Accounting Chapter 14.2 Work Together

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4. Begin a work sheet for a merchandising business.

5. Plan work sheet adjustments for merchandise inventory, supplies, prepaid expenses, uncollect- ible accounts, and depreciation.

6. Calculate federal income tax and plan the work sheet adjustment for federal income tax.

7. Complete a work sheet for a merchandising business.

After studying Chapter 14, you will be able to:

1. Define accounting terms related to distribut- ing dividends and preparing a work sheet for a merchandising business.

2. Identify accounting concepts and practices related to distributing dividends and preparing a work sheet for a merchandising business.

3. Journalize the declaration and payment of a dividend.

C H A P T E R 1 4 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

O B J E C T I V E S

K E Y T E R M S

• retained earnings • dividends • board of directors • declaring a dividend • merchandise inventory • uncollectible accounts

• allowance method of recording losses from uncollectible accounts

• book value • book value of accounts

receivable • current assets • plant assets

• depreciation expense • estimated salvage value • straight-line method of

depreciation • accumulated

depreciation • book value of a plant

asset

www.C21accounting.com Point Your Browser( )

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Finding Stock Prices Many company web sites give

a history of the stock prices

for the company’s stock. Go to

the homepage for a company

of your choice. Look under a

heading such as “About Us”

or “Investor Relations” to find

information about the price of

the company’s stock.

Instructions

1. Find the closing stock price

from the previous day’s

trading.

2. Find the highest price for

which the stock sold on

the previous day.

3. Find the lowest price for

which the stock sold on

the previous day.

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I N T E R N E T A C T I V I T Y

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Lowe’s

Lowe’s—the Good Neighbor Welcome to the neighborhood! That’s the reaction Lowe’s wants when

it opens a store in your neighborhood. Lowe’s is working to make home

improvement more convenient for its customers. By providing the right

products at the right price, whether in local stores or at Lowes.com, the com-

pany seeks to make it easy for its customers to improve the quality and value

of their homes.

Lowe’s is also investing in its community. The company provides relief

supplies to victims of natural disasters, financial support for Habitat for

Humanity, and educational grants to K-12 public

education systems.

Community involvement is impor-

tant to the employees at Lowe’s.

The company encourages vol-

unteerism through Lowe’s

Heroes, a program focused

on home safety. Looking

out for your neighbor—

that’s what being a good

neighbor is all about.

Critical Thinking

1. Beyond having quality products at a fair price, how do Lowe’s and

other home improvement companies assist customers to improve

their homes?

2. How should Lowe’s account for a donation of lumber to a Habitat for

Humanity house?

Source: www.lowes.com

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L E S S O N

14-1 Distributing Corporate Earnings to Stockholders

Management decisions about future business operations are often based on financial information. This informa- tion shows whether a profit is being made or a loss is being incurred. Profit or loss information helps an owner or manager determine future changes. Financial information is also needed to prepare required tax reports. Hobby Shack uses a fiscal year that begins on January 1 and ends on December 31. Therefore, Hobby Shack sum- marizes its financial information on December 31 of each year.

F I N A N C I A L I N F O R M AT I O N

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A company that believes one of

its employees is stealing may

obtain the services of a Cer-

tified Fraud Examiner (CFE).

The CFE is trained to examine

accounting records and obtain

other evidence related to the

alleged theft. CFEs often serve

as expert witnesses in court. The

Code of Professional Ethics of the

Association of Certified Fraud Examin-

ers provides its members with guidance on

how to serve as an expert witness. The Code states that

the CFE should obtain evidence that provides a reason-

able basis for his or her opinion. However, the CFE should

never express an opinion on the guilt or innocence of any

person.

Instructions Access the ACFE Code of Professional Ethics of the Associa-

tion of Certified Fraud Examiners at www.cfenet.com. Cit-

ing the section, what other advice does the Code provide

a CFE when serving as an expert witness?

He’s Gui l t y !

