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American Government Roots and Reform

Thirteenth Edition

Chapter 16

Foreign and Defense Policy

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

Foreign and Defense Policy

 Foreign Policy  Area of policy making that encompasses how one country

builds relationships with other countries in order to

safeguard its national interest.

 Defense Policy  Area of policy making that focuses on the strategies that

a country uses to protect itself from its enemies.

Activity – The 3 Y’s

1) Refer to Table 16.1 - Military Expenditures by Country

2) Complete the written response sheet individually (3-5 minutes)

3) Starting with question 1, have each group member share their response

4) Continue with question 2 and then question 3

5) Be prepared to report similarities, differences, and observations

Military Expenditures by Country

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

Foreign and Defense Policy

Decision Making

 The Constitution

 The Executive Branch

 Congress

 The Judiciary

 Interest Groups and Political Parties

16.2

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

The Constitution

 Constitutional Convention

 Foreign policy powers granted to the national government, not the states

 Foreign policy powers divided between the president and Congress

 President is commander in chief

 Congress funds military and declares war

 President appoints ambassadors, subject to Senate approval

 All actions subject to judicial review

16.2

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

The Executive Branch  The President

 Preeminent in foreign and defense policy

 Relies on National Security Council

 The Departments  State conducts diplomatic activity; formulates foreign policy

 Defense formulates military policy

 Homeland Security both foreign & domestic policy, post 9/11,

brought together 22 agencies incl. FEMA, TSA, Secret Service

 The intelligence community  Agencies involved in the collection & analysis of information,

counterintelligence, covert action

 Director of National Intelligence (DNI) created post-9/11

 Most prominent branch - CIA

16.2

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

Congress

 Oversight Hearings, reporting requirements, fact-finding missions abroad

 Treaties and Executive Agreements Treaties require Senate approval, presidential executive agreements do not require approval

 Appointments and Appropriations  Senate provides consent on appointments

 Power to appropriate funds through control of the budget

 The War Powers Resolution (1973)  Limits the president’s deployment of troops overseas

 Largely ineffective

16.2

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

The Judiciary

 Limited Role  Tends to dismiss disputes over foreign policy as political

in nature

 Infrequent intervention is often to protect a civil liberty

16.2

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

Interest Groups

 Business Groups  Defense industries/ Military–industrial complex

 Ethnic interest groups

 Foreign governments and companies  Acquiring foreign aid, preventing hostile legislation

 Ideological–public interest groups  Think tanks, nongovernmental organizations

16.2

HW13

Consider the topic of the “American Politics in Comparative Perspective” feature. How does U.S. military spending compare with other nations?

What do you think accounts for the high level of U.S. military spending?

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

Contemporary Challenges in

Foreign and Defense Policy

 Trade

 Terrorism

 Nuclear Weapons

 Global Climate Change

16.3

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

Trade

 Approaches to Trade

 Protectionism - a country takes steps to limit the import of foreign goods through tariffs and subsidies

 Strategic trade – governments identify key industries that they want to grow and enact policies to support their development and success

 Free (Managed) trade – system with limited interference subject to supply and demand and comparative advantage

16.3

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

Trade

 Making Trade Policy under a free trade

approach

 Bilateral – trade between two nations

 Regional– trade between more than two, but as few as three, nations (NAFTA)

 Global free trade system – agreements concluded under a global organization, such as the WTO, through negotiations with many countries

16.3

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

Terrorism

 Terrorism – violence designed to achieve political intimidation and instill fear. It is generally pursued for ideological, political, or religious goals and deliberately targets or disregards the safety of noncombatants.

 Features of current wave of terrorism  Based in religion, especially Islam  Major goal is to drive the U.S. out of the Middle

East and to return the region to Muslim rule.

16.3

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

Terrorism

 Making counterterrorism policy

 Diplomacy - persuade other states to assist

 Military power and covert actions

 Economic power – sanctions or aid

16.3

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

Nuclear Weapons

 Making arms proliferation policy  Disarmament – weapons are the problem, so eliminating

them is the goal

 Arms control – reduce the number and type of weapons

 Defense - create a system to intercept attacks

 Counter-proliferation – pre-emptive military action against

threats

16.3

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

Global Climate Change

 Climate Action Plan (2013)  Cut U.S. carbon pollution  Prepare United States for impacts of climate change  Lead international efforts to address climate change

 U.S.-China Agreement (2015)  Collaboration to phase out hydrofluorocarbons, develop

carbon “capture and storage systems”

 Paris Climate Agreement  Agreed to under Obama administration; Trump has

announced the U.S. is pulling out

16.3

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

Global Climate Change

 11/3/17 - Climate Science Special Report (CSSR) released by the White House  The CSSR is mandated by Congress to be written every four

years.  Dozens of scientists from government and non-government

institutions collaborate on the CSSR.  The report concludes that climate change is real, caused by

humans, happening faster than predicted, and poses a tremendous threat to the U. S. and the rest of the world

The report contradicts Trump administration beliefs

and policy (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfrpSzEPx7I to 1:08)

16.3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfrpSzEPx7I

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

Toward Reform: Emerging

Challenges

 China  Both a Challenger and Logical Partner -China depends on the

U.S. market and the U.S. borrows heavily from China.

 China Is Modernizing Its Military Capabilities

Russia  Reasserting power lost after the collapse of the Soviet Union

 President Vladimir Putin’s Consolidating Power

 Control of Russian media and repression of political dissent

 Use of military: Invasions of Georgia, Ukraine and Intervention in Syria

16.4

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

Toward Reform: Emerging

Challenges

Europe  European Union – 28 member nations; promote cooperation

rather than conflict

 Recent economic and political problems: loan defaults, influx of refugees, terrorist attacks, UK withdrawal

 Problems pose a challenge for the U.S. because of close ties

Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region  The Entire Region Has Become Destabilized: uprisings

starting in 2010, civil wars, and military crackdowns

 U.S. Interests include protecting allies: Turkey and Israel, protecting global oil supplying, and thwarting terrorist forces

16.4

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

a. Appointments

b. Executive agreements

c. Treaties

d. Appropriations

e. None of the above

16.2 To get around Senate approval, presidents sometime turn to this foreign policy tool

16.2

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

a. Disarmament

b. Arms Control

c. Denial

d. Defense

16.3 The idea that weapons are an inherent cause of conflict and should be abolished is:

16.3

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

a. Brazil

b. Russia

c. India

d. China

16.4 Relations with this country are challenging because it appears to be both primary challenger to the U.S. and logical partner.

16.4

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

Discussion Questions

What role does each branch of government play in foreign policy?