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Health The Basics

13th Edition

Chapter 3:

Managing Stress and Coping with Life's Challenges

Ask students to write down their top five current stressors. Next ask them if they fit into either relationships, money, or time categories. You might want to reflect back on the lists as you go through this chapter and encourage discussion on resolutions.

Learning Outcomes

3.1 Define stress and examine its potential impact on health, relationships, and success in college and life.

3.2 Explain key stress theories as well as the emotional, mental, and physiological changes that occur during the stress response.

3.3 Examine the physical health risks that may occur with chronic stress.

3.4 Examine the intellectual and psychological effects of stress and their impacts on college students.

3.5 Discuss sources of stress and examine the unique stressors that affect young adults and particularly college students.

3.6 Explain key individual factors that may influence whether or not a person is able to cope with stressors

3.7 Explore stress management and stress reduction strategies, ways you can cope more effectively with stress, and mindfulness strategies that can enrich your life experiences and reduce health risks.

What Is Stress?

Stress is the mental and physical response and adaptation by our bodies to real or perceived change and challenges.

A stressor is any real or perceived physical, social, or psychological event or stimulus that causes our bodies to react to stress.

Eustress, a positive stress, presents opportunities for personal growth.

Distress is a negative stress that can have a detrimental effect on health.

Acute stress is a short-term physiological response to an immediate or perceived threat.

Episodic acute stress occurs when regularly reacting with wild, acute stress about one thing or another.

Chronic stress is an ongoing state of physiological arousal in response to ongoing or numerous perceived threats.

Traumatic stress is a physiological and mental response that occurs for a prolonged period of time after a major stressful event in which one may be seriously hurt, killed, or witness horrible things.

Stress Levels By Age

Your Body's Response to Stress

When stress levels are low, the body is often in a state of homeostasis.

This is a balanced physiological state in which all the body's systems function smoothly.

Stressors trigger a crisis mode physiological response, after which the body tries to return to homeostasis by means of an adaptive response.

The General Adaptation Syndrome

Figure 3.2 The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) The GAS is the body’s method of coping with prolonged stress.

Source: American Psychological Association, “Stress in America, The Impact of Discrimination,” March 2016, http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2015/

impact-of-discrimination.pdf.

The Alarm Phase

You first experience the fight-or-flight response, which occurs as the body prepares to combat or escape the real or perceived threat.

The cerebral cortex triggers an autonomic nervous system (ANS) response that prepares you for action.

The autonomic nervous system:

Controls the heart, glandular functions, and breathing

Has two branches

The sympathetic nervous system energizes the body for fight or flight by signaling release of several stress hormones.

The parasympathetic nervous system functions to slow all the systems stimulated by the stress response.

The Body's Acute Stress Response

The Alarm Phase (cont.)

The hypothalamus functions as the control center of the sympathetic nervous system and determines the reaction to stress.

It stimulates the adrenal glands to release epinephrine (adrenaline).

This causes more blood to be pumped, dilates the airways in the lungs, increases breathing rate, and causes more glucose to be released.

It also causes the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which in turn causes the release of cortisol.

Cortisol causes more stored nutrients to be released to meet energy demands.

Endorphins are released to relieve pain.

Glucose is released from the liver. In addition, epinephrine causes the pupils to dilate to improve visual sensitivity. The body is now poised to act immediately.

The Resistance Phase

During the resistance phase, the body tries to return to homeostasis.

Because some perceived stressor still exists, the body does not achieve complete calm or rest—it stays activated, causing a higher metabolic rate in some organ tissues.

The Exhaustion Phase

A prolonged effort to adapt to stress may lead to allostatic load or exhaustive wear and tear on the body.

This exhaustion phase occurs when the physical and emotional energy used to fight the stressor has been depleted.

Continual release of cortisol and other hormones can reduce immunocompetence, or the ability of the body to protect you.

Common Symptoms of Physical Stress

Physical Effects of Stress

Stress and cardiovascular disease

Long-term stress impacts heart rate, blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke. Stress is one of the key modifiable risk factors for heart attack.

Stress and weight gain

Higher stress levels may drive us toward food because they may increase cortisol levels in the bloodstream.

Stress and hair loss

Too much stress can lead to thinning hair, and even baldness, in men and women.

Stress and diabetes

Controlling stress is critical for preventing weight gain and other risk factors for type 2 diabetes as well as for short- and long-term diabetes management.

Physical Effects of Stress (cont.)

Stress and digestive problems

Causes for digestive disorders are often unknown, but it is assumed that an underlying illness, pathogen, injury, or inflammation is present when stress triggers nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, and gut pain or diarrhea.

Some relaxation techniques are particularly helpful in coping with stressors that make digestive problems worse.

Stress and impaired immunity

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) analyzes the relationship between the mind's response to stress and the immune system's ability to function effectively.

Too much stress over a long period can negatively affect various aspects of the cellular immune response.

Intellectual Effects of Stress

A recent survey showed that 56 percent of respondents (43 percent of men and 61 percent of women) said they felt overwhelmed by all that they had to do in the past 2 weeks.

Nearly 56 percent of students reported more than average or tremendous stress in the last year.

Stress, memory, and concentration

Acute stress has been shown to impair short-term memory, particularly verbal memory.

New research in rats has linked prolonged exposure to cortisol to shrinking the hippocampus, the brain's major memory center.