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404 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

A corporation’s ownership is divided into units. Each unit of ownership in a corporation is known as a share of stock. An owner of one or more shares of a corporation is known as a stockholder. Each stockholder is an owner of a corporation. Owners’ equity accounts for a corporation normally are listed under a major chart of accounts division titled Stockholders’ Equity. Most corporations have many stockholders. It is not practical to have a separate owner’s equity account for each stockholder. Instead, a single owners’ equity account, titled Capital Stock, is used for the investment of all owners. A second stockholders’ equity account is used to record a corporation’s earnings. Net income increases a corpo- ration’s total stockholders’ equity. Some income may be

retained by a corporation for business expansion. An amount earned by a corporation and not yet distributed to stockholders is called retained earnings. Retained Earn- ings is the title of the account used to record a corpora- tion’s earnings. Some income may be given to stockholders as a return on their investments. A third stockholders’ equity account is used to record the distribution of a corporation’s earn- ings to stockholders. Earnings distributed to stockholders are called dividends. A corporation’s dividend account is a temporary account similar to a proprietorship’s draw- ing account. Each time a dividend is declared, an account titled Dividends is debited. At the end of each fiscal period, the balance in the dividends account is closed to Retained Earnings.

S T O C K H O L D E R S ’ E Q U I T Y A C C O U N T S U S E D B Y A C O R P O R AT I O N

(3000) STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

3110 Capital Stock 3120 Retained Earnings 3130 Dividends 3140 Income Summary

R E M E M B E R

Dividends is a temporary account that is closed to

Retained Earnings at the end of the fiscal period.

PHOTOGRAPHER’S CHOICE RF/GETTY IMAGES

Distributing Corporate Earnings to Stockholders Lesson 14-1 405

D E C L A R I N G A D I V I D E N D

A group of persons elected by the stockholders to manage a corporation is called a board of directors. Dividends can be distributed to stockholders only by formal action of a corporation’s board of directors. [CONCEPT: Busi- ness Entity] Action by a board of directors to distribute corporate earnings to stockholders is called declaring a dividend. Dividends normally are declared on one date and paid on a later date. If a board of directors declares a dividend, the corporation is then obligated to pay the dividend. The dividend is a liability that must be recorded in the corpo- ration’s accounts. Hobby Shack declares dividends each March 15, June 15, September 15, and December 15. The dividends are then paid on the 15th of the following month. The stockholders’ equity account, Dividends, has a nor- mal debit balance and is increased by a $5,000.00 debit. Dividends Payable is credited for $5,000.00 to show the increase in this liability account.

December 15. Hobby Shack’s board of directors declared a quarterly dividend of $2.00 per share; capital stock issued is 2,500 shares;

total dividend, $5,000.00. Date of payment is January 15. Memorandum No. 79.

GENERAL JOURNAL PAGE 14

DATE ACCOUNT TITLE DEBIT CREDIT

Dec. 20--

15 Dividends Dividends Payable

DOC. NO.

POST. REF.

50 0 0 00 50 0 0 00

M79

3. Memorandum Number2. Account Debited 4. Amount Debited

5. Account Credited 6. Amount Credited1. Date

2 3 4

5 6

Dividends

Dividends Payable

3/15 Decl. 6/15 Decl. 9/15 Decl. 12/15 Decl.

5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00

4/15 Paid 7/15 Paid 10/15 Paid

5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00

3/15 Decl. 6/15 Decl. 9/15 Decl. 12/15 Decl.

5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00

Number of Shares Outstanding

2,500

Quarterly Dividend per Share

$2.00

Total Quarterly Dividend $5,000.00

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1 Write the date, 20--, Dec. 15, in the Date column.

2 Write the title of the account debited, Dividends, in the Account Title column.

3 Write the memorandum number, M79, in the Doc. No. column.

4 Write the debit amount, $5,000.00, in the Debit column.

5 Write the title of the account credited, Dividends Payable, on the next line of the Account Title column, indented about 1 centimeter.

