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Chapter 7
Web 2.0
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Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to complete the following:
Explain why Web 2.0 is significant. Define and provide examples of blogging and tweeting. Differentiate between and provide examples of social and business networking. Explain wiki and list its benefits and drawbacks. Summarize and differentiate between different types of email. Describe and provide examples of other Web 2.0 tools and cyberbullying.
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Introduction In the last chapter, we portrayed the Web as a giant library. In this chapter, we will examine the World Wide Web in a completely different way. Previously, we explored how you can get information from the Web in ways that are similar to going to a library and checking out a book. We learned how you can use a search engine to perform research for a school paper or to gather information while at work. This is a vitally important aspect of the Web. However, in the past few years, the Web has changed in dramatic ways (Shuen, 2008). No longer is it solely a place for you to get information. Now, through new Web- based applications, you can also create content. Metaphorically speaking, instead of going to a library and checking out a book, now you can go to the library and edit books yourself, or write your own, and share them with the world.
Think of the Web as a notebook with an infinite number of pages on which everyone in the world can write and share ideas. You can invite people to read your notebook pages and create a community of friends. With the collaboration and collective input of millions of people contributing pictures, video, ideas, and relationships, the Web has entered a revolutionary new era. Welcome to Web 2.0. In this chapter, you will learn about some exciting Web 2.0 applications so that you, too, can begin placing your own stamp on the world by blogging, tweeting, and social networking.
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With Web 2.0, individuals can share with online communities any time, anywhere. What are some pros and cons of increased involvement in online communities?
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7.1 What Is Web 2.0? The term Web 2.0 was coined in 2004. At its most basic level, Web 2.0 allows those who visit Web pages to leave their own content for others to view. Another way to look at it is that Web 1.0 was read-only, while Web 2.0 is read-write. In this case, it is not the programmers or Web designers who are doing the writing. Instead, the writers are "you." The visitors to Web 2.0 pages are the ones responsible for creating the value and content. The idea was not to create a new Web, but rather, to simply realize the potential of the Web that up until that point had not been achieved (Shuen, 2008). For example, with Web 1.0, you could visit the Web and read a news article. With Web 2.0, you could read that same article and post your own comment on it for everyone else to see. With Web 2.0, you can read and respond in an interactive and open forum.
What enabled Web 2.0 to come about was a new user interface (based on Ajax, technically called asynchronous JavaScript and XML). The nice thing about Web 2.0 is that you do not have to worry about the complicated behind-the-scenes programming (Harris, 2008). You get to enjoy the fruits of these programming labors, which include Web-based applications where you can become an instant author.
This potential is called many things, such as "collective intelligence." Web 2.0 enables collaboration in a way that had previously been impossible. Web 2.0
provides a forum for everyone to share their voice and ideas with the world. Web 2.0 is collaborative and revolutionary because it brings people together into online communities that are an impossibility in the real world.
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Many bloggers write for free to share their experiences or creativity, while some make a career out of blogging. If you were to start a blog, what would your subject be?
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7.2 Blogging and Tweeting If Web 2.0 is revolutionary, then what are some real examples of what it can do? In this section, we will look at two areas in which Web 2.0 has created a new user experience online—blogs and Twitter accounts.
Blogs
Blog is a funny word, but it is composed of several elements that you already understand. The first is the term log. This means a diary just like the one you might have once had under lock and key under your bed. The second is the term Web, which, of course, means the Internet. If you put these two together, Web-log, and shorten it (because six letters are far too long in computer lingo), you get the term blog. The very first blog made its debut around the year 2000, and by 2011 there were 181 million blogs. This included 6.7 million people who publish them on blog websites, altogether known as the blogosphere, and another 12 million that use social networks for their blogs ("Buzz in the Blogosphere," 2012). These are all written by people just like you who have an opinion about something. Who will read it? It is kind of like the baseball diamond in the classic movie Field of Dreams. If you build it (and it is interesting), people will come.
There are two main types of blogs. The first is known as the pure aggregator, which is a website that simply has daily updates of links to other websites. The second is called a pure analyst and contains no links to other sites, just original content. There are, of course, blogs that blend these two approaches.
It is easy to create your own blog. You could create your own blog for gardening tips, your observations on a favorite sports team, or your reviews of movies and books you have seen and read.
How to Create a Blog
One of the simplest ways to create a blog is through the Blogger website at www.blogger.com (https://accounts.google.com/ServiceLogin?
service=blogger&passive=1209600&continue=http://www.blogger.com/home&followup=http://www.blogger.com/home<mpl=start#s01) (Google purchased this in 2003). When you go there, select Create a Blog, enter a name, choose a template, and finally, Start Blogging. The next time you go to blogger.com, you will see your blog Dashboard, where you can edit your profile (information about yourself and the blog) and upload or update your photo. You can add blogs in your own reading list that you want to follow. But most importantly, Blogger provides you with a place to enter posts. These are public pages that anyone can see, so make sure you do not discuss anything you do not want the world to know about. To create a blog entry, select Add Post, enter a title, write your message in the main body, and then select Publish Post. You can click on View Post to see how it will appear to others when they read it. Also, note your own custom URL, which is in this format: yourblogname.blogspot.com. When you want to announce where to find your blog on the Web, this is the address you will share. And, since this is a blog, your visitors will also have a place where they can comment on your ideas and share their own.
WordPress
Keep in mind that Blogger is not the only blog spot online. There are many, and another option is wordpress.com (http://www.wordpress.com (http://www.wordpress.com) ). We actually compared Blogger and WordPress in Chapter 5 in terms of Web page authoring, but both also serve as blogging sites.
WordPress provides users with more customization options, although this might be difficult for some to figure out. While Blogger is more user-friendly, it also has limitations in terms of its ability to integrate with other social networks and customization options. The bottom line is that you will not go wrong with either site, but for simplicity, choose Blogger, and for advanced features, select WordPress.
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Twitter is used to "tweet" everything from the minutia of daily life to play-by-plays of sports events or breaking news updates. Do you use Twitter? If so, who do you follow?
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Privacy and Blogging
Decades ago, when people poured their deepest thoughts and desires into a diary, there were very secure privacy settings. The book had a key lock, there was only one copy, and the copy was usually hidden under a bed. Of course, Web blogging is entirely different, and as it is accessible to billions, privacy concerns need to be understood. This is relevant to any aspect of online activity (including any of the Web 2.0 tools we will discuss in this chapter).
