PLEASE READ DISCUSSION RUBRIC BEFORE YOU BEGIN WRITING. To score well on this DB, review the ASSIGNMENT DESCRIPTION & RUBRIC because it is more specific
Chapter 7
Food, Nutrition & Obesity Policy
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Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences
Obesity = excessive body fat/bodyweight
BMI—a ratio of weight to height, calculated as kilograms divided by meters squared
Categorize an individual as obese = BMI ≥30
In children, obesity refers to a BMI greater than, or equal to, the 95th percentile
Obesity is a major risk factor for:
Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension
Greater risk for additional comorbid health conditions, including stroke, arthritis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, kidney disease, and mental health problems related to social stigma
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Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences Disparities
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Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences Disparities: Children
Between 1980 and 2004, obesity prevalence tripled among children aged 2 to 19 years increasing from 6% to 19%
Overall prevalence has remained fairly stable since 2004
2011–2012 = 17% of children obese
Hispanic children have the highest obesity prevalence, followed by: non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White children
Black children are more likely to be severely obese than are White children
Trends indicate the most pronounced increase of severe obesity in White female and Black male children
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Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences Disparities: Adults
More prevalent in non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics
Exists at the highest rate among all adults aged 40 to 59 years
Gender- and income-based obesity-related disparities exist among all racial and ethnic groups
Most pronounced among non-Hispanic Black women across all age categories
Higher income non- Hispanic Black and Mexican American men have slightly higher obesity prevalence rates than those with lower incomes
Adults in rural areas are significantly more likely to be obese than those in urban areas
WHY?
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Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences The Costs of Obesity
$315.8 billion was spent on adult obesity-related direct healthcare costs in 2010
Majority of expenses resulting from the treatment of comorbid health conditions, particularly type 2 diabetes
Medicare and Medicaid spending would see decreases of 8.5% and 11.8% if obesity-related costs were removed from the analysis
Obesity-related absenteeism translates to an estimated cost of $8.65 billion per year in lost productivity
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Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences Obesogenic Environment
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Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences Obesogenic Environment
“Obesogenic environment”
Unhealthy options are frequently more accessible and affordable than healthy options
Physical activity opportunities are limited
Marketing of unhealthy options outweighs marketing of healthier options
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Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences The U.S. Food System
Over the past 60 years, the American food system has transitioned from one of home- cooked meals to one of prepackaged, processed, convenience foods, and food eaten away from home (FAFH)
Food technology advanced (e.g., home refrigeration systems, mechanized industrial processes, microwave technology) food became more processed, faster to prepare, and cheaper while reducing the reliance on scratch-cooked meals
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Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences The U.S. Food System
Americans now consume more convenience foods (packaged) at home
The amount of household food expenditures on FAFH increased from 25.9% in 1970 to 43.1% in 2012
FAFH is generally of lower nutritional quality than foods consumed at home
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Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences The U.S. Food System
Packaged food industry further propagates obesity and health disparities by selling convenience foods and beverages higher in sugar, salt, and/or fat than unprocessed foods
Required to extend the shelf life of the products
It has been found that processed foods with increased shelf life lends to their ready availability in low food-access areas
Resulting in increasing obesity prevalence in:
Low-income Black and Hispanic urban neighborhoods
Low-income, predominately White rural areas
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Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences The U.S. Food System
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Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences The U.S. Food System
The Child Nutrition and Women, Infants, and Children Reauthorization Act of 2004
USDA authority to update the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and School Breakfast Program (SBP) nutrition standards to align them with the most current Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010
Sale of foods and beverages in schools (besides the NSLP and SBP) were not regulated at the federal level until the passage of the act
Gave USDA the authority to impose nutrition standards for all foods and beverages sold outside of meal programs
Commonly referred to as “competitive foods and beverages” because their sale competes with meal programs
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Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences The U.S. Food System
2013: USDA issued the Smart Snacks in School
Provides science-based nutrition standards for all foods sold on school campuses during the school day
Implementation started at the beginning of the 2014–2015 school year
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Public Policy Strategies Related to Obesity Politics of Obesity
Liberal policymakers frame their approach as an issue of social responsibility the need to regulate the food industry
Conservatives and libertarians emphasize personal responsibility, favor fewer regulations, and resent what they perceive as government interference with the market
Advocacy groups and professional organizations are also influential actors
bring expertise, consumer outreach, and grassroots influence to the political landscape
they do not leverage direct financial influence
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Center for Science in the Public Interest: One of the most prominent science-based food/nutrition advocacy groups
The most influential player in the food/nutrition industry political landscape is the food and beverage industry
28M to federal, state, and local candidates in 2014
More than ½ contributions went to Republican party
80% greater to Republican: 9.1M than Democratic: 5M
75-90% of the public agree obesity is a major health concern
Little public consensus about who bears responsibility for addressing and solving the obesity crisis: individuals, governments, communities, or a combination of entities
Public Policy Strategies Related to Obesity Politics of Obesity
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Public Policy Strategies Related to Obesity – Debate Activity
Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxation (pp153-157)
Break into 2 types of groups: Support OR Opposition
Topic: Case of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxation
Group 1: Industry Opposition to Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes
Group 2: Public Support for Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes
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Public Policy Strategies Related to Obesity – Debate Activity
Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxation (pp153-157)
Break into 2 types of groups: Support OR Opposition
Get into pairs. Then, review the summary of SSBs p.153
Then, select your position (p.155 or 156) FOR or AGAINST
Then, using your pc or phone to research your position
Then, select one point to argue regarding the SSB policy that is being debated. Your point has to align with your position. Use one fact in your argument.
Each student has one minute to argue their position.
Let’s debate!
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Example Policy SSB
Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxation
City:Berkeley
Ordinance # 7,388
Link to ordinance text: https://www.cityofberkeley.info/ uploadedFiles / Health_Human_Services /Level_3_-_Public_Health/SSB%20Tax%20Ordinance%207,388-N.S..pdf
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Soda Tax
Advocacy Pro SSB Tax- Berkeley
Industry Opposition
Berkeley Soda Tax: One Year Result
Reference
Eyler, A.A., Chriqui, J.F., Moreland-Russell, S.M., & Brownson, R.C. (Eds.). (2016) Prevention, policy, and public health (1st ed.) New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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