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FLAN 3440 Intercultural Communication: Principles and Practice

CHAPTER 1: The Necessity of Intercultural Communication.

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The Need for Intercultural Communication

The history of our planet has been in great part the history of the mixing of peoples.

—Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.1

• Technology

• Information Dissemination

• Social Media

• International Tensions

• National Tensions

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Benefits of Intercultural Communication

• Healthier communities

• Increased commerce

• Reduced conflict

• Personal growth through tolerance

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Diversity in the United States

Immigration Trends

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Diversity in the United States

• Language

• Division vs Unity

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Eight Dimensions of Communication

• Process

• Dynamic

• Interactive-Transactive

• Symbolic

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The Nature of Human Communication

Eight Dimensions of Communication

• Intention

• Context

• Ubiquitous

• Culture

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The Nature of Human Communication

Communication

• Communication is the ubiquitous dynamic interactive process of encoding and decoding verbal and nonverbal messages within a defined cultural, physiological, relational, and perceptual context. Although many of our messages are sent intentionally, some others—perhaps our nonverbal messages—can unintentionally influence other people.19

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Communication Apprehension (CA)

• 1 in 5 adults in the U.S. suffer from CA every time they communicate with others. (McCroskey)

• The fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or group of persons.

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Four Types of CA

• Traitlike

• Context based

• Audience based

• Situational

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Culture

• Write your own definition

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Culture

• An accumulated pattern of values, beliefs, and behaviors, shared by an identifiable group of people with a common history and verbal and nonverbal symbol systems.

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Nature of Culture

• Accumulated Pattern of Values, Beliefs & Behaviors

• Identifiable Group of People w/Common History

• Verbal & Nonverbal Symbol Systems

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Microcultures

• Microcultures coexist within the mainstream society….within the broader rules and guidelines of the dominant cultural milieu but are distinct in some way, perhaps racially or linguistically, or via their sexual orientation, age, or even occupation.

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Microcultures

• Microcultures coexist within the mainstream society….within the broader rules and guidelines of the dominant cultural milieu but are distinct in some way, perhaps racially or linguistically, or via their sexual orientation, age, or even occupation.

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Intercultural Communication

A brief history

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Edward T. Hall 1966 (1914-2009)

A Contextual Model of Intercultural Communication

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Contexts

• Cultural

• Microcultural

• Environmental

• Perceptual

• Sociorelational

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Contexts

• Cultural

• Microcultural

• Environmental

• Perceptual

• Sociorelational

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Intercultural Communication and Uncertainty

• Uncertainty can lead to anxiety.

• Reduction of uncertainty can lead to certainty

• Interaction with strangers is a process of reducing uncertainty

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Intercultural Communication Apprehension

• Intercultural communication apprehension is the fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated interaction with people from different groups.

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Communication Competence

• Cognitive Components

• Affective Components

• Behavioral Components

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Fundamental Assumptions about Intercultural Communication

• #1: During intercultural communication, the message sent is usually not the message received.

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Ethnocentrism

• Ethnocentrism: the idea that one’s own culture is the center of everything and all other groups (or cultures) are scaled and rated with reference to it.

• GENE Scale

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Fundamental Assumptions about Intercultural Communication

• #2: Intercultural communication is primarily a nonverbal act between people.

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• #3: Intercultural communication necessarily involves a clash of communicator style.

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Fundamental Assumptions about Intercultural Communication

• #4: Initial intercultural communication is a group phenomenon experienced by individuals.

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Fundamental Assumptions about Intercultural Communication

• #5: Intercultural communication is a cycle of stress, adaptation and growth.

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Fundamental Assumptions about Intercultural Communication

Five Ethical Approaches*

• The Utilitarian Approach

• The Rights Approach

• The Fairness or Social Justice Approach

• The Common Good Approach

• The Virtues Approach

• (*Western perspective)

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Ethical Principles of Eastern Cultures

• Confucianism

• Hinduism

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Intercultural Communication Competence

• Empathy

• Intercultural experience/training

• Approach Tendencies

• Global Attitude

• Listening Skills

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