The first thing to remember is that what you write will likely be accessible by someone forever. This means that something you might casually compose at a younger age might come back to haunt you when you are looking for a job. Employers often scour the Web to learn about you as a person. So, be careful what you write. Second, just because you use a fake name does not mean this completely protects you. If you ever connect this pseudonym to the real you in any online activity, it becomes quite easy to match all of these writings together, and the real you and the pretend you will forever merge into one. Third, any photographs of you with a fake name are getting easier to associate with the real you, as photographic face recognition software is improving all the time. Fourth, you do have privacy controls while blogging. For example, you can set your blog to remain private and only accept people that you know to read it (such as family or classmates). However, keep in mind that if any of these accounts are compromised and a password hacked, all of your views could suddenly become public.
Finally, as one observer wrote:
"In the late 1990's, the head of a large Internet computer company made the statement, 'Privacy is dead, get over it.' There's some truth to that statement, that in order to ensure one's privacy, one should never make a single public utterance or statement. For absolute privacy, say nothing online. However, that is not a realistic strategy in this day and age. The Internet is the great communicator vehicle, and it will not be silenced simply because of privacy issues" (Grohol, 2005).
Just because you have to be aware of privacy issues does not mean you cannot have fun and take advantage of social networking. One way to do this is through Twitter.
Another type of social network you might be interested in if you do not like posting long, ponderous entries is a site called Twitter (http://www.twitter.com (http://www.twitter.com) ). Twitter enables you to post short statements describing what you are doing at any given time of the day. You have a maximum of 280 characters for each post, which is called a tweet, so brevity is required. Typically, people use Twitter to discuss some of the mundane activities they do during the day. You are simply answering the question: What are you doing?
Who would care about this type of information? You may be surprised. In early 2012, Twitter was generating excitement over who would become their 500 millionth user. Some have said it is like walking down the hallway at work and saying hi to someone. It can be used to share interesting places you found on the Web, an idea of the moment, a life event (someone recently tweeted at the altar as he was about to kiss his bride), a frustration, or a question. Some have used it for powerful political purposes. In Iran, when the government prevented people from gathering and protesting election results, Iranians used Twitter to organize gatherings. This is sometimes called a flash mob or a tweetup. You can also follow other people's posts, and tracking celebrity posts is a popular pastime. In August 2012, Twitter publicized that it had 24 members in its exclusive 10 Million Followers Club. Singer Lady Gaga was the first to amass this many in May 2011.
Twitter is also important for more than this social aspect. It also has a practical benefit for business to promote products, theologians to discuss faith, and for scientists to announce their latest discoveries. While these do not appear in the top 20 list, they do play a vital part in the Twitter experience because you can become connected specifically to people that most interest you.
Blogging and tweeting empower you to become your own Web author and share your ideas and actions with the world. In the next section, we will turn to a different Web 2.0 application: joining and forming a social network.
A Look Further: The History of Twitter
Learn more about Twitter in this article: http://www.socialnomics.net/2013/01/23/the-history-of-twitter/ (http://www.socialnomics.net/2013/01/23/the-history-of-twitter/)
Questions to Consider
1. Can you share your opinions on the Web? 2. Why do we need Web 2.0?
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3. What is Web 2.0, and how is it different from Web 1.0? 4. What is a blog? 5. Why is a blog important? 6. Where could you go on the Web to create a free blog? 7. How is a tweet different from a blog post?
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Facebook and Twitter are global phenomena, used not just to keep up with friends and family, but also to organize political demonstrations around the world. What challenges do you think Facebook faces as it tries to enter the Chinese market?
7.3 Social and Business Networking Think for a moment about the people in your life. They typically fall into two main groups, or networks. The first are your friends and family, with whom you share your innermost secrets, dreams, desires, and aspirations. The second group of people you associate with is your colleagues and associates at work. Of course, many of them might become friends too, but in general, you share different aspects of your life with them as compared with your family. These are the two main networks that define our daily interactions.
With the advent of Web 2.0, we now have Web applications that enable us to communicate with these networks in new and exciting ways. For your friends and family, there is the social networking site called Facebook, and for your colleagues at work, LinkedIn® has become the most important business networking site.
These networks are extremely popular Web destinations, and they are examples of Web 2.0 technology at its best. Taking a look at the popularity statistics, it is staggering to see the amount of traffic they receive. According to statistics from Facebook, there are over one billion monthly active users. (http://newsroom.fb.com/Key-Facts (http://newsroom.fb.com/Key-Facts) ). By comparison, LinkedIn® had 175 million members in August 2012 (see: http://press.LinkedIn.com/about (http://press.LinkedIn.com/about) ). In this section, we will look more closely at these applications and explore how you can use them to cultivate, expand, and improve your communication with the people in your life.
If you have not experienced Facebook personally, it can be difficult to understand. Using Facebook is not like transforming a paper diary into digitized text and putting it on the Web, as a blog does. Instead, it is an entirely new communications environment. It was Friendster and MySpace that originally defined this genre of Web applications. Friendster no longer exists, and Facebook has now trampled MySpace to become the leading social networking site.
So, what is Facebook, exactly? Facebook (which can be found at http://www.facebook.com (http://www.facebook.com) ) originated in 2004. This Web application allows you to blog, establish private networks, share photos, and locate friends. You can form and join groups of people who share your interests. You can post brief status updates, as you might do on Twitter. Facebook is a dynamic and vibrant Web community that is completely free to use (Vander Veer, 2008).
"The Facebook Effect"
Friends on Facebook
Without friends, Facebook is a lonely and quiet place. So, the first thing you will want to do is try to find people you know by using the search box in the upper-right corner of your monitor screen. When you see someone you know, add them as a Facebook Friend if you want to share information. Once they accept the invitation, you can start keeping track of what they are doing when they update their status, post a picture, or join a group. Both parties must agree before the friendship is official. Once it is, then you have access to each other's profiles, friend lists, postings, and so on. There is now a new official word in the English language—the verb unfriend. This is what you do when you decide to remove someone from your online Friends list.
