intercultural communication interview
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CHAPTER 6
The Sociorelational
Context
Flan 3440
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Learning Objectives
• Compare and contrast the nature of group membership and group behavior across cultures.
• Define and discuss the concept of role relationships across cultures.
• Compare and contrast sex and gender roles across cultures.
• Compare and contrast families and family roles across cultures.
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Activity
• List the number of groups to which you now belong.
• Identify which groups on your list you made a choice to belong to and which ones you did not.
• How do the groups you listed affect the way you think, feel, and act?
• What is your role within each of these groups?
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The sociorelational context refers to how group memberships affect communication.
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Dimensions of Group Variability
• Membership groups
– Involuntary membership groups
– Voluntary membership groups
• Nonmembership groups
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In-Groups & Out-Groups
• Ingroup
– a group whose norms, aspirations, and values shape the behavior of its members.
• Out-group
– a group whose attributes are dissimilar from those of the in-group, or that opposes the accomplishment of the in- group’s goals.
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Reference Groups
• A group to which we may or may not belong but with which we identify in some important way
– comparative function
– normative function
• Voluntary membership in- groups serve as positive reference groups
• Voluntary nonmembership out- groups are seen as negative reference groups.
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Role Relationships
One’s relative position in a group with an expected set of verbal and nonverbal behaviors.
• Formal roles (well-defined behavioral expectations)
– Explicit
– Violations can lead to removal from role.
• Informal roles (expectations vary greatly)
– Implicit.
– Learn from experience.
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Roles and Communication
• Roles prescribe 1. with whom
2. about what
3. how to communicate with others.
• Social identity
• Dimensions upon which roles vary – Personalness
– Formality
– Hierarchy
– Deviation
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Role Differentiation and Stratification
• Social Stratification
– Rank ordering of roles within a culture
– Varies across cultures
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Role Differentiation and Stratification
• Role Differentiation
– Complexity of role hierarchy varies by culture
– Some cultures make relatively few distinctions, whereas others make many
• Differences in Cultures
– High/Low Context
– High/Low Power Distance
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Intercultural conversation
• Please read the Intercultural conversations on pages 197-198 & 201
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Family Groups
• Socialization and children
• Patriarchy & Matriarchy
• Profiles of family groups in
– Hmong culture
– Korea
– Israel
– Mosuo
– Kenya
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Family Groups
• Socialization and children
• Patriarchy & Matriarchy
• Profiles of family groups in
– Hmong culture
– Korea
– Israel
– Mosuo
– Kenya
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Sex and Gender Groups
• Sex is biological
• Gender is socialized & constructed
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Gender Stereotypes
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SOURCE: Adapted from Williams, J. E., & Best, D. L. (1994). Cross-Cultural Views of Women and Men. In W. J. Lonner & R. Malpass (Eds.), Psychology and Culture (pp. 191–196). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Japan
• Japanese Constitution stipulates all are equal
• Younger Japanese have more egalitarian attitudes toward sex roles
• Older Japanese have more traditional attitudes toward sex roles
• Japanese women continue to sacrifice personal goals for harmony of family, in accordance with collectivism
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India
• Preamble of the Indian Constitution guarantees equality
– Male children seen as a blessing
• Continue family name
• Economic asset
– Female children seen as a burden
• Dowry
• Less education
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China
• Patriarchal (mostly)
• 1950 Marriage Law abolished feudal forms of marriage
• Women have little freedom and few rights
• Women discouraged from living alone
• Women are considered more vulnerable and less capable of dealing with the outside world than are men
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Mexico
• More Mexican women than men are divorced, possibly because Mexican men tend to emigrate once they divorce
• Today, Mexican women are more educated than ever.
• Nearly 93% of women age 12 years and older do domestic work
• During the past few years, the roles of men as providers and women as in charge of domestic work have changed noticeably
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Israel
• Women have been guaranteed equal rights since Israel’s establishment as a state in 1948
• Segregation still occurs
• Certain fundamental religious groups reject such rights
• Israel is the only country in the world with a compulsory military service requirement for women
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Saudi Arabia • Overwhelming majority of published
articles on Saudi women portray them as oppressed and passive victims of Islamic law
• Saudi is sex segregated country
• Women have financial and emotional security
• Women have less restrictions in semipublic and private settings
• Women voted for the first time in December 2015 & were allowed to drive in 2019
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Summary
• Focused on Sociorelational Contexts
• Explored Group Memberships – Voluntary
– Involuntary
• Defined Group Roles – Formal
– Informal
• Examined Family and Sex Roles in various countries
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Kingdom of Women
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