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Chapter 2
An Overview of Communication Development

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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What is communicative competence?

What is the foundation for communicative competence?

What are the major communicative milestones in infancy and toddlerhood?

What are major communicative milestones in preschool and school-age children?

Focus Questions

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Introduction

It is very important to understand how language develops in typical populations.
What is “typical”?
How does this relate to populations around the world?

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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What is Communicative Competence?

Definition
The knowledge and implicit awareness that speakers of a language possess and utilize to communicate effectively in that language.
Speaker’s skilled navigation of both linguistic and pragmatic elements of language.

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Communication Processes
And Main Aspects

Processes
Formulation
Transmission
Reception
Comprehension

Main Aspects
Linguistic Competence
Pragmatic Competence

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Linguistic Aspects of
Communicative Competence

Phonological Competence
Grammatical Competence
Lexical Competence
Discourse Competence

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Phonological Competence

Phonological Competence
The ability to recognize and produce the distinctive, meaningful sounds of a language or phonemes.
Phoneme
Consonant sounds /r/ and /l/ (for English speakers)
Infants arrive in the world ready to distinguish among the sound of all language.

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Phonological Competence, cont.

Children achieve receptive phonological competence within their first year.
An infant’s vocal tract is not a miniature version of the adult vocal tract.
Phonological Processes
A normal phonological deviation that young children make in producing specific sounds and words, and thus are context-specific.

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Grammatical Competence

Grammatical Competence
The ability to effectively recognize and produce the syntactic and morphological structures of a language.
“Jim is hitting Bob”.
At what age does this make sense to children (comprehension for syntax)?

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Lexical Competence

Lexical Competence
The ability to recognize and produce the conventional words that the speakers of a language use.
Important ages
6 months
12 months

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Discourse Competence

Discourse Competence
The ability to relay information to others fluently and coherently.
Example
My friend Jen once took a trip to the island of Corfu in Greece. While there, she joined her friends in swimming through the dark cave which they later learned was called the “Canal D’Amour,” because legend says that if a woman swims through it and passes a man swimming in the opposite direction, they will fall in love.

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Pragmatic Aspects of Communicative Competence

Functional Competence
Sociolinguistic Competence
Interactional Competence
Cultural Competence

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Functional Competence

Functional Competence
The ability to communicate in a language for a variety of purposes.
Review: Basic purposes for communication
To request
To reject
To comment

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Sociolinguistic Competence

Sociolinguistic Competence
The ability to interpret the social meaning that language conveys and to choose language that is socially appropriate for communicative situations.
Speech Register
The variety of speech appropriate to a particular speech situation.
When are formal and informal speech registers used?

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Interactional Competence

Interactional Competence
The ability to understand and apply implicit rules for interaction in various communication situations.
In Japan, children do not initiate conversation with adults, and people of all ages avoid direct eye contact. Conversely, in the United States, children frequently initiate conversation with adults, and Americans generally consider eye contact a sign of sincerity or confidence.

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Cultural Competence

Cultural Competence
The ability to function effectively in cultural contexts, both by interpreting behavior correctly and by behaving in a way that would be considered appropriate by the members of the culture.
Cultural understandings include the following:
Attitudes, values, and beliefs

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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What is the Foundation for Communicative Competence?

Joint Reference and Attention
Rituals of Infancy
Caregiver Responsiveness

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Joint Reference and Attention

Developmental Phases:
Phase one: Birth to 6 months
Phase two: 6 months to 1 year
Phase three: 1 year and beyond
Joint attention leads to intentional communication.

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Rituals of Infancy

Infants’ lives center around the routines of feeding, bathing, dressing, and sleeping.
While dressing, parents talk to their children. Although they are too young to understand the words, they benefit from hearing the words over and over.
Phonotactics

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Caregiver Responsiveness

Caregiver Responsiveness
Refers to caregivers’ attention and sensitively to infants’ vocalizations and communicative attempts.
Key Indicators
Waiting and listening
Following the child’s lead
Joining in and playing
Being face-to-face

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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What Are the Major Communicative Milestones in Infancy and Toddlerhood?

Children achieve certain language and communication milestones at roughly the same age in roughly the same order across the communities of the world.