Facebook's Timeline and News Feed
"The Facebook Effect" From Title:
The Facebook Obsession (https://fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx? wID=100753&xtid=47286)
© Infobase. All Rights Reserved. Length: 01:40
0:000:00 / 1:40 / 1:40 1x1x
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LinkedIn® is becoming an indispensible tool for professional networking. Do you know anyone who has found a job or a business opportunity through LinkedIn®?
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When you finish creating your profile, you will have your own timeline. A timeline on Facebook is like a big chronology of your life where your posts, photos, and likes will appear daily as you create them. You can also insert historical posts in the past to commemorate memorable moments like school graduations, marriages, and births of children. It is through this feature that people can now post to dates before Facebook was established. At the top, is a box with a question that asks things like: "What's on your mind?" "How's it going?" or "How are you doing?" Your answer to this question is called your Facebook status update. When you type something and select the Post button, it is posted to your timeline as well as to the timelines of all of your friends. You can also visit one of your friends and post something directly to them on their timeline, and, of course, they can do the same for you. There are also options for real-time chat and private messages.
The News Feed is a scrolling list of all of your friends' posts on Facebook as they happen. Facebook considers Timeline and News Feed the two central "pillars" of its site, and in 2013, they are emphasizing a third called "Graph Search."
Facebook's Activity Log and Graph Search
Another key component of your Facebook page is known as the Activity Log. This is a list of all of your posts and various activities you have made from the very moment you first created an account on Facebook. This includes photos you have been tagged in, friends you have made, and pages and posts you have liked.
As of September 2012, Facebook updated the Activity Log to include search queries. Search is becoming more important to the Facebook mission. Its search engine is called Graph Search. This is a powerful new tool that will enable users to find friends who have visited a particular place or like a specific topic. Examples of these searches might be: "Chinese restaurants liked by my friends who are Chinese." While this is a great feature for finding new types of information, it does raise continued privacy concerns.
Facebook Caution
It is important to remember that everything you do on Facebook is visible to all of your friends. So, remember who is watching. Dave Awl, author of a book titled Facebook Me!, offered an excellent piece of advice. He suggested, "An ounce of discretion is worth a ton of privacy settings" (Awl, 2009, p. 52). Keep in mind that family members, friends, and coworkers might all be in your Facebook network. If they are, then you should remember to be discreet. Do not complain about your coworkers to your friends or disclose family secrets to your coworkers. Bad behavior on Facebook can have real-world consequences. For example, there have been cases of colleges rejecting a student's application based on inappropriate postings on Facebook. Although there are some privacy settings, as a general rule, it is good to remember that if you post something on Facebook, there are no secrets. Once you become more advanced with Facebook, you can group your friends into tiers such as Trusted, Family, Acquaintance, and Restricted friends. Then you can begin controlling who sees what. But until then, post wisely and discreetly, but most of all, have fun!
LinkedIn®
While Facebook is for fun, LinkedIn® (at http://www.LinkedIn.com (http://www.LinkedIn.com) ) is a valuable Web application for business networking. If Facebook wears shorts and sandals, then LinkedIn® is dressed in a suit and tie. First and foremost, LinkedIn® is a business network. According to Jason Alba in his book I'm on LinkedIn—Now What???, there are four main groups of people who set up accounts here. The first are professionals who want to share their skills with the world. This type of exposure can assist in finding clients. Second are those who are looking for jobs. LinkedIn® can help them find out who is hiring and also get leads from friends. Third, LinkedIn® is for recruiters and those who are in charge of hiring people to work at their organizations. Finally, LinkedIn® is for entrepreneurs who have established a company and are looking to create an online presence, define a new brand, or find partners, investors, and customers (Alba, 2007, p. 14). In short, if you are in the business world, you should be on LinkedIn®.
LinkedIn® Profile and Contacts
Just as with Facebook, when you set up your account with LinkedIn® (which is also free) you will create a profile of yourself. Unlike Facebook, you will spend more time entering a description of your educational background and work history. Think of your LinkedIn® profile as an online version of your resume. You should also upload a photo of yourself to personalize your profile. Once you complete your profile, you will want to start searching for contacts you know. This process is very similar to finding friends on Facebook. You can search for one person at a time, or you can import contacts (select Contacts from the upper menu bar and then Add Connections) from your email system, and LinkedIn® can determine whether they have accounts. Decide which people you want to invite and then send a message saying, "Join my network on LinkedIn®."
LinkedIn® Recommendations
Recommendations are important in LinkedIn®, just as in the business world. The difference is that all of your contacts here can see your recommendations of other people, and also what others have said about you. Once you have built up your contact list, select three people with whom you have worked and write a recommendation for each of them. You might also suggest that they return the favor for you.
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LinkedIn® Network
On LinkedIn®, your network extends beyond your primary contacts. Just as in the real world, where a "friend of a friend" might help you, there is something similar with LinkedIn®. All of your contacts are broken down into three main tiers. The first is your primary contacts, known as Your Connections, and they are defined with an icon of a circle with a number 1 inside. These are all the people you have invited directly to join your network, and those whose invitations you have accepted. The next network level is called Two Degrees Away, and it includes all the associates of your primary contacts mentioned above. The third network level is called Three Degrees Away, and it includes friends of the friends of your primary contacts. LinkedIn® allows you to search all of these people and contact them directly through what it calls an Introduction. For example, if you are interviewing at a company and you see that one of your Three Degrees Away contacts works there, you might introduce yourself to learn more about the company and its needs. This is why LinkedIn® is so powerful.
To understand the power of LinkedIn®, consider the statistics in the following example. You can transform just 62 of your own contacts into more than 10,000 friends of friends. When you consider all their friends, your network can easily reach more than a million people.
Technology Today: The Influence of Social Networking Sites
With so many people using social networking sites, what impact is all this social networking having on society at large?
The media often portrays social networkers as social misfits more interested in chatting with virtual friends than making real ones. There also have been sensational stories about teens committing suicide as a result of "cyberbullying" taking place on social networks.
But people who regularly follow the impact of technology on society argue that when it comes to social networks, the positives far outweigh the negatives.
