Order 157066: CHDV/Article Term Paper
Chapter 6: First 2 Years (COGNITIVE)
Alma Villanueva, M.A
Overview
Piaget
Information Processing
Memory
Language
Theories of Language
PIAGET
Infants are ACTIVE learners
Piaget’s Periods of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Period (birth-2 years)
3 stages
broken into 6 sub-stages
3
Primary Circular Reactions – (SELF)
Stage 1 (birth – 1 month)
REFLEXES – helps infant understand the world
Sucking, grasping, staring, listening
Stage 2 (1 – 4 months)
FIRST ACQUIRED ADAPTATIONS
Intentionality
Reflexes + environment action
Grabbing bottle to suck
4
Secondary Circular Reactions (OBJECTS & PEOPLE)
Stage 3 (4 – 8 months)
MAKING INTERESTING SIGHTS LAST
Repeat actions with pleasing responses
Stage 4 (8 – 12 months)
NEW ADAPTATION & ANTICIPATION
Means to an end
Goal-directed behavior
Realization that objects exist even when no longer seen
About 8 months, infants can understand this concept (Piaget)
Further researched needed
5
Tertiary Circular Reactions
Stage 5 (12 – 18 months)
NEW MEANS THROUGH ACTIVE EXPERIMENTATION
“Little scientists”
Act
Stage 6 (18 – 24 months)
NEW MEANS THROUGH MENTAL COMBINATIONS
Think about consequences
Deferred Imitation- copying behavior seen hours or even days earlier
6
Information Processing
Compare infants to computers
Habituation (getting accustomed to an experience after repeated exposure) correlates w/later cognitive ability
2 aspects of cognition:
Affordances (input) & Memory (output)
Affordances
People perceive objects differently
Environment Affords (offers) many opportunities
Ball, Chair?
How do the affordances of our textbook differ from someone who is 1 mos., 12 mos., and 20y/o?
Affordance
What affordances are perceived and acted upon?
Sensory awareness
Immediate motivation
Current development
Past experience
Visual Cliff
False illusion
Experience and age will affect which affordance is perceived
Fear, no fear?
Movement & People
Infants are attracted to 2 affordances:
DYNAMIC PERCEPTION
Primed to focus on movement & change
PEOPLE PREFERENCE
Universal – fascinated by people
Voice recordings of their mothers vs. strangers (happy)
7 mos- match recordings to mother & stranger
3mos only to mothers
Smile 2x fast, longer, & more brightly
Memory
Experience & brain maturation
Memory is linked with language & words
Infants lack exp. & words
Memory fades
Memory
1 week later immediate kicking
2 weeks later random kicking
Reminder session aided memory
Could remember after two wks
Information may be stored, but processing time to retrieve information is important
What develops in the first 2 years?
Language
Universal sequence
Language begins with sound
Infants learn prenatally
Newborns prefer mom’s language over unheard
Language
Newborns focus on facial expressions
Child-directed speech
“Motherese”
Baby talk
High-pitched, Simple, Repetitive
Babbling
6 – 9 months
Repetition of certain syllables
Ba-ba-ba
Native language
First words
Vocab is gradual 1 word/week
6- 15 month olds understand more than what they can communicate
Language
Holophrase
Single word that is used to express a whole meaning
“DADA?”
“DADA!”
Intonation
Variation of tone & pitch
A lot of intonation early on
Recognize native intonation & adjust pitch
Naming Explosion
Sudden increase in vocabulary, begins around 18 mos
Grammar
Word order- all the methods that language uses to communicate meaning
Theories of Language
3 types of theories
Theory 1: Infants Need to be TAUGHT
Behaviorists B.F. Skinner
Babbling rewarded with smiles
Operant conditioning
3 core ideas
Parents are expert teachers
Frequent repetition is instructive
Well-taught infants well-spoken children
Infants Need to be TAUGHT
How much will a child learn to speak?
Depends on parent-child response
More talkative mother = more talkative child
Theory 2: Social Impulses Foster Infant Language
Social-pragmatic Theory
Humans are social beings
Infants learn for 1 reason = communication
Learning from TV?
“Toy” Look at mom Where is she looking?
Theory 3: Infants Teach THEMSELVES
Language is innate
Experience Expentact
Noam Chomsky
Young children all master basic grammar – same age
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Mental structure enabling human to learn language
Grammar, vocab, intonation
Hybrid Theory
Which of the 3 are correct?
All of them
Each theory valid for some aspects of language