6 Write the credit amount, $5,000.00, in the Credit column.

S T E P S JOURNALIZING DECLARING A DIVIDEND

406 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

P AY I N G A D I V I D E N D

Hobby Shack issues one check for the amount of the total dividend to be paid. This check is deposited in a special dividend checking account. A separate check for each stockholder is drawn on this special account. The special account avoids a large number of cash payments journal entries and also reserves cash specifically for pay- ing dividends. A check is often made payable to an agent, such as a bank. The agent then handles the details of sending divi- dend checks to individual stockholders.

January 15. Paid cash for quarterly dividend declared December 15, $5,000.00. Check No. 379.

When this entry is posted, the dividends payable account has a zero balance.

CASH PAYMENTS JOURNAL PAGE 25 1 2 3 4

DATE ACCOUNT TITLE PURCHASES DISCOUNT

CREDIT

CASH CREDIT

Jan. 20--

15 Dividends Payable

CK. NO.

POST. REF.

GENERAL

DEBIT CREDIT

5 0 0 0 00 5 0 0 0 00

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

DEBIT

379

3. Check Number 4. Debit Dividends Payable

5. Credit Cash

3 4

2. Account Title

1. Date

1 5

Dividends Payable

Cash

4/15 Paid 7/15 Paid 10/15 Paid 1/15 Paid

5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00

3/15 Decl. 6/15 Decl. 9/15 Decl. 12/15 Decl.

5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00

1/15 Paid 5,000.00

1 Write the date, 20--, Jan. 15, in the Date column.

2 Write the account title, Dividends Payable, in the Account Title column.

3 Write the check number, 379, in the Ck. No. column.

4 Write the debit amount, $5,000.00, in the General Debit column.

5 Write the credit amount, $5,000.00, in the Cash Credit column.

S T E P S JOURNALIZING THE PAYMENT OF DIVIDENDS

F O R YO U R I N F O R M AT I O N

F Y I

Dividends are declared on one date and paid on a later date. Only

stockholders owning the stock on the date of record specified by the board of directors receive the

dividend. Stockholders owning the stock on the date of record receive

the entire dividend, regardless of how long they have owned the stock.

Distributing Corporate Earnings to Stockholders Lesson 14-1 407

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REVIEW A U D I T Y O U R U N D E R S T A N D I N G

1. Under what major chart of accounts division are the owners’ equity accounts for a corporation normally listed?

2. How many accounts are kept for the investment of all owners of a corporation?

3. What account does a corporation use to record earnings not yet distrib- uted to stockholders?

4. What action is required before a corporation can distribute income to its stockholders?

W O R K T O G E T H E R 1 4  1

Journalizing dividends

Journals are given in the Working Papers. Your instructor will guide you through the following examples.

Coastal Aquatics completed the following transactions during December of the current year and January of the next year.

Transactions: Dec. 15. The board of directors declared a dividend of $3.00 per share; capital stock issued is 1,750 shares. M162. Jan. 15. Paid cash for dividend declared December 15. C687.

1. Use page 14 of a general journal. Journalize the dividend declared on December 15.

2. Use page 21 of a cash payments journal. Journalize payment of the dividend on January 15.

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Journalizing dividends

Journals are given in the Working Papers. Work this problem independently.

Sonoma Treasures completed the following transactions during December of the current year and January of the next year.

Transactions: Dec. 15. The board of directors declared a dividend of $1.00 per share; capital stock issued is 21,000 shares.

M321. Jan. 15. Paid cash for dividend declared December 15. C721.

1. Use page 22 of a general journal. Journalize the dividend declared on December 15.

2. Use page 24 of a cash payments journal. Journalize payment of the dividend.

retained earnings

dividends

board of directors

declaring a dividend

T E R M S R E V I E W

408 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

L E S S O N

14-2

Beginning an 8-Column Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

A columnar accounting form on which the financial information needed to prepare financial statements is summarized is known as a work sheet. A work sheet is used to plan adjustments and summarize the information nec-

essary to prepare financial statements. The steps used to prepare a work sheet are similar for proprietorships and corporations.