That certainly was the conclusion drawn by a team of researchers at Michigan State University that spent three years studying how undergraduates use Facebook. A research team member posted these comments on a New York Times online forum regarding the impact of social networks on society (Dubner, 2008):
Our original motivation was to better understand why individuals would voluntarily use a site that, based on media reports, offered them only a way to disclose information they shouldn't disclose, collect hundreds of "friends" they didn't know, and waste time better spent studying. What we found surprised us.
These students were using Facebook to increase the size of their social network, and therefore, their access to more information and diverse perspectives. They used the site to look up old high school acquaintances, to find out information about people in their classes or dorms that might be used to strike up a conversation, to get contact information for friends, and many other activities.
These aren't the kinds of Facebook activities you are likely to read about in the media, which have encouraged widespread public concern about Facebook use by young people.
Other studies are busting myths surrounding social networking as well. For instance, Facebook reports that its greatest growth now comes from the 35- to 49-year-old age group, and 50- to 64-year-olds are joining the site at twice the rate of teens (Corbett, 2009).
These numbers may be skewed somewhat by the fact that teens and young adults were early adopters, which means there are fewer of them left to sign up. Still, the growth in adoption among older generations indicates that social networking is becoming a mainstream activity.
Even the most conservative of businesspeople are flocking to sites like LinkedIn® because they find them to be useful tools for building— and maintaining—stronger business relationships. Major corporations are setting up Facebook fan pages and Twitter accounts in order to keep customers abreast of their latest products. Some companies now assign employees to monitor social networks for any negative comments about their products or services. This allows them to resolve problems or create strategies to alleviate negative public perception before that information gets to the mainstream media.
Although social networking is still in its infancy, all indications are that it will continue growing and maturing for some time to come. The question is whether its positives will continue to outweigh its negatives over the long term.
Some optimistic observers believe social networks could potentially change the world for the better by making it easier for people from different cultures to see—and better understand—viewpoints from different parts of the world.
A Culture Clash
Many instances of social networks have been sparking global debates. One case occurred when Molly Norris, a Seattle-based cartoonist, objected to the Comedy Central network editing a portion of its South Park program that would have depicted the Prophet Mohammed in a bear costume.
Muslims believe that any drawing of Mohammed is blasphemous. But Norris felt Comedy Central, as a U.S.-based network, was violating the free speech rights of the South Park producers. She created a Facebook page and launched a contest encouraging artists to submit
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their best drawings of Mohammed.
Roughly a month later, 40,000 people had registered support for the contest, while more than 50,000 had registered on a separate page opposing the idea. Thousands of people also took to the streets of Pakistan to protest the contest, causing that country's government to block access to Facebook until the contest page was removed (Hill, 2010).
This incident clearly shows social media's ability to quickly disseminate opposing views on an issue. But will these tools become powerful enough to stop opposing sides from shouting at each other, and instead encourage them to actually resolve their differences? Only time will tell.
Links for More Information
For a visual on who uses different social networking sites, visit: https://www.hypebot.com/hypebot/2013/03/social-demographics-who-uses-facebook-tumblr-twitter- pinterest- instagram-infographic.html (http://www.hypebot.com/hypebot/2013/03/social-demographics-who-uses-facebook-tumblr-twitter-pinterest-instagram- infographic.html)
Questions to Consider
1. Is online networking only for fun? 2. What is the most popular social networking site on the Web? 3. What is the status update question that you answer about yourself on Facebook? 4. What is the name of the location on Facebook where you post status updates and comments to your friends? 5. Why is discretion an important guide for what you post on Facebook? 6. What is the most popular business networking site on the Web? 7. What is the difference between social networking and business networking? 8. Define the three main connection tiers on LinkedIn®.
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7.4 Wikis Have you ever been reading a book or a magazine on a topic that you know fairly well and found an error made by the author? Did you ever wish you could set the record straight or provide your own unique insight on the issue? Of course, you could write your correction or comment in the margin of the book you were reading, but likely you would be the only person ever to see it. What if you could actually change the book? Now you can, and that is the power of a wiki (pronounced WIK-ee). While you cannot change the printed words in a published book, in a wiki you can read what someone else wrote online, suggest an update, and if it clears the wiki administrator, your words will become the final word on the subject (at least until someone else comes along with a better idea). All of these changes and the edit history are saved, so if someone wants to track down the evolution of the idea, it is all there (Ebersbach, 2008, p. 12).
What Is a Wiki?
The unusual-sounding name Wiki comes from a Hawaiian term that means "hurry" or "quick." The idea was that a wiki would allow people to make edits online and share ideas quickly. Ward Cunningham developed the very first one in 1995. He was a computer programmer, and his WikiWikiWeb was a way for his team to work on software projects together, even if they were not physically in the same location. Years later, his wiki is still running, but now there are millions of other wikis helping business teams collaborate and share documents all over the world.
How to Create a Wiki
One of the best ways to learn how a wiki works is to find a Wikipedia page that interests you, and then search through that page's history to see what has been added, edited, and deleted over time. This demonstrates how a wiki is a living and breathing entity. For example, go to Wikipedia.org (http://www.Wikipedia.org (http://www.Wikipedia.org) ) and enter "Steve Jobs" into the search box. Next, in the upper right hand corner select "View history." Then, you can see a list of the many, many edits and revisions to the entry by various people. This is the beating heart of a wiki.
Once you have this background, try it for yourself. Open up your favorite Web browser and visit http://www.sites.google.com (http://www.sites.google.com) . This is a free service provided by Google that allows you to create websites and wikis. You will need a Google account for this, so go ahead and sign up for one if you would like to try this demo. Once you are logged in, select "Create site." Select the Project wiki template and then click on "Name your site." Your URL needs to be unique, so you may have to try a few times to get a name you like. This URL is for the website where your wiki will be located. Finally, type in the security code and select "Create site." Click on "Edit page" and then type in a home page message. This is what everyone will see when they log onto your wiki. When you are done, select Save. The next step is to invite people to join your wiki. Select "Edit Sidebar" and then click on Sharing. Now you can invite people to your site as owners, viewers, or collaborators (meaning they can edit your content). This is also the place where you can change the themes and colors of your site. Congratulations! You are now the owner of your very own wiki. See if you can think of a way to use your new wiki to collaborate with people at work or school.
