CRMJ 521 WEEK 5

Chapter 9

Emerging Terrorist Environments

Gender-Selective Political Violence and Criminal Dissident Terrorism

Gender-Selective Victims of Terrorist Violence

· Gender-selective political violence is the discriminate use of force purposely directed against males or females of a particular group.

· It is the product of communal discord.

· The degree of violence varies.

Gender-Selective Victims of Terrorist Violence

· Gender-Selective Terrorism Against Men

· During conflict and unrest.

· Elimination of potential fighters.

· Cases:

· Armenian genocide.

· German war against the Soviets.

· Anfal campaign.

· Rwandan genocide.

· ISIS offensive.

· Bosnia-Herzegovina

· Cultural Repression and Violence

· Women as second-class citizens.

· Case: Status of women in Saudi Arabia

· Case: Repression under the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.

· Violent cultural repression of women.

· Case: Honor killings.

· Case: Female infanticide.

· Case: Female genital mutilation (FGM).

· Case: “Cleansing” sexual relations.

· Terrorism Against Women

· State terrorism against women.

· Campaigns of conquest during wartime.

· Perceived threat from an indigenous ethnic group.

· Case: Rape of Nanking and “comfort women.”

· Case: The Bangladesh Liberation War

· Dissident terrorism against women.

· By insurgents or paramilitaries.

· Case: Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

· Case: Sierra Leone during the 1990s.

· Case: The Janjaweed in Sudan

· Gender-Selective Victims of Terrorist Violence (continued)

· Responding to Gender-Selective Terrorism

· No collective response until late 20th century.

· 1998 decision by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.

· 2001 “Foca” decision by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.

Criminal Dissident Terrorism

· The Criminal and Political Terrorism Nexus

· Transnational organized crime and criminal cartels.

· Common characteristics:

· Secretive.

· Antisocial.

· Underground.

· Smuggling and “special-order” goods.

· Selling to the highest bidder.

· Threat scenario: Weapons of mass destruction.

· Traditional Criminal Enterprises

· Motivated by sheer profit.

· Politically passive when left alone.

· Politically violent when challenged by governments.

· Cases:

· Chinese Triads.

· Japanese Yakuza.

· American La Cosa Nostra.

· Columbian and Mexican drug cartels.

· Russian Mafia.

· Italian Mafia.

· Southeast Asian drug lords.

· The Logic of Narco-Terrorism

· “The use of drug trafficking to advance the objectives of certain governments and terrorist organizations.”

· Drug-related violence.

· Latin American narcotrafficantes.

Regional Cases of Criminal Terrorism

· Latin America

· Arrellano-Felix Group

· Los Zetas

· Columbia, FARC, and AUC

· Peru’s Shining Path

· Regional Cases of Criminal Terrorism

· Asia

· Golden Crescent

· Golden Triangle

Cases:

· Afghanistan

· ISIS

· Tamil Tigers

· The Phillipines

· Europe

· Italian and Russian organized crime.

· The “Balkan Route.”