To prepare a work sheet, a trial balance is first entered in the Trial Balance columns. All general ledger accounts and balances are listed in the same order as they appear in the general ledger. Trial Balance columns are totaled to prove equality of debits and credits. The worksheet for Hobby Shack is different from the work sheet completed for TechKnow in Chapter 6. Unlike

E N T E R I N G A T R I A L B A L A N C E O N A W O R K S H E E T

a service business, a merchandising business will have an account for merchandise inventory. A corporation’s accounts are similar to those of a proprietorship except for the capital stock, retained earnings, dividends, and federal income tax accounts.

Some general ledger accounts need to be brought up to date before financial statements are prepared. Accounts are brought up to date by planning and entering adjust- ments on a work sheet. Adjustments are planned in the Adjustments columns of a work sheet. Adjustments recorded on a work sheet are for planning purposes only. The general ledger account balances are not changed until entries are journalized and posted. Journal entries made to bring general ledger accounts up to date are known as adjusting entries. Hobby Shack’s adjustments for supplies and prepaid insurance are the same as those for TechKnow described in Chapter 6. Hobby Shack also makes adjustments to these accounts: (1) Merchandise Inventory, (2) Uncollect- ible Accounts Expense, (3) Depreciation Expense, and (4) Federal Income Tax Expense.

P L A N N I N G A D J U S T M E N T S O N A W O R K S H E E T

The adjustment for merchandise inventory is unique to a merchandising business. Adjustments for uncollect- ible accounts expense and depreciation expense could also be made by a service business. The adjustment for federal income tax is unique to corporations. This adjustment is not made for a proprietorship because taxes are paid by the owner, not the business.

S P O T L I G H T

Small businesses represent approximately 99 percent of

employers, employ nearly 50 percent of non-government employees,

and are responsible for about two-thirds to three-quarters of net new jobs, according to the Office of Advocacy of the U.S.

Small Business Administration.

S M A L L B U S I N E S S

Beginning an 8-Column Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business Lesson 14-2 409

R E C O R D I N G A T R I A L B A L A N C E O N A W O R K S H E E T

TRIAL BALANCE ACCOUNT TITLE DEBIT CREDIT

1 2

Hobby Shack, Inc.

Work Sheet

For Year Ended December 31, 20--

Cash

Petty Cash

Accounts Receivable

Allow. for Uncoll. Accts.

Merchandise Inventory

Supplies—Office

Supplies—Store

Prepaid Insurance

Office Equipment

Acc. Depr.—Office Equipment

Store Equipment

Acc. Depr.—Store Equipment

Accounts Payable

Federal Income Tax Payable

Insurance Expense

Miscellaneous Expense

Payroll Taxes Expense

Rent Expense

Salary Expense

Supplies Expense—Office

Supplies Expense—Store

Uncollectible Accounts Expense

Utilities Expense

Federal Income Tax Expense

29 0 8 0 28 3 0 0 00

14 6 9 8 40

140 4 8 0 00 3 4 8 0 00 3 9 4 4 00 5 8 0 0 00

35 8 6 4 50

40 8 4 9 50

2 5 6 4 90 9 1 0 5 00

18 0 0 0 00 104 5 2 5 00

3 8 2 0 00 18 0 0 0 00

670 8 6 1 59

1 2 7 52

6 4 9 7 00

5 0 6 9 00 11 5 8 3 03

670 8 6 1 59

ACCOUNT NO. 1110

DATE ITEM DEBIT CREDIT BALANCE

Dec. 20--

1 31 31

Balance

POST. REF.

