RESEARCH, PLANNING and COMMUNICATIONS

Prefabrication is a process that includes assembly of the structure components at the construction site. It is used to distinguish traditional construction process in which all the construction materials need to be transported at the site and assembled there. In the future construction industry, prefabrication and sustainability combination can be identified with a great scope. A large work proportion is carried out from open-air settings and building materials stacking on the construction site. Now the construction industry is going through revolution to achieve green status. The prefabricated construction and green buildings are the systematic approaches to make the entire building life cycle as green. In this report, recycled materials for prefabrication have been explored. Moreover, a proposal is designed to identify the best strategic solution for contributing sustainable prefabrication to the building construction. The proposed research is intended to find the recycled materials for building prefabrication; to compare the sustainability of recycled materials for building prefabrication; and to find the best solution for sustainable building prefabrication.

Table of Contents 1 Abstract 1 2 Introduction 2 3 Aims 2 4 Objectives 2 5 Scope of project 2 6 Research contribution 2 7 Research Background 3 8 Shortcomings 5 9 Research gap 5 10 Approaches and techniques to be used in the project 5 11 Work plan 6 11.1 Tasks to be carried out during the project 6 11.2 Scheduling of the tasks into phases 7 11.3 Milestones and deliverables 8 11.4 Gantt chart 9 11.5 Full explanation to Gantt chart 10 12 Key deliverables and risks 12 12.1 Key Deliverables 12 12.2 Risks 12 13 References 12

Prefabrication and green buildings are the systematic approaches to run through entire building life cycle. The industrialization of construction section is modernizing and transforming the construction sector. In contrast to it, the traditional construction was utilizing the conventional methods for sequencing the tasks. However, prefabrication is an odd natural partner for green buildings that can be designed and built using green practices for building true benefits of industrialization. It is capable to enhance the effectiveness of energy conservation and operational efficiency (Navarro-Rubio, Pineda and García-Martínez, 2019). Prefabrication and green building can deliver smart buildings that can be viewed as more expensive for building and maintenance. However, the incremental costs can be save in the terms of operating costs generated from green building practices from a life cycle perspective. As per the research, it has been expected to use fewer resources for prefabrication within a decade and about 30% of the new buildings are expected to be prefabricated. It is a direction to the clear goal for positive future development on the entire industry (Zhou, He, Qin and Ren, 2019). It has been also evaluated that the use of recycled material could provide several benefits to construction industry in terms of managing the sustainability as well as reduce the environmental impact. To be competitive, the industry needs to be evolved and revolutionized in the terms of designing, production, and construction and transform the existing projects. The cost-overruns are highly probable in small to large sized construction projects what is a great challenge for the acceptance criteria of the construction projects and result into project failure. Moreover, the sustainability of the industry at great misperception and under consideration to be met. There is a lack of clarity what kind of practices can contribute sustainable construction (Tam, Tam, Zeng and Ng, 2017) .

To identify the best strategic solution for contributing sustainable prefabrication to the building construction.

1. To explore different types of recycled material used in building prefabrication

2. To compare and contrast different types of recycled material and its suitability for building prefabrication

3. To explore the impact of using recycled material in building prefabrication to manage the sustainability in construction industry.

The scope of this project is to conduct theoretical analysis on the recycled materials for building prefabrication using literature review. This project will focus on comparing different types of recycled material in order to explore its benefits and impact in building prefabrication to manage the sustainability in construction industry.

Recycling is a solution that can contribute sustainable construction building and it is an alternative type of construction to protect resources and save energy. Energy intensive, long-living, and durable materials can be used through recycling. Prefabricated construction is the prerequisite for the building construction that is necessarily capable. Optimal application of recycled materials can ensure cost savings for the construction buildings. It generates possibility for the construction companies to reuse the building units. To attain sustainable construction in the future, construction methods are capable of being demounted and reused (Navarro-Rubio, Pineda and García-Martínez, 2019).

(Tam and Hao, 2014) defined the construction waste is the major contributor of solid waste that is produced in the tones every year. It is increasing and leading to significant impacts on environment. Thus, reduction in the construction waste is a pressing issue. Now it is important to reveal the construction waste status; to investigate the effectiveness of prefabrication for reducing and replacing traditional waste production on-site; to explore the factors for minimizing the construction waste by adopting sustainable prefabrication. The prefabrication itself can reduce the waste in the terms of timber formwork, plastering, concrete and reinforcement for 100% waste reduction in plastering. Pre-fabrication is an effective solution for waste minimization.

(Tam and Hao, 2014) conducted the research only for minimizing the construction waste on the site, but did not focus on defining useful recycled material for building prefabrication.