Wiki Fears
One of the main questions and concerns that people have expressed about using a wiki in the workplace is the potential for unverified information chaos. One computer specialist used the following analogy (Ebersbach, 2008). He said that, to him, a wiki sounded like a room full of kids with unlimited cans of spray paint and a giant gray concrete wall. In other words, what prevents a wiki from being nothing more than graffiti?
Stewart Mader, in his book Wikipatterns, said that when he first heard about a wiki, he imagined it would be uncontrolled, unproductive, and inappropriate (Mader, 2008). He thought that people needed the comfort and familiarity of in-person conversations and meetings, and that when face-to-face contact was not possible, the phone or email was the next best thing. But after he began studying wikis, he realized that his fears were mostly unfounded. Why? Wikis can be kept under the control of qualified and accurate moderators. It is true that an open wiki with no system of control can turn to chaos. But with editorial tracking and someone who reviews every update and has the authority to reject changes if they are hurtful, wrong, or obscene, then many of the fears about wikis can be put to rest (West & West, 2009). Where have wikis been used most effectively? At a website called Wikipedia.
Wikipedia
Wikipedia is a giant wiki that functions much like an encyclopedia or the World Brain that H. G. Wells was envisioning at the start of the last chapter. Jimmy Wales began the initial encyclopedia project, and his staff consisted of teams of experts with PhDs writing articles in the normal way that encyclopedias were put together for centuries. One author worked on a single topic, finished it, and then moved on to the next one. Using this model, the project ran out of money and with only a few hundred articles completed, the work was nowhere close to being done. In a last-ditch effort, Wales decided to put the unfinished work online in January 2001, and he extended an invitation to everyone on the Web to help complete the project for free (Friedman, 2007, p. 121). It was then that something amazing happened. Only one year later, Wikipedia had 20,000 finished articles, tremendous Web momentum, and translations in over 12 languages. Graphs of Wikipedia's growth are fascinating. By the end of 2012, Wikipedia crossed over the 4-million-article mark. The rate of growth has slowed since the end of 2006 (when authors wrote 50,000 new articles each month), but its authoring community is still producing 25,000 new articles each month (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Size_of_Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Size_of_Wikipedia) ).
Wikipedia Is a .org
If you want to visit Wikipedia, you can find it at Wikipedia.org. You will notice that the domain extension is .org, which in this case indicates it is a not-for- profit organization. Keep in mind though that anyone can purchase a website with an .org extension. Even though they are supposed to indicate a non-
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Jimmy Wales accepts a Quadriga innovation award for his work founding Wikipedia. Have you ever written, edited, or contested a Wikipedia article? What inspired you to do so?
Sean Gallup/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images
profit status, the domain registrars do not rigorously enforce it.
Wikipedia exists completely through user contributions and donations of time and money. "Wikipedia isn't a commercial website. It's a community creation" (Wales, 2009). It operates just like the generic wikis described above, and while anyone can edit it, the entries are tracked and verified as much as possible before they are posted.
Wikipedia Weaknesses
Although using Wikipedia is not acceptable for a paper you would write for an institution of higher learning, it is a great place to go for general knowledge for two main reasons. The first is that while safeguards are in place to prevent errors, whenever there are 3 million articles on anything, mistakes can slip through the overseers. The other main reason that Wikipedia is not suited for scholarly referencing is because there is no identifiable authorship or permanence to the articles. For example, let's say you cited an article on computer literacy in Wikipedia for a class paper. By the time the professor got around to grading your paper, the article you cited might be completely different. So, feel free to use Wikipedia in your personal life but not your professional one. This stipulation does not detract from Wikipedia being one of the great Web 2.0 success stories. Sometimes, the positive or negative aspects of a wiki depend on perspective. One example is Wikileaks.
Wikileaks
One organization often in the news these days is called Wikileaks. Found at http://www.wikileaks.org (https://www.wikileaks.org) , it aims to provide information to the public. This sounds harmless and like any other news organization. However, it does this through an unusual way that leverages the power and anonymity of the Web. Wikileaks provides a way for journalists to submit information anonymously online that can be passed along to the public.
Though Wikileaks states that the news stories are presented in a similar style as Wikipedia, the two organizations are not related. And the biggest difference is that individual users cannot edit the posted pages or source documents. Examples of stories include secret files on Guantánamo Bay prisoners. While some might see these documents as "shining the light of truth on a notorious icon of the Bush administration's 'War on Terror,'" others might see it as a compromise to national security efforts. It is in this way that Wikileaks resides in the gray area of legality, but it unquestionably represents the power of the Web.
Questions to Consider
1. How would you share information online if you were working with a team that was spread out across the United States? 2. What is a wiki? What does the word mean? 3. At what site on the Web can you create a wiki for free and share it with the world? 4. What are some of the concerns that have been expressed about wiki pages? 5. What is the most successful wiki on the Web? 6. Who is the founder of Wikipedia? What is the site's primary goal? 7. Can you use a Wikipedia article as a reference source in a college class?
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7.5 Email Not only has Web 2.0 enabled the development of entirely new online applications such as blogs, social networking, and wikis, but it has also transformed some of the oldest forms of communication made with a computer. The best example of this is email. While this may seem like a Web 2.0 application, in reality, Web-based email predated Web 2.0 by several years. Email, which means electronic mail, was one of the first tasks performed when computers became linked together in a network. You can recognize an email address by the @ character (pronounced "at"). An email address looks like this: name@example.com. You would say it like this: "name at example dot com." The section before the @ is the user name, and the part after the @ is known as the domain. In this chapter, we will explore the more traditional way of sending email, which is an application such as Microsoft® Outlook®. Then we will turn to the Web version of email and explore Google's Gmail™.
What is the difference between Web mail and computer email? With Web mail, you are not storing any of your correspondence (sent or received emails) on your computer. Instead, they are stored in the databases of whatever Web mail system you are using (such as Google's Gmail™ or Microsoft®'s Hotmail®). The advantage is that you can access all of your messages from any computer that has a Web connection. In contrast, Microsoft®'s Outlook® is a software application that you install on one computer, and all of the email is stored on that computer (this is not to be confused with the relatively new outlook.com, which is a Web mail system). Unless you can use that computer remotely, you cannot access your email when you are on another computer. There is no one right selection regarding which type of email system to use; in fact, some people use both types. It is all a matter of personal preference. It should be pointed out that Outlook® and Gmail™ are not the only alternatives for PC-based and Web-based email applications, but since they are the most commonly used examples of each type, they will serve as our models.
