconduct; 90% of educators are male, 10% are female What is the age of consent? 18 or older, mature enough to give consent to relationships and sexual activity; 16 or 17, old enough to give consent if the older person is under the age of 30; 15 -13 , the other person can not be 4 years older than you; 12 is the minimum - Is the school or college at risk if their employees are doing this?School is only at risk if the administrators knew about the harassment or abuse and they looked the other way and didn't take measures to address the issue Unprofessional Behavior - Mr. Herb, married with two sons, teacher and coach in Iowa, he has affair with teacher, they are both married, they are caught, the husband hides in the car and catches them and the school board dismisses Mr. Herb. His competence was not jeopardized with what happened. Was the behavior so offensive that he should be fired? Did not break a law, They didn’t flaunt the relationship, No evidence that this undermined his performance as a teacher - Unmarried teacher became pregnant, have to go on maternity leave early, not fired, she sued, and she was upheld, didn't want to show a bad example for students - Incorporate contact with students that might not be sexual but is inappropriate: Teacher plays strip poker with one of students in his car; 14 year old student in teacher’s apartment at midnight against parents wishes; Foreign language teacher dismissed because called student a slut; 5th grade classroom, one of the boys failed to turn in homework the entire week, the teacher hung in on a hook by his shirt and left him there; Summer- teacher smoked weed with two 15 year old students in home; March 2018, in NYC, private school, teacher there for 30+ years is trying to give a vivid demonstration of angle and uses his arm and blurts out hail hitler, the teachers father was jewish, if mel brooks in a movie can do this why can’t i, this is hate speech, he was fired The Decline of “No Promo Homo” - How schools react to teachers, administrators, and students who identify as gay, lesbian, and so on - Before late 1860s most schools shared the view that these people had three strikes against them, sinful behavior, this is illegal, abnormal behavior - listed as a disorder - Late 60s early 70s things began to change - 1973- not considered disorder in the manual anymore - 1970s the national education association adds sexual discrimination to its rules of can’t be done - Backlash - this is going too far - If you hire openly gay teachers and refuse to fire, you are promoting gay behavior to the students - Late 70s into 1980s - more and more states begin to drop those laws outlawing same sex consensual relationship, gay straight alliances in schools - Encourage tolerance, acceptance outside of school - More about rights of transgender students today - Cases: 1. 1980, in elementary school that had taught sex education by showing videos and have discussion, male teacher with boys, how is it possible for two men to have sex a kid asked, he said most people frown on it, and he described sex between two men, he wasn't fired, he did not violate a school rule, the parents complained. Teacher read stories to class after lunch, king and king, this is part of our schools emphasis on diversity, in Massachusetts, parents complained, court said that the fact that the children were exposed against their religious beliefs, the parents cannot determine the curriculum and it was okay. 2. 1970s- UD, teacher was dismissed that was the faculty advisor for the gay student organization, president trabant- the teacher apparently encouraged gay, he sued, he won. Is the school liable for the harassment of gay students? Did the school know about it and do nothing? The principle told the gay student that it is your fault as much as anyone else's, you should hide it more, the harassers were not disciplined and the court said that the school is willfully indifferent. 3. NY high school, Bronx hs of science, excellent teacher, openly, officer in the north american man boy love association, a group for petifiles, he is not advocating this in his classroom, outside of school behavior but very public and open about membership in the organization, writes articles for the newsletter, Mr. Melzer, making his views known to the public, are you protected because of free speech? Court upheld his dismissal, teacher said he is being treated as people in the past, particular condition is so extreme so he lost his job Torts: From the Latin word for twisted (tortus); Tort Law covers injuries unrelated to contracts...cases Duty of Obligation of Care - Was it part of your job to protect students from injury? - It applies in school or school-sponsored trips only (unless a teacher assigns homework that entails some risk) - Greater obligation for younger children - Was reasonable care used? Was the teacher prudent? Courts know that teachers cannot anticipate everything that MIGHT occur. Could the possibility of injury be foreseen? - Examples: Fight breaks out in locker room, if coach had any reason to anticipate the fight might occur, threats teacher heard, this case there was no warning/unforeseen; Shooting, students were injured by gang, the school didn’t have any warning to foreseen this occurring; Trampoline accident, land on chest, court says routine move in gym class not dangerous, the trampoline was in good order and the teacher gave instructions Did the negligence cause the injury? Would careful supervision have prevented the injury? That is, was the failure to use due care the primary cause of the injury? Did injury result in real harm, not just brief discomfort? Courts don’t welcome lawsuits where the alleged “damage” is trivial. A negligent teacher could still