37 1 8 0 80 36 3 6 0 52

DEBIT CREDIT

2 8 2 6 0 00 6 5 4 4 0 80 2 9 0 8 0 28

ACCOUNT Cash

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CR12 CP24

1. Account Titles

1 2

3. Total, prove and rule the debit and credit columns.

2. Account Balances

1 Write the title of each general ledger account in the work sheet’s Account Title column in the same order they appear in the general ledger. All accounts are listed regardless of whether there is a balance or not. Listing all accounts reduces the possibility of overlooking an account that needs to be brought up to date.

2 Write the balance of each account in the appropriate work sheet’s Trial Balance Debit or Credit column. The amounts are taken from the general ledger accounts.

3 Total, prove, and rule the Trial Balance Debit and Credit columns of the work sheet.

S T E P S RECORDING A TRIAL BALANCE ON A WORK SHEET

410 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

A N A LY Z I N G A N D R E C O R D I N G S U P P L I E S A D J U S T M E N T S

The balance of Supplies—Office in the trial balance, $3,480.00, is the cost of office supplies on hand at the beginning of the year plus the office supplies purchased during the year. The supplies on hand on December 31 are counted and determined to be $750.00. The differ- ence is the value of office supplies used during the year, which is an expense. Likewise, the balance of Supplies—Store in the trial balance, $3,944.00, is the cost of store supplies on hand at the beginning of the year plus the store supplies purchased during the year. The value of store supplies on hand on December 31 is determined to be $1,034.00.

Analyzing Supplies Adjustments Four questions are asked to analyze the adjustments for the supplies accounts.

1. What is the balance of the Supplies accounts? Supplies—Office, $3,480.00 Supplies—Store, $3,944.00

2. What should the balance be for these accounts? Supplies—Office, $750.00 Supplies—Store, $1,034.00

3. What must be done to correct the account balances? Decrease Supplies—Office, $2,730.00 ($3,480.00 � 750.00) Decrease Supplies—Store, $2,910.00 ($3,944.00 � 1,034.00)

4. What adjustment is made? Debit: Supplies Expense—Office, $2,730.00 Supplies Expense—Store, $2,910.00 Credit: Supplies—Office, $2,730.00 Supplies—Store, $2,910.00

The supplies adjustments are shown in the T accounts. The December 31 balance shown in faded type is the bal- ance before the adjustments.

Supplies Expense—Office

Adj. (a) 2,730.00

Supplies—Office

Dec. 31 Bal. 3,480.00 (Adj. Bal. 750.00)

Adj. (a) 2,730.00

Supplies Expense—Store

Adj. (b) 2,910.00

Supplies—Store

Dec. 31 Bal. 3,944.00 (Adj Bal. 1,034.00)

Adj. (b) 2,910.00

HOLA IM AGES/GETTY IMAGES

Beginning an 8-Column Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business Lesson 14-2 411

R E C O R D I N G S U P P L I E S A D J U S T M E N T S O N A W O R K S H E E T

ACCOUNT TITLE TRIAL BALANCE

DEBIT CREDIT

ADJUSTMENTS

DEBIT CREDIT

Supplies—Office Supplies—Store

Supplies Expense—Office Supplies Expense—Store

1. Debits

2. Credits3. Labels

34 8 0 00 39 4 4 00

2 7 3 0 00 2 9 1 0 00

(a)

(b)

2 7 3 0 00 2 9 1 0 00

(a)

(b)

1 2 3 4

1 Write the debit amounts in the Adjustments Debit column on the lines with the appropriate account titles: $2,730.00 with Supplies Expense—Office and $2,910.00 with Supplies Expense—Store.

2 Write the credit amounts in the Adjustments Credit column on the lines with the appropriate account titles: $2,730.00 with Supplies—Office and $2,910.00 with Supplies—Store.

3 Label the two parts of the Supplies—Office adjustment with a small letter a in parentheses, (a). Label the two parts of the Supplies—Store adjustment with a small letter b in parentheses, (b).

