intercultural communication ( Reflection paper )

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Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 1

The Perceptual Context

Flan 3440

CHAPTER 5

Learning Objectives

• Discuss cross-cultural differences in perception.

• Define and discuss racial and ethnic stereotypes across cultures.

• Define and discuss the nature of ethnocentrism and racism.

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 2

Current Events

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 3

George Floyd ex-cop Derek Chauvin picture source: nydailynews.com

Protests in dow ntow n Toledo turn violent Saturday night

picture source:13abc.com

picture source: businessinsider.com picture source: newsbreak.com

picture source: abc7.com picture source: nbcchicago.com

George Floyd Protests & Reactions

source: dailymail.co.uk

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 4

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 5

Will they date again?

Activity

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 6

You Remind me of Elvis

Activity

Which two photographs go together?

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 7

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/5737

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

https://www.flickr.com/photos/haglundc/3438077857

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/

https://pngimg.com/download/10864

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/

Activity

Describe what you see in this picture.

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 8

Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Thinkstock

The Geography of Thought

Peoples from the East and West think differently because of the influence of philosophies from the ancient Greeks and Chinese

– The ancient Greeks focused on: • linear methods of

understanding

• without much regard to context

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 9

Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Thinkstock

– Confucian-driven Chinese philosophies emphasized:

• Fluctuation

• Holism

• Interdependence

• harmony

Model of Human Information Processing

1 •Input/sensation

2 •Storage/memory

3 •Recall/retrieval

10 Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 11

SOURCE: Adapted from Matlin, M. (2013). Cognition (8th Ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 12

SOURCE: Adapted from Goss, B. (1989). The Psychology of Human Communication. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.

Stage 1—Input/sensation

• Perception—the mental interpretation of external stimuli via sensation.

• Perceptual filters:

–Physiological—the senses

–Sociological—demographic information and group memberships

–Psychological—attitudes, beliefs, and dispositions

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 13

Activity: Input/sensation

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 14

…& another activity—Input/sensation

Lets try again

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 15

Activities Discussion

16 Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

Cross-Cultural Differences

• Conditions of the physical environment

• Indirect environmental conditions

• Genetic differences

• Socialization and Enculturation w/the environment

– Sensory Receptors

– Carpentered-world Hypothesis

17 Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

Stage 2—Storage/Memory

• Short-term memory

– 7 plus or minus 2

– Lost to decay

• Long-term memory

– Episodic—unique experiences

– Semantic—conceptual information and knowledge

18 Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

Stage 3—Recall/Retrieval

• Long-term memory may not be recalled due to: – Interference –Negative arousal

(anxiety) –Age – Improper

categorization

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 19

• Effects on information retrieval

– Culture

– Age

– Education

– Literacy

• Other factors

– Socialization

– Education

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 20

Cross-Cultural Differences in Memory & Retrieval

Activity

Get a piece of paper and a pen or pencil please

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 21

Activity

Write down the first two adjectives which come to your mind (your thoughts or traditional ideas) for each of the words that will appear on the screen.

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 22

Females Irsihman Arabs Hmong White

Dogs Californians Teachers Males Students

Cats Paris Comoros Islands African American Chinese

Activity

Write down the first two adjectives which come to your mind (your thoughts or traditional ideas) for each of the words that will appear on the screen.

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 23

Females Irsihman Arabs Hmong White

Dogs Californians Teachers Males Students

Cats Paris Comoros Islands African American Chinese

Categorization & Stereotyping

• Categorization— grouping, sorting, or classifying objects, events, or living things into identifiable groups or compartments.

• Stereotypes— membership in social categories that are believed to be associated with certain traits and behaviors.

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 24

Categorization and Mental Economy

• To manage enormous quantities of information, we categorize

– People in all cultures do this

– Categorization involves classifying, sorting, or arranging information by similarities

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 25

Stereotypes

• Categories that :

– often carry a positive or negative evaluation

– typically refer to membership in social categories

– are part of a natural and universal information- processing strategy

Stereotypes

• The difficulty arises when stereotypes carry a negative valence and are used to over- generalize negative traits

• Stereotyping is automatic whereas prejudice is a controlled process

U.S. Stereotypes

Negative Connotation associated with stereotyping may be uniquely associated with the U.S.

• Studies have focused on White Stereotypes of Blacks

• Political doctrine is modeled on Melting-Pot Metaphor

• Similarity is major determinant in how much people are attracted to and like others

Media Influences: Cultivation Theory

• Long-term exposure to media, especially TV, “cultivates” in viewers a perception of social reality that is reflective of the content on screen

• Situations on TV become the social reality that viewers believe is correct, whether or not it is.

The Stereotype Content Model (SCM)

• Individuals’ social perceptions based on perception of:

– Warmth

– Competence

– Warmth & competence judgments elicit one of four unique emotional responses:

• admiration, envy, contempt, or pity

– Judgments stem from larger social structures

– Rooted in competition for resources

Why Stereotype?

• Out-group homogeneity effect

• Illusory correlation principle

• Self-fulfilling prophecies

• Stereotype threat

Ethnocentrism

• The tendency to put one’s in-group in a position of centrality and worth while creating and reinforcing negative attitudes and behaviors toward out- groups.

• Ethnocentric attributional bias

• Ethnocentrism negatively influences intercultural communication.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

http://thecollaboratory.wikidot.com/philosophy-of-thought-and-logic-2013-2014

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Ethnocentrism Continuum

Ethnocentrism, Intercultural Communication & Interpersonal Perception

• Ethnocentrism acts as a perceptual filter that affects:

– Verbal & Nonverbal messages

– Perceptions of the source

Relationship of Ethnocentrism and Racism

• Racism & ethnocentrism are related

• Unlikely to be racist and not ethnocentric.

• Possible to be ethnocentric and not racist.

• Ethnocentrism is considered innate.

• Racism is considered learned.