be reprimanded by the school district even if there’s no lawsuit What about the students? “Contributory negligence” -- if the student’s won carelessness caused the injury, then he is unlikely to prevail in court. But the younger the student, the tougher it is to establish contributory negligence. The “rebuttable presumption” is that kids under 14 are incapable of C.N. Assumption of Risk - Especially ins sports, students know the danger involved… and they voluntarily participate - This is why we often sign forms acknowledging that we know there could be risks in what we will do - Even so, those release forms don’t exonerate UD if an instructor is negligent Academic Freedom - Exercise their judgement to what they say and what they assign their students - You are entitled to your own opinion but not facts - English teacher can assign a short story that might be controversial as long as there are good literacy reasons to do it - Cannot promote your own religious views; Can’t use it for to express of what can be seen as intolerant, hate speech; Can’t set aside the curriculum and do whatever you want; Can’t sell your lesson plans, need to check with the school district to do that - Many textbooks are bland so not controversial - Only 5 book companies in america, try not to give offense to particular groups Teacher Unions - National education association (NEA): began in 19th century, seen as totally inappropriate for educators to belong to a union back then - American Federation of Teachers (AFT) - Today, NEA is larger, differences are not very great between the unions: Both are very active politically, Negotiate contracts - Don’t have to join union, wont have dues deducted if u don’t join - You will benefit from contract - Strikes are legal in most but not all states - Pride themselves on making sure that teachers cannot be dismissed without cause if they have tenure, granted after third year of good performance - UD-determined at your 6th year - If a teacher has tenure, and the school says we don’t want your services, that's when the union steps in with advice, legal representation, not easy to fire a tenure teacher. - Vast majority of teachers don’t get into trouble Public Law 94-142 (1974) - Many students were not receiving appropriate services - Changes taking place in 50s and 60s began to encourage more attention to special ed: Kennedy family, rosemary had severe learning disabilities and they thought they can find a cure - Growing interest in the 1960s in special ed - 94-142 Federal Law has a variety provisions: Services have to provide a free appropriate public education - Cant charge parents; Has to be tailored to the individual; Can’t bring them to private facility, obligation of public schools and if they can’t provide it they have to pay for a private placement; Has to be education, rigor varies child to child; Least restrictive environment; Due-process : procedure safeguards, include parents, getting full explanation of due-process rights are, school has to let you know if school wants to evaluate your child; Individualized education plan (IEP) : designed to make sure that the education is appropriate, custom made for individual: Diagnosis has to be done from multiple measures that are unbiased; Updated every year; Goals should be measurable The Broad Scope of Special Ed - Special Ed requires traditional plan at age 16 where you lay out plans where to help child reach college and beyond - Schools can’t say that student is so profoundly awful we can’t do anything - Doesn’t mean everything counts as disability: Autism was added in 1990; Emotional and Social Issues; Learning Disabilities: gap between underlying ability and demonstrating - Summertime - how child loses was is lost between the school years - Private schools - states have to take part of federal money and ir mark it for kids in private schools - Related Services: 1. Case of a 6 year old who in order to stay in class needed to be catheterized every few hours, is this a medical service beyond the scope of the school or can we train staff. 2. Amy Roley significant hearing loss, what related services does amy require. In IEP they provide some, parents want more, less get a sign language interpreter in all of her classes, the school tried it for 2 weeks but amy did not need the services, amy is doing better than average child academically, she is benefiting from her classes, maybe with interpreter she might benefit more, the court says the law never says that states should set a point where students need to reach Discipline - Should a student in special ed be disciplined - Kansas city punched a classmate and knocked kid off chair, because he is special ed with autism, the school decided that his autism was directly responsible for what he did - Did the infraction stem from disability? No punishment if it stems from disability; If it doesn’t, those students can be punished - What about special ed student is suspended or expelled, do we continue to provide special ed services when they are outside of school? Under 10 days there is no obligation on the schools to do so; Over 10 days, seen as change of placement, falling back if you don’t have any services provided; When this case arises you have to have a meeting with team that created IEP whether or not the infraction did stem from the disability. Did we fail to implement the IEP? Do we need to modify the IEP? Team meeting before or after being expelled Mainstreaming Term for least restrictive environment - Encourage academic, social, and emotional growth - Mainstreaming can be for part of the day, not all of the day and it reminds of how the provision of special ed relies on paraprofessional and aides. ie.) Pull out, resource rooms - Daniel RR (1989): 