The Evolution of Email
The very first email message was sent in July 1971. That was when two programmers for ARPAnet (discussed in Chapter 5) developed a mail program to transmit electronic messages. Few people thought it was a significant development. By 1975, 1,000 people were registered to use it (Campbell-Kelly & Aspray, 1996, p. 296). Today, the United States is email crazy. By some estimates, 25% of all office workers' productive hours are spent on email. The Clinton presidential administration turned over 32 million email messages to the National Archives in 2001. In 2009, the Bush administration left behind 100 million messages. Not all of this transmission of electronic messages involves the communication of worthwhile ideas. In fact, in 2008, about 100 billion spam emails were sent each day. These were messages that were of a commercial nature and unsolicited (Shipley & Schwalbe, 2008, p. 12). In January 2013, SecureList estimated that 58 percent of all email sent was spam ("Spam in January 2013," 2013). One of the most popular ways to send email is through a PC-based application called Microsoft® Outlook®.
Outlook®
Earlier in this textbook, we toured three of Microsoft®'s most important applications (Word, Excel™, and PowerPoint®). Along with these programs, Microsoft® has developed many others, and Outlook® is the name of its email application. We will briefly review this program here. First released in 1997, Outlook® offered the user many important functions. These included sending and receiving email, creating email groups, managing a contact list, keeping a calendar for appointments, and itemizing a to-do list.
Outlook® Mail Folders
Just as there are folders on your main computer that contain the files you work on, Outlook® also organizes what you do into folders. These include the Inbox (all the email that is sent TO you), the Sent Items (the email sent FROM you), and the Outbox (all the email waiting for Outlook® to send). There are other folders as well, and you can also create your own folders in which to organize your emails. You might want to create a Family folder for emails from your family members. At work, you might create a separate mail folder for each client you work with. The email organization and file structure is up to you and the file that actually contains the emailed content is known as a .pst file.
Microsoft® Exchange
The other important point about Outlook® is that it's often the email of choice for businesses. The main reason is that it uses an Exchange Server, which is proprietary (and highly controllable) by the organization. Specifically, it provides applications like email, calendar, and contacts on your PC, phone and Web browser. The IT staff in a business prefers Microsoft® Exchange for several reasons. These include antispam filtering, disaster recovery, role-based access, a sharable calendar, and security policies (http://www.microsoft.com/exchange/en-us/exchange-server.aspx (http://office.microsoft.com/en- us/exchange/microsoft-exchange-server-2013-email-for-business-email-server-FX103765014.aspx) ).
Gmail™
With the development of Web 2.0, a new type of email system has been created in which neither your email files nor the email application itself is stored on your computer. Instead, all of your messages are stored online and accessed on the Web through free services. The leader in this service is Google's Gmail™. The tremendous benefit is that you can sit down in front of any computer in the world that has a Web connection, and you can send, receive, preserve, and read all of your email. Let's use Google as an example to see how this is done.
To use Google's Gmail™, you do not need to install software as you did with Outlook®. Instead, all you need to do is visit http://mail.google.com (http://mail.google.com) and sign up for an account. You will be able to choose an email address such as yourname@gmail.com, and you will receive a very large free mailbox to work with. Google currently provides about 10 gigabytes of storage for you. To send an email, select the Compose Mail option directly
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Outlook.com is a Web-based email service from Microsoft®, meant to replace Hotmail.com® and Live.com. As of May 2013, Outlook.com had approximately 400 million active users.
Steffen Trumpf/picture-alliance/dpa/AP Images
under the Gmail™ logo. You will then recognize some of the familiar elements you saw in Outlook®. You begin by entering an email address in the To box, then a Subject, and finally, you will compose your email. You can also attach a file. Once you are done composing, click on the Send button, and the email will be transmitted.
One of the positive aspects of Gmail™ is its two-step verification process, which adds a valuable level of security to your Google Account. This works by first requiring a username and password (step 1) for entry into your information. Then, once you are logged in, Google sends you a special code via a text or a voice call, which you must enter to gain access (step 2). You can tell Google you do not need both steps for special computers like one in your home. Having a two-step verification process adds more security because someone trying to log into your account would need to know your password, username, as well as have access to your phone.
Gmail™ Conversations
The main operational difference between Gmail™ and Outlook® is that folders are not the central way that Gmail™ manages the messages. Instead, Gmail™ organizes sent and received email into Conversations. These threads bundle together a conversation between two or more people on the same topic to make it easier to go back and review what was said and when. Also, since Google's main business is search, it enables you to take advantage of its powerful searching functions for all your conversations. For example, if you received an email from a friend two months ago but you forgot what he or she wanted, simply type his or her name into the search box and Google will quickly list all of the correspondence you have had. You can also search on any keyword that might have appeared in any email you have ever sent or received. And, it is important to note that this landscape is changing and the distinction between Outlook® and Gmail™ is blurring.
Outlook.com
Microsoft® is now promoting a Web email service with Outlook.com (https://login.live.com/login.srf?
wa=wsignin1.0&ct=1377200662&rver=6.1.6206.0&sa=1&ntprob=-1&wp=MBI_SSL_SHARED&wreply=https:%2F%2Fmail.live.com%2F%3Fowa%3D1%26owasuffix%3Dowa%2
. This blends its earlier Web mail systems from Hotmail.com® and Live.com into its new Web-based service. It will take advantage of the Windows® 8 Metro functionality and has a powerful, yet simple design. Most importantly, it stores all of your email in Microsoft®'s SkyDrive®. That means none of your email is actually tied to your computer. Outlook.com offers a similar look and features as Gmail™ but provides unlimited storage and a more extensive preview pane option. Outlook® also attempts to provide the user with a more simplified interface.
Email on the Go
One other benefit to having a Web-based email system is that you can easily access it on the go with your mobile devices. Google achieves this with its Gmail™ for Mobile site with links to download apps from Google Play (for Android™ devices) or iTunes® (for Apple® devices). Or you can visit google.com/mail (http://google.com/mail) on your phone. Mobile Gmail™ has many of the features found on the desktop version. These include:
Search Stars and Labels Conversation View
Another interesting point is that with the prevalence of cell phones with text messaging capabilities as well as smartphones with Facebook Messenger option, the overall amount of email has decreased. We may see email in the future used for more formal conversations, much like traditional letters were when email first emerged.