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Stages of Vocal Development

Reflexive Stage (0-2 months)
Control of Phonation (1-4 months)
Expansion (3-8 months)
Basic Canonical Syllables (5-10 months)
Advanced Forms (9-18 months)

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Emergence of Intentionality

Pre-Intentional Communication
Intentional Communication
Become attuned to the referential signals of others and begin to incorporate their own intentional gestures to direct others’ attention

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Transition to Symbolic Representations

Words are arbitrary symbols.
They do not directly signal the concepts they represent.
Lexical entries: the word, the word’s sound, the word’s meaning and the word’s part of speech.
Transition from nonsymbolic to symbolic communication.

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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The First Word

Approximate age of first word: 12 months
Three components that make a “true” word:
Word uttered with clear intention and purpose
Have a recognizable pronunciation
One that a child uses consistently an din contexts beyond the original context

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Achievements in Form

Expressive Lexicon
Single- and Multi-word Utterances
Grammatical Morphemes
Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)- refers to the average length of children’s sentence units or utterances

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Achievements in Content

Vocabulary spurt- also known as word spurt or naming explosion, is a remarkable increase in the rate of vocabulary acquisition.
Underextention- when children apply newly learned words to specific referents rather than to a category of referents.
Overextension- when children use words in a wider set of contexts than adults would consider appropriate.

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Achievements in Use

Instrumental
Regulatory
Personal Interactional
Heuristic
Imaginative
Informative
Lack of Skills in Conversation

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Achievements in Speech

Expressive Phonology
Phonological Representation
Attainment of specific phonemes

Phonological processes
Final Consonant Deletion
Reduplication
Consonant Harmony
Weak Syllable Deletion
Diminutization
Cluster Reduction
Liquid Gliding

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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What Are Major Communicative Milestones in Preschool and School-age Children?

Preschools master form, content, and use.
Language acquisition is nearly complete when leaving preschool.

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Achievements In Form

Grammatical morphemes
Derivational morphology
The verb be
Copula- both uncontractible and contractible
Auxiliary- both uncontractible and contractible
Subject-verb-object-verb
Subject-verb-complement-adverb
Subject-auxiliary-verb-adverb

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Achievements In Content

Lexical Development
Fast Mapping- the initial exposure to a word accompanied by the rapid acquisition of general sense of its meaning
Decontextualized Language
Aids in understanding through the incorporation of and reliance on shared knowledge, gestures, intonation, and immediately present situational cues

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Achievements in Use

New additional functions of language
Conversation skills
Able to take turns in a conversation
Maintain a conversation
Narrative
Presents topics
Organizes information
Personal vs. Fictional

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Achievements in Speech

Phoneme mastery
Phonological process suppression
Systematic deviations
Weak syllable deletion
Cluster reduction
Liquid gliding
th substitution

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Achievements in Emergent Literacy

Emergent literacy
The earliest period of learning about reading a writing
Oral language
Describes young child’s receptive and expressive language abilities
Phonological awareness
Describes the young child’s understanding of and sensitivity to the sound units of oral language, namely the series of larger and smaller units that make up speech (phonemes, syllables, words)

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Achievements in Emergent Literacy, Cont.

Print awareness
Describes the young child’s understanding of the form and functions of written language
Alphabet knowledge
Describes the young child’s knowledge of the letters of the alphabet

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Functional Flexibility

Functional flexibility
The ability to use language for a variety of communicative purposes or functions
Language functions in school age children
Adjust to listener characteristics
State advantages as a reason to comply
Anticipate and reply to counterarguments
Use positive techniques such as politeness and bargaining as strategies to increase compliance
Avoid negative strategies such as whining and begging
Generate a large number and variety of different arguments
Control the discourse assertively

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Reading and Writing

Alphabetic principle
Children must learn how the orthography of letters (graphemes) corresponds to the phonology of sounds (phonemes)
Chall’s five stages of learning to read
Initial reading, or decoding
Confirmation, fluency, and ungluing from print
Reading for learning the new
Multiple viewpoints: High School
Construction and reconstruction: A World View

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Literate Language

Literate language
The term used to describe language that is highly decontextualized
Specific features of literate language
Elaborated noun phrases
Adverbs
Conjunctions
Metacognitive and metalinguistic verbs

Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach, 3e Justice and Redle

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Form and Content Refinements

Refinements
Understanding multiple meanings
Understanding lexical ambiguity
Understanding figurative language
Form refinements
Content refinements