6 years old, down syndrome, speech impaired, serious intellectual disabilities, communication skills at 2 year old level, parents want him in pre-kindergarten, the school says give it a try, in eyes of school it did not work well, did not master the skills teacher was teaching, to modify the curriculum for him wouldn’t have worked, needed constant attention from aide, he was often exhausted, program was strenuous, he developed a stutter, the teacher wound up devoting much of her time to Daniel. Were other students penalized for her attention to Daniel? Court said that we rely on mainstreaming but if you can show it is not working and a disadvantage to other students then you need not to do it, what progress is he making, has the school offered other options, daniel can participate at recess, the school was upheld the parents were not - Can still label students and incentive to classify students because you get more money from the state - Are you sure this would work for moderate to severe disabilities? Where should special ed take place? Who should carry this out? Current Challenges: Expense: Money required is significant; 13 billion dollars of federal funds; States also contribute quite a lot- What this requires teachers to do the job well: Some special ed teachers receive extra compensation; 7 hours per student to do IEP, extra $600; Re-evaluation another 5 hours; Sense of mission and purpose, teachers want to involve themselves - What extent is society relying on medication for special ed? Are we sure that the true rate for ADHD that high or are they sliding in because they know they will get services or medications - Insurance companies refused to pay for therapy over hours - Growth from 5%-12% will continue, should it expand and expend and bring in more and more people? Some private schools, Tower Hill, teaching and learning center designed to help you optimize your study habits, understand how you best learn and focus on workload and for students who don't really have an actual accommodation - Continue to debate what is and what is not apart of the disabilities by special ed Discrimination before 1972: 8% of female athletes in High School; Today 3 female to 4 male athletes, Many people thought women athletes were either secret lesbians or promiscuous, There were outstanding women athletes at this time, Archery, Badminton and Tennis for the girls in Hampels school, they were considered teachers, helpers to the female gym teachers - Got charm bracelets not varsity bracelets; Cheerleading not considered a sport, were there to encourage the guys; Sponsor was nicknamed M; Every cheerleader has a family with a dad and mom (dad learning cheers picture); Raised money through bake sales; Risky routines would involve their legs shown; Bars and Taverns will only serve men - a state said Sports: Three Part Test: 1. Statistics Test: count number of opportunities to participate and say does that reflect the male female distribution of the schools population. Doesn’t have to be absolutely identical but it should be close. Many schools could not satisfy this test at first 2. Are you narrowing the gap, making progress over time, been expanding program for woman. 3. If you can’t make those standards, have you investigated what the students want? What do they want to participate in? Maybe talk to admissions office and see what students say. Show what you offer is in line with that. Responsive to what people want and what they can do - Couple diff meanings of equal : Don't have to have a male or female team for every sport; Don't want to have any teams at all you don't have to; Coaching staff, don't have to have 50-50 distribution among gender; Don't have to pay coaches the same exact salaries - Basketball and Football coaches get paid a lot sometimes most paid in university Considerations in each sport don't have to be identical - Volleyball for women, the net is lower - Equal: Pocket money has to be the same; Have to be fair in terms of scholarship money; Training facilities; Locker rooms; Academic Tutoring - Can you try out for a team all male or all female? Is there anything offered for your gender; Wrestling or Football have some females Gender Norms: In injuries, woman who compete in soccer, are far more likely to injure their knees than men; Girls are more faster and accurate in remembering words; Today, more and more efforts made to be gender neutral: All combat roles are open to woman in the military; Boy scouts have dropped “boy” from its name; Number of vets have shifted from 25% female to 75% female; Lessons about gender are subtle and start early Single Sex Schools: Is it legal and valuable? Today in america only have 42 all female colleges, private, 3 all male colleges - Way down from the late 1960s - Do we have single gender public schools receiving funds? - Authors opinion of these in the reading hw - We need these all male school for these boys that dont have males in their life - All female dorms for engineering majors - Justified in three ways: 1. School is expected to show how being all male or female is going to improve academics or discipline in a way that co-ed would not. Young black boys without dads. Girls who love science 2. Need co-educational alternative 3. Student and students family has to volunteer to do this - Some people say it reinforces stereotypes, many people want choices today - Access to bathrooms and locker rooms for different genders: Mac is born female and transitioning to a boy, he still wants to wrestling; Don’t need doctors not to give a note you are trans; Boy scouts admit trans boys; Apply to all female school and get there and is in transition, should they throw you out?
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