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Terrorism and Homeland Security, 9e

CHAPTER 5 Jonathan R. White

Learning Objectives, Part 1

Summarize the tactics of modern terrorism.

Define force multipliers.

List and describe four force multipliers.

Outline the tactical importance of female terrorists.

Explain the reasons researcher and the public have ignored women in terrorism.

Define the types of threats posed by technological terrorism.

Explain the effects of biological, chemical, and radiological weapons.

Learning Objectives, Part 2

Characterize the possibility and possible outcomes of nuclear terrorism.

Summarize transnational economic targeting in the tourist, energy, and transportation industries.

Summarize theories of suicide bombing.

Describe the roles women play in nationalistic, ideological, and religious groups.

Terrorism Tactics

Bombing

Hijacking

Arson

Assault

Kidnapping

Hostage taking

Weapons of mass destruction

Force Multipliers

Transnational support

Increases terrorist groups ability to move and hide

Technology

Allows a small group to launch a deadly attack

Media coverage

Makes minor group appear to be politically important

Religion

Transcends normative political and social boundaries

The Bomb

Philosophy of the bomb

The only way to communicate with the social order was to destroy it.

Terrorists tend to increase their effectiveness in bombing by applying improved explosive technology to their weapons.

Thermobaric bomb

Spreads fuel in the air and then ignites it

Cyberterrorism

The use of computers to attack technological targets or physical attacks on computer networks

An attractive low-risk strategy

Computers allow terrorist groups to remain connected, providing a means for covert discussions and anonymity.

Greatest fear of cyberterrorism concerns catastrophic or multiple system failures

WMD: Biological Agents

Modern arsenals contain bacterial weapons and viral weapons, with microbes cultured and refined, or weaponized, to increase their ability to kill.

The Center for Disease Control classifies the most threatening from the groups as smallpox, anthrax, plague, botulism, tularemia, and hemorrhagic fever.

U.S. Biological Attacks after 1980

Bacteria

Religious group in Oregon spread bacteria in area salad bars to sicken potential voters.

Hundreds of people suffered food poisoning.

Anthrax

Cases were reported in Florida, Washington, DC, New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut.

Public health response was disorganized.

The case is still under investigation.

WMD: Chemical & Radiological

There are four types of chemical agents: nerve agents, blood agents, choking agents, and blistering agents.

Radiological weapons are more heat resistant and last longer than chemicals.

Exposure to radiation can produce short-term burns and long-term heath problems.

Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU)

HEU is plentiful and easy to obtain.

HEU is so potent that it could be used in a dirty bomb or a nuclear device.

Terrorists could build a device with HEU without the assistance of a nuclear state.

Nuclear Terrorism

The most fearful scenario with WMDs involves a nuclear explosion.

Tel Aviv University Scholars suggest that the probability of nuclear terrorism is low.

The nuclear threat is based on the crime causation model: victim, opportunity to commit a crime, and the criminals’ desire.

Nuclear Terrorism Misconceptions

Security is never 100% effective.

The nuclear black market does not exist.

Building a nuclear bomb is a complex process.

Nuclear defense should be based on realistic, comprehensive scenarios.

We should create total intelligence pictures of terrorist groups beyond nuclear terrorism.

Total protection is not possible, but we can tip the scales in our favor.

Tourism

Terrorism does not seem to have an impact on domestic travel.

Terrorism most frequently affects international travelers.

Terrorism against tourists has a negative economic impact.

Energy

Fossil fuels present tempting targets:

They represent the power and strength of the industrialized world.

Strikes against oil refineries have an economic impact on the West.

Energy Attacks

Saudi Arabia

Al Qaeda sought to destroy production facilities; destroy transfer systems; and target individual oil workers, especially foreigners.

Pakistan and Balochista

The Bugtis resent and resist Pashtun incursion into their native land, which has led to sharp fighting and a guerrilla war.

Transportation

After the September 11 attacks, the federal government immediately budgeted $4.8 billion to protect the aviation industry.

Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore have joined to protest insurance premiums on ships traveling through the Strait of Malacca.

Critics of homeland-security policies argue that ports remain unsecured because of the costs associated with increased protection.

Theory of Suicide Terrorism

Pape (2005) believes three factors must be in place before a suicide terror campaign occurs:

Nationalistic or ethnic group must be resisting the occupation of a foreign power.

Foreign power must have democratic government whose voters will not routinely allow the slaughter and repression of the people in the occupied area.

There must be a difference in the religions of the occupying power and the people living under occupation.

Models of Suicide Attacks, Part 1

Gunaratna sees three things that all attacks have in common: secrecy, reconnaissance, and rehearsal.

The Hamas model involves a professional group that plans and executes the attack, and a support group to prepare the attacker.

For many years, researchers believed that this was the only model for suicide bombing.

Models of Suicide Attacks, Part 2

Cronin finds that different models emerged over time:

The LTTE trained suicide bombers

The PKK leadership coerced victims

The bombings in Chechnya represent a different combination of social and psychological factors.

Women and Terrorism, Part 1

Female terrorists are not new to the history of terrorism:

18th century France

19th century Russia

20th century U.S.

Rebels in Ireland

Western revolutionary groups

Women are actively recruited by religious terrorists today.

Women and Terrorism, Part 2

The role of women in terrorist groups is more closely determined by the political orientation of an organization than its tactics.

Women are more attracted to domestic terrorist organizations than international groups.

Women also have opportunities for leadership in revolutionary (domestics) groups.

International terrorists try to defend a traditional culture that limits the role of women.

Women and Terrorism, Part 3

Revolutionary groups

Ulricke Meinhof and Leila Khalid served as combatants, leaders, and served as inspiration for supporters.

Secular and religious terrorist groups

Women increasingly receive combat assignments because they are so numerous.

Overlooking Female Terrorists

Researchers do not tend to think of women as terrorists or criminals.

When they do look at females, researchers usually view women as victims.

Law enforcement officers do not tend to arrest females.

It is generally assumed that terrorism is a violent male occupation.

http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/lhb-ofp-jacques.pdf

Myths and Realities of Female Perpetrated Terrorism

Discussion Question: Prior to reading this article, what were your beliefs on women as terrorists? How did the article change your beliefs concerning women involved in terrorism?

Impact of Terrorism on Women

Women have a greater sense of vulnerability to crime, and these feelings seem to transfer to terrorism.

Israeli study:

Women seemed to be more afraid of terrorism than men, because women experienced terrorism more vicariously.

Women were more likely to suffer from posttraumatic stress and seek assistance following terrorist attacks.

Women approached the fear of terrorism with problem-solving strategies.

Chapter Take Aways, Part 1

The tactics of terrorism are straightforward and simple, but they are employed in innovative ways.

The study of terrorism is complex as a result of tactical innovation.

Force multipliers—technology, transnational support, religion, and the media—enhance the power of terrorist groups.

Chapter Take Aways, Part 2

It is important to understand the tactical impact of gender on terrorism, but research on the roles of women has been neglected.

Technological attacks can be made more effective by using WMD, cyber-attacks, or economic targeting.

Suicide bombing has become a particularly terrorizing tactic, but there is no single explanation for either understanding or preventing it.