(Jaillon and Poon, 2014) defined that the trends of prefabrication is continuously increasing for the construction of buildings. It is a solution for waste reduction during the designing and construction phases. A problem has been investigated that design for deconstruction is not a common practice in the industry and conventional prefabrication is limited to be used in dense urban environment and limited site. The promotion of closed-loop material cycle is critical for meeting the sustainable and natural resource consumption.

Some limitations are also found in (Jaillon and Poon, 2014) as the author did not define most suitable approach for sustainability management in construction industry.

(Tam, Tam, Zeng and Ng, 2017) defined that the reuse and recycle of the construction waste in the trends since last few years. It is intended to reduce wastes and protect environment. Prefabrication is the solution to reduce the waste generation at the construction sites. There are many hindrances to prefabrication for achieving better environment and quality. Concreting, Rebar fixing, Drywall, Plastering, Screeding, Tiling, and Bricklaying include the materials that can be used for reducing wastes and recycling. They can reduce the wastes while prefabrication in the following aspects:

After conducting the complete review, it is found that (Tam, Tam, Zeng and Ng, 2017) could provide more suitable approach for managing the sustainability as well as manage GHZ emissions in construction industry.

(Thomas and Jose, 2019) aimed at presenting the high load and deflection capacity to reflect ductile behavior. It is used to assess the benefits of new frames and structures in the terms of service and stiffness. The author in this research performed the analysis of all the available papers as well as identify the strengths and weaknesses as compared to the work performed in this paper.

From the review done about the chosen article, some limitations are also found. According to this, it is evaluated that (Thomas and Jose, 2019) could also perform the comparative analysis or experimental analysis to achieve the better outcomes for the research.

(N.Usefi et al., 2021) stated that steel is the material that can be recycled to be used for prefabrication. The processing of steel reinforcement includes cutting and blending that is time-consuming and uneconomical. However, Hybrid cold-formed steel is the recycled and light steel that can be used for offering new possibilities in the prefabrication. The structures are of great importance in the terms of social and economic costs. HCF framed structures can lead to have lesser environmental impact and a better option for prefabrication in the terms of noise and air pollution.

By reviewing the complete article, it is evaluated that there is a need to focus on other material instead of steel to make the research findings more effective.

(Antunes et al., 2021) elaborated that lightweight concrete has high durability that can be applied for the prefabrication. It can be used for building faster structure. It can be easily recycled and lead to innovative pre-fabrication application based on pre-wall system. It allows easy transportation and possible building of reinforced concrete structure in a faster and cleaner manner as compared to traditional solution. Reinforced concrete can be used in pools with high durability and low environmental impact for increasing durability and sustainability simultaneously.

After doing the review of this selected article, it is found that (Antunes et al., 2021) only focused on introducing a solution in terms of managing high durability in building prefabrication. There is a need to focus on GHG emissions, which has become a major concern in these days that motivate prefabricated manufacturers to use recycled material.

(Olofinnade, Chandra and Chakraborty, 2021) elaborated that high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic wastes in cement-based composites for high strength lightweight concrete can be recycled and reused. The recycling can produce lightweight-high strength concrete that is similar to light-weight concrete for producing conventional materials.

By reviewing this article, it has been evaluated that (Olofinnade, Chandra and Chakraborty, 2021) conducted the research on area of recycling the polystyrene but failed to determine its impact for managing the sustainability and reducing the impact on environment.

In similar concern, (Lima et al., 2018) elaborated that short sisal fiber reinforced concrete (SSFRC) is the sustainable and recycled material that can be used for prefabrication. It contains natural and recycled concrete. It has high influence on the mechanical and physical properties of the buildings. The author in this research dedicated the assessment associated to structural performance about the innovative lightweight block for concrete slabs made up of SSFRC.

After doing the complete review of the research method and findings evaluated by (Lima et al., 2018), some limitations are found in the give research. It has been evaluated that there is a need to perform the comparative analysis between other available approaches to demonstrate its effectiveness among all.

(García, Vegas and Cacho, 2014) defined that glass fiber reinforced plastics is the recycled fiber that can be considered for prefabrication. It is used to obtain high fiber content with optimized micro concrete elements. The author in this research performed the analysis about internal structure associated to the GFRP recycled fiber and performed the verification about admissibility related to the shrinkage reaction.

After reviewing the complete article, it is found that there is a need to focus on the sustainability related issues to eliminate the environmental issues.

(Nguyen et al., 2016) determined that the material offers high strength and stiffness to replace conventional materials such as steel and aluminum for prefabrication. However, it has lower fire performance. The author in this research modelled the burning process associated to the GFRP laminates and simulated organoclay/GFRP as an essential component associated with the building façade.

