ESSAY 4012

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Terrorism and Homeland Security, 9e

CHAPTER 9 Jonathan R. White

Learning Objectives, Part 1

Explain terrorism from the Israeli and Arab views.

Describe the rise of Fatah and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

Identify factional groups that emerged from squabbles among the Palestinians.

Describe the origin of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad.

Discuss the origins and growth of Hezbollah after the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon.

Learning Objectives, Part 2

Explain the current political and military aspects of Hezbollah.

Outline the impact of the first Intifada and the birth of Hamas.

Describe the current operational capabilities of Hamas.

Summarize the tactics of the al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades.

Describe controversial efforts to control Palestinian behavior.

Fatah and the Six-Day War

Fatah was a guerrilla organization to wage a campaign against the Israelis.

With the Arabs in complete military disarray, Fatah’s reputation rose.

Rival groups tried to outdo Arafat, but it was Fatah’s attacks that drew Israel’s attention, making Arafat a hero in Palestinian eyes and moving Fatah into the leading role.

Major Groups, Part 1

Abu Nidal Organization

Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades

Black September

Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine

Fatah

Force 17

Hamas

Hezbollah

Major Groups, Part 2

Palestinian Islamic Jihad

Palestine Liberation Front

Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, General Command

Tanzim Brigade

The Origins of Hezbollah, Part 1

Hezbollah’s roots can be traced to a desire to export revolutionary ideals from Iran and Shiite emancipation in Lebanon.

Hezbollah grew from a council of Shiite scholars who claimed to be part of a spiritual movement.

Hezbollah developed under the leadership of three central figures: Sheik Mohammed Hassan Fadlallah, Abbas Musawi, and Hassan Nasrallah.

The Origins of Hezbollah, Part 2

Phase one of the Hezbollah development

The Hezbollah umbrella covered many terrorist groups, including a shadowy organization known as Islamic Jihad.

In its second phase, Hezbollah’s leadership launched a kidnapping campaign in Beirut.

The third phase of Hezbollah’s metamorphosis came in 1990.

Hezbollah’s Operational Capabilities

The primary terrorist tactic is bombing, and Hezbollah has mastered two forms:

Suicide bombing

Radio-controlled bombs for ambushes

Hezbollah’s International Branch

Appears to have three major functions:

In Europe and in the United States, Hezbollah raises money to support operations.

Iran uses Hezbollah as an extension of its own power.

Hezbollah has established a strong presence in South America; it uses this base to raise funds through legitimate and illegitimate methods, conduct propaganda, and launch terrorist operations.

An Overview of Hamas

Hamas was formed in December 1987 at the beginning of the first Intifada.

Hamas’ political wing oversees internal and foreign relations.

The social wing runs charities, schools, hospitals, and other social service organizations in Gaza.

Struggles for Leadership

Yassin was jailed from 1989 to 1997.

Musa Abu Marzuq took over Hamas.

After Yassin was released from prison, he gradually reasserted control over Hamas.

Seeking Election

In March 2004, Yassin was leaving a mosque in Gaza when Israeli helicopters appeared and fired three missiles at him.

The new leader was Khalid Meshal.

Palestinians voted Fatah out of power in January, and Hamas won the election.

Elections and Security

Hamas won the majority of seats in the Palestinian Parliament.

Mahmud Abbas refused to transfer Palestinian control from Fatah to Hamas.

Hamas and Fatah gunmen fought routine battles; Hamas took direct control of Gaza.

Hamas vs. Fatah

Hamas controlled the majority of seats in the Palestinian Parliament, while Mahmud Abbas retained the presidency.

This set the stage for a confrontation.

Saudi Arabia brokered a power-sharing arrangement between Hamas and Fatah.

Hamas had driven Fatah from Gaza, and Abbas had dissolved the government.

Invading Lebanon

Israel launched its first invasion of Lebanon to rid the south of the PLO.

Ended after an eighteen-year occupation and the creation of a new enemy, Hezbollah

In a war that lasted nearly a month, hundreds of Lebanese civilians were killed, nearly a million Lebanese were displaced, and Lebanon’s infrastructure was destroyed.

Effective Tactics

The Brigades’ primary tactics have been drive-by shootings, sniper shootings, ambushes, and kidnap-murders.

Martyrs Brigades suicide bombers were frightening for two reasons:

They were secular.

They sought out targets crowded with civilians.

Leadership in the Martyrs Brigades, Part 1

Brigades seem to be directly associated with their parent group, Fatah.

One school of thought maintains that Arafat led and paid for the Brigade.

Leadership in the Martyrs Brigades, Part 2

A BBC News investigation points to Marwan Barghouti as the commander.

Ja’Aire claimed that he and other Brigades commanders were under Arafat’s control.

Beginning a Network

No matter where leadership authority lies, the managerial relations within the Brigades remain a paradox.

Their strength comes from the ability of small cells to operate without a strong leader.

The Brigades have been effective because they operate in a network.

Chapter Take Aways, Part 1

The modern conflict between Israel and Palestine is based in terrorism.

Fatah imitated the Irgun by using terrorist tactics, but the movement was not united.

Palestinian militancy is characterized by factionalism.

Terrorism moved to the international arena in the 1980s, but it has remained localized for the last three decades.

Chapter Take Aways, Part 2

The current major operational groups are Hezbollah, Hamas, and the al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades.

Israeli policies are controversial.

Critics claim the Israelis overreact.

Defenders maintain strong tactics are necessary to counter terror.