ABC News Video: How Sleep Affects Your Memory

Discussion Questions

What practical methods can be used to improve slow wave sleep?

What is the take-home message from the video regarding how sleep affects your memory?

Psychological Effects of Stress

Rates of mental disorders, particularly depression and anxiety, are associated with environmental stressors.

College students face grade pressure, stress from finding housing, becoming financially independent, career choices and employment, relationships, and family.

ABC News Video: Stress Can Damage Women's Health

Discussion Questions

Discuss symptoms of increased cortisol production and the physiological process of the body's production of cortisol.

Discuss the signs and symptoms of stress and ways to decrease stress.

What Causes Stress?

Psychosocial stressors

Adjustment to change

Hassles: Little things that bug you

The toll of relationships

Academic and financial pressure

Frustrations and conflict

Overload

Stressful environments

Bias and discrimination

What Do We Say Stresses Us?

Individual Factors and Stress

Appraisal and stress

Appraisal helps us recognize and evaluate stress based on past experiences and emotions.

Self-esteem and self-efficacy

Self-esteem is how you feel about yourself.

Low self-esteem and stressful life events significantly predict suicide ideation, the desire to die, and thoughts about suicide.

Self-efficacy is the belief or confidence in your skills and performance abilities.

High self-efficacy predicts a number of health behaviors in college students, and developing self-efficacy is vital for coping with and overcoming academic pressures.

Type A personalities with a toxic core are at an increased risk for heart disease.

Type B personalities are described as being relaxed, noncompetitive, and more

tolerant of others.

Type C personalities are characterized as stoic and may be more susceptible to illness.

Type D personalities are characterized by a tendency toward excessive negative worry, irritability and gloom, and inability to express these feelings owing to social inhibitions.

Individual Factors and Stress (cont.): Thriving Type A

Personality Types:

Thriving Type A

Individuals who display, hardiness, resilience and grit

Positive, proactive, “go with the flow” attitude, preserver in stressful times—grit.

Stress management and mindfulness training are beneficial in developing resilience and grit.

Strong social support, healthy family environments, and community support this process.

Individual Factors and Stress (cont.)

Type A and type B personalities

Type A personalities are hard-driving, competitive, time-driven perfectionists at increased risk for heart disease. Some, however, thrive in this supercharged lifestyle.

Type B personalities are relaxed, noncompetitive, and more tolerant of others.

None of us is wholly type A or B.

Type C and type D personalities

Type C personalities are stoic and tend to deny feelings; they are conforming, lack assertiveness, and may feel helpless or hopeless. This may lead to greater susceptibility to asthma, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune disorders, and cancers.

Type D personalities exhibit excessive negative worry, irritability, and gloom, and are socially inhibited. They may be eight times more likely to die of heart attack or sudden death.

None of us is wholly type A or B. Some Type A personalities who are hard-driving seem to thrive on their supercharged lifestyles. Only those with a toxic core–those with disproportionate amounts of anger, who are distrustful, and who have a cynical approach to life known as a hostility–are at increased risk of heart disease.

Are Individual Factors Inescapable?

Psychological hardiness may negate self-imposed stress with Type A personalities.

Shift and persist research has shown that with the help of positive role models, youth, in the presence of extreme and persistent adversity, are able to reframe appraisals of current stressors. Staying positive and focusing on the future serves to protect against negative impacts of stress.

Managing Stress in College

Practice mental work to reduce stress—mindfulness

Assess your stressors and solve problems.

Use compassion in your thinking and internal conversations.

Develop a support network

Find supportive people.

Invest in your loved ones.

Cultivate your spiritual side

Find your purpose in life and live your days more fully.

Managing Stress in College (cont.)

Manage emotional responses

Fight the anger urge.

Learn to laugh, be joyful, and cry.

Take physical action

Get enough sleep.

Practice self-nurturing.

Eat healthfully.

Manage your time

Avoid the temptation to procrastinate.

Consider downshifting

Take a step back and simplify your life.

Learn to say no, and mean it!

Managing Your Time

Improve time management

Do one thing at a time.

Clean off your desk.

Prioritize your tasks.

Find a clean, comfortable place to work, and avoid interruptions.

Reward yourself for work completed.

Work when you are at your best.

Break overwhelming tasks into small pieces.

Remember that time is precious.

Relaxation Techniques for Stress Management

Yoga

Combines meditation, stretching, and breathing exercises

Qigong

Involves becoming aware of and learning to control qi, or vital energy

Tai chi

Meditation in motion

Diaphragmatic breathing

Diaphragmatic Breathing

Figure 3.6 Diaphragmatic Breathing This exercise will help you learn to breathe deeply as a way to relieve stress. Practice it for 5 to 10 minutes several times a day, and diaphragmatic breathing will soon become natural for you.

Relaxation Techniques for Stress Management

Meditation: A relaxation technique that involves deep breathing and concentration

Visualization: The creation of mental images to promote relaxation

Progressive muscle relaxation

Progressive Muscle Relaxation

Figure 3.7 Progressive Muscle Relaxation Sit or lie down in a comfortable position, and follow the steps described to increase your awareness of tension in your body and your ability to release it.

Relaxation Techniques for Stress Management (cont.)

Massage therapy: Swedish massage may have beneficial effects on blood pressure and inflammation.

Biofeedback: A technique using a machine to self-monitor physical responses to stress.

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