Questions to Consider
1. Why send email instead of making a telephone call or sending a fax?
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2. When was the first email sent? What was the organization that sent it? 3. What is the name of Microsoft®'s email program? 4. What are the main tasks you can perform with Outlook®? 5. How do you send an email with Outlook®? 6. Where are your email files stored with Outlook®? 7. What is the name of Google's email program? 8. How much storage space does Gmail™ provide to each user? 9. What is the main difference between Gmail™ and Outlook®?
10. Where does Gmail™ store all of your emails?
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Social bookmarking sites like Pinterest are gaining in popularity, as people take advantage of Web 2.0's capabilities to share graphics, recipes, project ideas, and other interesting things they find on the Web with friends.
AP Photo/Pinterest
7.6 Other Web 2.0 Tools There are a vast number of Web 2.0 tools that we could discuss here. We have only scratched the surface so far, but in conclusion to this chapter, it is important that we look at the significance of several others.
Images
Images and the Web go hand-in-hand, and there are two popular tools for organizing and sharing your photos and videos with the world. The first is http://www.flickr.com/ (http://www.flickr.com/) . Remarkably, this site has over 5 billion photographs. Flickr is not just for looking at other people's photos; it is also designed as a way for you to create your own profile and upload images you can share with your friends and family. Like most all Web 2.0 sites, you can take Flickr on the go with you with your mobile devices at http://www.flickr.com/mobile (http://www.flickr.com/mobile) .
A service specifically optimized for the mobile world is http://instagram.com/ (http://instagram.com/) . It quickly became popular (so much so that Facebook purchased it for $1 billion in April 2012) because of its simplicity (snapping pictures with your smartphone), creativity (allowing users to apply filters to their images), and connectivity (a quick option to post images to Facebook or other sites). The filters were a fun and easy way to make new photos look like old black-and-white snapshots from the 1970s, or enhance colors in the image.
Social Bookmarking
The Web 2.0 tools for social collaboration create new ways to network and share information. One other example is the growing trend of social bookmarking and Reddit.com is one of the most popular of these sites. The community it creates is one in which users (or redditors) vote on which stories are most interesting. As more and more people collaborate and vote, the "hottest" stories begin to rise while the "cooler" (meaning less important in this case) sink. One powerful tool is that anyone has the capability of creating a community (called a "subreddit"). These are open-source communities and all the users can comment on every story. In August 2012, Reddit had nearly 40 million unique visitors from 172 countries who viewed over 4 billion pages and cast over 13 million votes (http://www.reddit.com/about/ (http://www.reddit.com/about/) ).
Another example in this genre is StumbleUpon.com (http://www.StumbleUpon.com (http://www.StumbleUpon.com) ). You simply tell the website your interests and it lets you see related sites, videos, and photos. There is a "Stumble!" button which let's you randomly encounter new sites based on your interests and history at this website. Finally, you have an opportunity to rate everything that StumbleUpon shows you, which enables it to better match content to your desires.
Pinterest is a third social bookmarking site, which is now becoming something of a media sensation starting in the summer of 2011. The idea is a simple one. Think of going to a coffee shop or a library and you will often see a large board where people can pin items of interest (upcoming music shows, book signings, lost cats, cars for sale, etc.). Remarkably, there was nothing directly analogous on the Web, and Pinterest was born as a "virtual pinboard." People can pin images, recipes, and other items they find on the Web. They can look through what others have posted on their pin boards. People can use Pinterest for organization, and to share and find ideas or photos. (See: http://pinterest.com/about/ (http://pinterest.com/about/) .)
Skype™
The final Web 2.0 tool we will investigate is a way to turn your mobile device, laptop, or desktop computer into a video phone. Combining video with phone calls has long been an aspect of science fiction, but today it is a reality with tools like Skype™ (https://www.skype.com/en/ (https://www.skype.com/en/) ).
This means that if your loved one is fighting in a war in a foreign country, as long as they have Web access, they can read a book at night to their child at home. While the parent and child could not touch each other, they could see and hear themselves in real time. Others use Skype™ to connect to family, friends, and business associates across the world. This is a hugely popular service with as many as 40 million users online at peak times.
The Future: Web 3.0
While we have been discussing Web 2.0 tools in this chapter, be aware that there may be a Web 3.0 around the corner. Known as the "semantic web," this has the potential to vastly change and improve the way you interact with the Web. Imagine a night that you and your friends wanted to plan for fun. You might suggest dinner, a movie, and then go dancing. Your friends agree with you and eventually you decide on Chinese food, a romantic comedy, and then salsa dancing. The question is, how would you find out the best places to do all of this?
One answer is to use a variety of different websites that might give you restaurant listings and ratings, movie times and reviews, and dance clubs and descriptions. This might require you to visit a half dozen or more websites. Web 3.0, using its semantic capabilities, could reduce that search time
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dramatically. You open up your Web 3.0 tool and say: "I want to go with 4 friends to a Chinese dinner at 7 p.m., go to the most popular romantic comedy film at 9 p.m., and then go salsa dancing afterwards. Plan this evening for me."
A moment later, an itinerary might appear for you to approve or disapprove, and then click on related links for reservations. If this sounds like an automated personal assistant, you are correct. And that is some of the potential power of Web 3.0.
Taken together, all of these Web 2.0 tools (as well as Web 3.0 tools in the future) work to better connect you to the world. As you know from your personal life, there are risks associated every time you venture into the unknown. Social networking is no different.
The Dark Side of Social Networking
Any time people gather together there is an opportunity for a limited few to misuse the space and take advantage of others. Social networking online, much like physical interaction in the real world, also has this potential. One example is cyberbullying. While awareness is growing about the psychological complications that stem from kids bullying kids at school, there is an equal concern (if not more) of bullying that takes place in electronically mediated environments. These include social networking sites, as well as email and text messages sent through standard desktop computers and mobile devices. This also is not limited to children, as cyberbullies can have detrimental effects on people of all ages.