By performing the complete review of this chosen article, it has been evaluated that (Nguyen et al., 2016) could also involve the study about recycled material along with this discussion, which has become very important in construction industry in terms of prefabricated building.

The shortcomings of the existing researches are that there is clear comparison between the sustainability of the recycled materials to be used for pre-fabrication. Moreover, most of the researches are lagging to quantify the sustainability of the recycled materials for pre-fabrication.

The comparative analysis on the basis of recycled materials to be used for pre-fabrication is the research gap that can be followed for future research. For the future, the sustainability of the recycled materials can be quantitatively analyzed. Moreover, the best solution can be opted for sustainable pre-fabrication. From the overall analysis, it has also been analyzed that the material, which is the main reason behind the cause of GHZ emissions need to be replaced with the identification of suitable type of recyclable material so that it would be easy to manage the environmental impact from the construction industry as well as manage the sustainability in an appropriate manner. Apart from this, some other strategies need to be identified that can help in reducing the causes of GHZ emissions as well as reduce its impact on the environment, which can also play a vital role in sustainability development in the construction industry. The future research must focus on the sustainability development, which can be done with the use of recycled material in prefabrication of buildings in the construction industry.

In this research, secondary data collection would be done, which is recognized as an efficient approach of data collection as the data is already available with online libraries. The method is intended to approach reputed and reliable libraries for data collection. Google scholar, Science direct, IEEE, and Springer are the most credible libraries to collect the data for this research. From these libraries, the peer-reviewed journals will be collected using reliable, relevant, and reputable strategy. It is intended to identify reliable, relevant, and reputable research articles for focused research. The keyword -based strategy would be used for the selection of secondary sources and these keywords mainly involve types of recycled material, the benefits of recycled material in building prefabrication and other several aspects, which would help to make comparison between different types of material as well as define its effectiveness for managing sustainability. Al this data would be used to achieve the research objectives and evaluate the findings in the end.

All the zero-day activities in the above schedule are milestones and deliverables of the project.

Following is the Gantt chart that illustrates project schedule. It shows the dependency of the tasks on each other and current status of the schedule. It is a type of bar chart on the basis of scheduled activities. It illustrates the start and finish dates of the project elements. It is maximizing the float time of the available tasks. All the tasks are underlying the critical tasks which mean any of the activity cannot be delayed and all the activities need to perform under strict deadlines for timely submission.

1. Antunes, D., Martins, R., Carmo, R., Costa, H. and Júlio, E., 2021. A solution with low-cement-lightweight concrete and high durability for applications in prefabrication. Construction and Building Materials, 275, p.122153.

2. García, D., Vegas, I. and Cacho, I., 2014. Mechanical recycling of GFRP waste as short-fiber reinforcements in microconcrete. Construction and Building Materials, 64, pp.293-300.

3. Jaillon, L. and Poon, C., 2014. Life cycle design and prefabrication in buildings: A review and case studies in Hong Kong. Automation in Construction, 39, pp.195-202.

4. Lima, P., Barros, J., Roque, A., Fontes, C. and Lima, J., 2018. Short sisal fiber reinforced recycled concrete block for one-way precast concrete slabs. Construction and Building Materials, 187, pp.620-634.

6. Navarro-Rubio, J., Pineda, P. and García-Martínez, A., 2019. Sustainability, prefabrication and building optimization under different durability and re-using scenarios: Potential of dry precast structural connections. Sustainable Cities and Society, 44, pp.614-628.

7. Nguyen, Q., Ngo, T., Tran, P., Mendis, P., Zobec, M. and Aye, L., 2016. Fire performance of prefabricated modular units using organoclay/glass fibre reinforced polymer composite. Construction and Building Materials, 129, pp.204-215.

8. Olofinnade, O., Chandra, S. and Chakraborty, P., 2021. Recycling of high impact polystyrene and low-density polyethylene plastic wastes in lightweight based concrete for sustainable construction. Materials Today: Proceedings, 38, pp.2151-2156.

9. Tam, V. and Hao, J., 2014. Prefabrication as a mean of minimizing construction waste on site. International Journal of Construction Management, 14(2), pp.113-121.

10. Tam, V., Tam, C., Zeng, S. and Ng, W., 2017. Towards adoption of prefabrication in construction. Building and Environment, 42(10), pp.3642-3654.

11. Thomas, B. and Jose, Y., 2019. Impact of sisal fiber reinforced concrete and its performance analysis: a review. Evolutionary Intelligence,.

12. Zhou, J., He, P., Qin, Y. and Ren, D., 2019. A selection model based on SWOT analysis for determining a suitable strategy of prefabrication implementation in rural areas. Sustainable Cities and Society, 50, p.101715.