e x a m on communication class
JOSÉ I. RODRÍGUEZ
Interpersonal Communication
for
Contemporary Living
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CHAPTER 5
Perceiving Relational Messages
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Learning Objectives
Define perception and interpersonal perception.
Identify the three stages of interpersonal perception.
Describe how individuals develop and maintain impressions.
Explain the factors that distort the accuracy of interpersonal perception.
Apply strategies for improving interpersonal perception.
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What Do You Perceive In This Conversation?
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What is Perception?
Perception is the process of experiencing the world around you and making sense out of what you experience.
Interpersonal perception is the process of observing and interpreting the behaviors of other people.
The Dalai Lama and Tibet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLY45o6rHm0
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Stages in the Perception Process
Selecting
Organizing
Interpreting
Remembering
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STAGE ONE
Selecting
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Stage 1: Selecting
Passive perception occurs simply because our senses are in operation.
Active perception occurs when we are motivated to pay attention to particular information.
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Stage 1: Selecting (continued)
Perceptual Biases
Selective perception occurs when we direct our attention to specific details and consequently ignore other pieces of information.
Confirmation bias attending to information that confirms what you already believe, and therefore manage to find all the evidence you needed to support your expectations.
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STAGE TWO
Organizing
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Stage 2: Organizing
- Punctuation is how we make sense out of stimuli by grouping and dividing information into time segments with beginnings and ends.
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Stage 2: Organizing (continued)
- Superimposing is filling in information that is not there based on our assumptions.
- Clustering is the tendency to use a small set of traits to make inferences about other traits that a person may possess.
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Stage 2: Organizing (continued)
- Implicit personality theory explains how we each have preconceived ideas about personality traits that come as a “package deal.” In other words, once we learn a few details about someone, we infer other traits that are clustered with the traits we observe.
- My Opponent is a Liar https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlqKFlU7YAs
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Stage 2: Organizing (continued)
Impressions are collections of perceptions about others that we maintain and use to interpret their behaviors.
Cognitive complexity - a term used to describe people who do not categorize others as easily or quickly as most people.
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STAGE THREE
Interpreting
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Stage 3: Interpreting
Attributions - The explanations we make about other people’s motives for their actions.
Locus of Control
Internal Cause – “Pepe is a lazy nut job!”
External Cause – “Pepe is stuck on the freeway; he’ll be late.”
Stability
Stable cause – “Pepe is late a lot, dude!”
Unstable Cause – “Pepe was only late this morning, man!”
Controllability
Controllable – “Pepe can leave the house early, bro!”
Uncontrollable – “Poor Pepe can’t control traffic, WTF?”
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STAGE FOUR
Remembering
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Stage 4: Remembering
- Selective recall - also called egocentric memory, occurs when we remember things we want to remember and forget or repress things that are unpleasant , uncomfortable, or unimportant to us.
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Perception
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Perceptual Barriers
- Over-generalizing - occurs when we treat small amounts of information as if they were highly representative.
- Over-simplifying - means that you are always following the principle of parsimony, which states that the simplest explanation is usually the correct one.
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Perceptual Barriers
Imposing Consistency
- Halo effect - a perceptual tendency which involves attributing a variety of positive attributes to someone simply because we like them.
- Horn effect - a perceptual tendency that involves attributing a variety of negative qualities to people simply because we do not like them.
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Perceptual Barriers
- Fundamental attribution error - the tendency to underestimate the situational causes for others’ negative behavior and instead blame the actor.
- Self-serving bias - occurs when we believe that when things go right it’s because of our own skills and good character, rather than partially caused by others or by the circumstance.
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Checking Perceptions
Indirect perception checking involves seeking additional information through observation to either confirm or refute your interpretations.
Direct perception checking involves asking straight out if your interpretations are correct.
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Learning Objectives
Define perception and interpersonal perception.
Identify and explain the three stages of interpersonal perception.
Understand how individuals develop and maintain impressions.
Identify the factors that distort the accuracy of interpersonal perception.
Apply strategies for improving interpersonal perception.
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