Important differences exist between real world bullying and cyberbullying. Most significantly, cyberbullying can take place privately, 24 hours a day. Though cyberbullying can affect anyone, take for example the vulnerability of children. Though children might be physically safe at home in their rooms, they might be psychologically exposed to cyberbullying late at night. Also, a cyberbullying message can be posted anonymously and also transmitted to a very large number of people at one time. Twenty years ago, someone might have written something disparaging about someone with graffiti on the side of a building. Today, a student might post something hateful and share it directly with all of his or her classmates instantaneously.
The United States Government has established an online center for learning more about this at http://www.stopbullying.gov/ (http://www.stopbullying.gov/) . It states that in a 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Study, 16 percent of all high school children were bullied. These children were affected in significant ways such as having poorer attendance in school, a lowered self-esteem, increased use of alcohol and drugs, lower grades, and a greater risk of health problems.
These same dangers exist for adults where cyberbullies can damage people's reputations or careers.
Regardless of the specifics of the future, communicating your thoughts and ideas to another person quickly, easily, directly, and on the go is the central goal of Web 2.0. It enables you to access the Web and link you with other people in unprecedented ways, creating a blank slate on which you can log your dreams, aspirations, and opinions. It is time for you to start leaving your imprint on the world, and Web 2.0 has the tools you will need to begin doing it.
Questions to Consider
1. What are Web 2.0 tools? 2. Why is social bookmarking important and how is it used? 3. Does Web 3.0 exist? 4. What is the semantic web? 5. What are some dangers of social networking?
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Summary In this chapter, our goal was to focus on the emergence of Web 2.0 and describe the power it gives you to share and collaborate with others online. Through desktop and mobile devices, two of the main ways people use Web 2.0 are for social and business networking. Facebook is an example of a social networking tool, while LinkedIn® is an example of business networking tool. But, there are a variety of other powerful 2.0 tools, such as wikis. These let groups of people combine their knowledge and expertise to collaborate on a specific project. One of the best-known examples is Wikipedia, which is an encyclopedia written (and constantly being rewritten) by everyone who visits that site. Another example of Web 2.0 is online email. We compared it to Microsoft®'s more traditional Outlook® email application, and saw how Microsoft® is staking its claim to online email where Google's Gmail™ has reigned supreme. Through the use of Web 2.0, online communities can form. We talked about discretion in our section on Facebook, but the same caution holds true for any Web 2.0 application, including office email and Web activity. The Web is a public space, and while it may seem private, this is often an illusion, especially at work. Employers monitor what you do, and if the activity is questionable, you could lose your job. In other words, be responsible on the Web, just as you would in real-life society. In the next chapter, we will continue this theme by looking at the digital society.
Historical Overview of Information Searching
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Key Ideas
Web 2.0 allows those who visit Web pages to leave their own content for others to view. Another way to look at it, is that Web 1.0 was read- only, while Web 2.0 is read-write. Blogs and Twitter are two of the most significant ways that Web 2.0 has enabled a new user experience online. Social and business networking sites (like Facebook and LinkedIn®) help people to cultivate, expand, and improve their communication with those in their life. In a wiki, you can read what someone else wrote online, suggest an update, and if it clears the wiki administrator, your words will become the final word on the subject (at least until someone else comes along with a better idea). Web mail enables users to store their email online, and it can be accessed from any computer in the world. Computer-based email applications (like Microsoft®'s Outlook®) are stored on a single computer and unless you can use that computer remotely, you cannot access your email when you are on another computer. Other important Web 2.0 tools include applications to store and share images, social bookmarks, and video chat. The dark side of social networking is the dramatic increase in the potential and severity of cyberbullying.
Critical Thinking Questions
1. Make a list of some examples of Web 2.0 applications you use. Which ones did you see discussed in this chapter? 2. If you would like to try a new blogging or tweeting Web 2.0 tool, which one would it be and why? What would it enable you to do? 3. What is the difference between a social and business network? Have you used both? If so what different capabilities do each provide? If not, what
ways might it enhance your social or business life? 4. If you wanted to suggest to Wikipedia a topic to write about, what would it be? After you wrote and submitted it, what would be some concerns
you might have after you released it to the world? 5. What email program do you prefer? Where do you find that you typically access your email: at work, at home, on your phone, tablet, desktop,
etc.? Would a different program discussed in this chapter provide you with more convenient email opportunities? 6. Have you or someone you know ever encountered cyberbullying? What are some things you might tell a new computer user to be aware of?
Key Terms
Click on each key term to see the definition.
blog (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.08
Web log.
blogosphere (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.08
The entire universe of blogs.
email (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.08
Electronic mail.
Friend (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.08
Someone you have invited to join your network, or someone from whom you have received an invitation to become a friend.
flash mob (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.08
A Twitter-organized gathering, also called a tweetup.
profile (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.08
A social networking feature where you share information about yourself.
pure aggregator (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.08
A website that provides daily updates of links to other websites.
9/30/2021 Print
https://content.ashford.edu/print/Bowles.0854.13.1?sections=ch07,ch07introduction,sec7.1,sec7.2,sec7.3,sec7.4,sec7.5,sec7.6,ch07summary,ch07learning&content… 20/20
pure analyst (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.08
A website that provides no links to other sites, just original content.
spam (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.08
Messages that are of a commercial nature and unsolicited.
status update (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.08
A Facebook feature in which you can state what you are doing now.
tweet (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.08
A Twitter post of 140 characters or fewer.
tweetup (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.08
See flash mob.
unfriend (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.08
What you do when you decide to remove someone from your online Friends list.
Web 2.0 (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.08
The interactive aspect of the Web that allows those who visit Web pages to post their own content for others to view.
wiki (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.0854.13.1/sections/cover/books/Bowles.08
Named after a Hawaiian word that means "hurry" or "quick," a wiki is a website that allows people to make edits online and share ideas quickly
Web Resources
The Web 2.0 Summit: http://www.web2summit.com (http://www.web2summit.com)
Best Blog: http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com (http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com)
Most Overrated Blog: http://www.techcrunch.com (http://www.techcrunch.com)
Web 3.0: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=off08As3siM&feature=related (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=off08As3siM&feature=related)
What is LinkedIn®?: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzT3JVUGUzM (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzT3JVUGUzM)
How to use Twitter: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0xbjIE8cPM (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0xbjIE8cPM)