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Psychoanalytic Therapy

 THE ID —The Demanding Child  Ruled by the pleasure principle

 THE EGO —The Traffic Cop  Ruled by the reality principle

 THE SUPEREGO —The Judge  Ruled by the moral principle

Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 4 (1)

Conscious: What’s on the surface i.e. logic, reality

Unconscious: What lies deep, below the surface i.e. drives, instincts

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 Clinical evidence for postulating the unconscious:  Dreams  Slips of the tongue  Posthypnotic suggestions  Material derived from free‐association and projective techniques

 Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms  NOTE: consciousness is only a thin slice of the total mind

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 Feeling of dread resulting from repressed feelings, memories and desires  Develops out of conflict among the id, ego and superego to control psychic energy

 Three types of anxiety:  Reality Anxiety  Neurotic Anxiety  Moral Anxiety

Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 4 (4)

 Are normal behaviors which operate on an unconscious level and tend to deny or distort reality

 Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed

 Have adaptive value if they do not become a style of life to avoid facing reality

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 Repression

 Denial

 Reaction Formation

 Projection

 Displacement

 Rationalization

 Sublimation

 Regression

 Introjection

 Identification

 Compensation

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 First year: ORAL STAGE

 Ages 1‐3: ANAL STAGE

 Ages 3‐6: PHALLIC STAGE

 Ages 6‐12: LATENCY STAGE

 Ages 12‐60: GENITAL STAGE

 Psychosocial stages refer to Erickson’s basic psychological and social tasks to be mastered from infancy through old age

 Erikson’s theory of development holds that psychosexual growth and psychosocial growth take place together

 During each psychosocial stage, we are faced with a specific crises that must be resolved in order to move forward.

 The goal is to make the unconscious conscious and strengthen the ego so that behavior is based more on reality and less on instinctual cravings or irrational guilt

 Analysts use blank‐screen approach to foster transference relationship

 Analysts help clients to achieve insight into their problems, increase their awareness of ways to change, and thus gain more control over their lives

 Pushing the client too rapidly or offering ill‐timed interpretations will render the process ineffective

 Transference occurs when the client reacts to the therapist as he or she did to an earlier significant other

 Countertransference is the reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with objectivity

 Resistance is anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the production of unconscious material

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 Maintaining the Analytic Framework  Therapist uses a range of procedural and stylistic factors (e.g., the analyst’s relative anonymity, the regularity and consistency of meetings)

 Analysis of resistance  Therapist helps clients become aware of the reasons for their resistance so that they can deal with them.

 Analysis of transference  Therapist uses this technique as a route to elucidating the client’s intrapsychic life

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 Free Association  Client reports immediately without censoring any feelings or thoughts

 Interpretation  Therapist points out, explains, and teaches the meanings of whatever is revealed

 Dream Analysis  Therapist uses the “royal road to the unconscious” to bring unconscious material to light

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 Group work provides a rich framework for working through transference feelings  The group becomes a microcosm of members’ everyday lives

 Projections onto the leader and members are valuable clues to unresolved conflicts within the person that can be identified, explored, and worked through in the group.

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 An elaborate explanation of human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion

 Places central importance on psychological changes associated with midlife

 Achieving individuation—the harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality—is an innate and primary goal

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 To become integrated, it is essential to accept our dark side, or shadow

 Dreams are aimed at integration and resolution; they contain messages from the deepest layer of the unconscious, the collective unconscious, our source of creativity

 The images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious are called archetypes (the persona, the anima and animus, and the shadow)

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 Object Relations  Emphasizes interpersonal relationships as these are represented intrapsychically, and as they influence our interactions with people

 Self Psychology  Emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships (self objects) to develop our own sense of self

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 Relational Psychoanalysis  Emphasizes the interactive process between client and therapist

 Brief Psychodynamic Therapy  Applies the principles of psychodynamic theory and therapy to treating selective disorders within 10 to 25 sessions

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Strengths from a Diversity Perspective

 Erikson’s psychosocial approach, with its emphasis on critical issues in stages of development, has particular application to people of color

 This approach stresses the value of intensive psychotherapy for therapists, to help them become aware of their own sources of countertransference, including biases, prejudices, and racial or ethnic stereotypes

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limitations from a Diversity Perspective

 Perceived as being based on upper‐ and middle‐class values

 Cost of treatment is prohibitive for many people

 Cultural expectations may lead clients to want more direction and structure from the professional

 Generally more concerned with long‐term personality reconstruction than with short‐term problem solving

 Approach fails to address social, cultural, and political factors that are oppressive to clients

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 Helps therapists understand:

 Human behavior from a psychosexual perspective, which can be a powerful framework when paired with the psychosocial perspective

 That unfinished business can be worked through to provide a new ending to events that have restricted clients emotionally

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 Helps therapists understand:

 The value of concepts such as unconscious motivation, the influence of early development, transference, countertransference, and resistance

 how the overuse of ego defenses keep clients from functioning effectively

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 This approach may not be appropriate for all cultures or socioeconomic groups

 Deterministic focus does not emphasize current maladaptive behaviors

 Minimizes role of the environment

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 Requires subjective interpretation

 Relies heavily on client fantasy

 Lengthy treatment may not be practical or affordable for many clients

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