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Homeland Security and Terrorism

Second Edition

Chapter 09

Homeland Security and Weapons of Mass Destruction

Learning Objectives

1. Define weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

2. Explain the history of the use of various weapons of mass destruction.

3. Distinguish between types of nuclear threats.

4. Explain how biological agents can be used as WMDs.

5. Describe the nature of chemicals and their use as WMDs.

6. Discuss how the various weapons of mass destruction can be delivered and their limitations

Defining Weapons of Mass Destruction

Any explosive, incendiary, poison gas, bomb, grenade, or rocket having a propellant charge of more than four ounces, missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce, or mine or device similar to the above.

Poison gas.

Any weapon involving a disease organism.

Any weapon that is designed to release radiation at a level dangerous to human life.

History of the Deployment of Weapons of Mass Destruction

Historical Precedent for Biological WMDS

Historical Precedent for Chemical WMDS

Historical Precedents for Biological WMDS

History of Use in United States

Individuals Rather Than International Groups Have Committed Terrorist Attacks Using Biological Weaponst

Historical Precedents for Chemical WMDS

As Early as 1000 B.C. the Chinese Used Arsenic Smoke

Used Extensively in World War I

Used During World War II

Used in 1995 to Attack Subway Trains in Tokyo

Ricin Used in Las Vegas in 2008

The Threat of Nuclear Weapons of Mass Destruction: Destructiveness, Potential for Use, and Availability

WMDS Present a Vexing Problem for Homeland Security

Three General Types of WMDS:

Nuclear

Biological

Chemical

Nuclear or Radiological Attack Can Be Mounted in Several Ways:

Obtain a Nuclear Weapon, Smuggle into the U.S., and Detonate It

Combine Radiological Materials With a Conventional Explosive Device Across a Wide Area

Use Conventional Explosives or Attacks or Nuclear Facilities or Materials in the U.S.,

Many Chemicals Could be Weaponized and Deployed Against a Population

Nuclear and Radiological WMDS

Nuclear Bombs or Weapons

The Spread of Nuclear Material and Information

Smuggling Nuclear Weapons and Materials

Terrorist Attacks Using Dirty Bombs and Attacks on Nuclear Facilities

Biological Weapons of Mass Destruction

Types of Biological Weapons

How Biological Weapons Work

Creating Biological Weapons

Threat Assessment and Biological Weaponst

Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction

Blister and Blood Agents

Choking and Nerve Agents

Creating Chemical Weapons

Advantages of Chemical Weapons

Weaponizing Chemicals

Means of Delivery

Factors Constraining Terrorists From Using WMDS

Organizational Capabilities

Financial Resources

Logistical Resource

Knowledge/Skill/Acquisition

Materials and Technology Acquisition

Production

Weaponization and Delivery

State Sponsorship

Examining Which Groups Might Use WMDs

Salience of Identity

Collective Incentives

Groups’ Cohesion and Ability to Mobilize

Opportunity to Acquire and Use It

HW.week3

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