S T E P S RECORDING WORK SHEET ADJUSTMENTS FOR SUPPLIES

DIG

ITAL VISION/GETTY IMAGES

412 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

A N A LY Z I N G A N D R E C O R D I N G A P R E P A I D I N S U R A N C E A D J U S T M E N T

Insurance premiums are debited to a prepaid insurance account when paid. During the year, Hobby Shack paid $5,800.00 of insurance premiums.

Analyzing a Prepaid Insurance Adjustment Hobby Shack determined that the value of prepaid insur- ance on December 31 is $2,630.00. Therefore, the value of insurance used during the year is $3,170.00 ($5,800.00 � $2,630.00). This difference is the amount of insurance expense for the year. Prepaid Insurance is credited and Insurance Expense is debited at the end of the fiscal period for the value of insurance used. The prepaid insurance adjustment is shown in the T accounts. The December 31 balance shown in faded type is the balance before the adjustment.

1. What is the balance of Prepaid Insurance? $5,800.00

2. What should the balance be for this account? $2,630.00

3. What must be done to correct the account balance? Decrease $3,170.00 ($5,800.00 � $2,630.00)

4. What adjustment is made? Debit Insurance Expense, $3,170.00 Credit Prepaid Insurance, $3,170.00

Insurance Expense

Adj. (c) 3,170.00

Prepaid Insurance

Dec. 31 Bal. 5,800.00 (New Bal. 2,630.00)

Adj. (c) 3,170.00

Recording a Prepaid Insurance Adjustment

ACCOUNT TITLE TRIAL BALANCE

DEBIT CREDIT

ADJUSTMENTS

DEBIT CREDIT

Prepaid Insurance

Insurance Expense

2. Debit

1. Credit

3. Labels

5 8 0 0 00

3 1 7 0 00(c)

1 2 3 4

2 3

3 1

1 Enter the amount of insurance used, $3,170.00, in the Adjustments Credit column on the Prepaid Insurance line of the work sheet.

2 Enter the same amount, $3,170.00, in the Adjustments Debit column on the Insurance Expense line of the work sheet.

3 Label the two parts of the adjustment with a small letter c in parentheses, (c).

S T E P S RECORDING WORK SHEET ADJUSTMENTS FOR PREPAID INSURANCE

Beginning an 8-Column Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business Lesson 14-2 413

E n d o f L e s s o n

REVIEW A U D I T Y O U R U N D E R S T A N D I N G

1. What accounts are used for the adjustment to office supplies?

2. What accounts are used for the adjustment to prepaid insurance?

W O R K T O G E T H E R 1 4  2

Beginning an 8-column work sheet for a merchandising business

A partially completed work sheet for Coastal Aquatics is given in the Working Papers. Four general ledger accounts are shown below. Your instructor will guide you through the following examples.

1. Enter the accounts and account balances on the following lines.

Line Account Account Balance 3 Accounts Receivable $ 15,485.25 13 Accounts Payable 18,482.28 29 Sales 845,828.09 32 Purchases 389,184.01

2. Total, prove, and rule the trial balance.

3. From a physical count of the following, December 31 balances are determined to be:

Supplies—Office $657.15 Supplies—Store 633.11 Prepaid Insurance 800.00

Analyze adjustments that need to be made for the accounts above and enter the adjustments on the work sheet. Label the adjustments (a)–(c). Save your work to complete Work Together 14-3.

O N Y O U R O W N 1 4  2

Beginning an 8-column work sheet for a merchandising business

A partially completed work sheet for Sonoma Treasures is given in the Working Papers. Four general ledger accounts are shown below. Work this problem independently.

1. Enter the accounts and account balances on the following lines.

Line Account Account Balance 8 Prepaid Insurance $ 12,000.00 25 Capital Stock 210,000.00 30 Sales Discount 715.25 43 Rent Expense 30,000.00

2. Total, prove, and rule the trial balance.

3. From a physical count of the following, December 31 balances are determined to be:

Supplies—Office $ 633.61 Supplies—Store 983.36 Prepaid Insurance 3,000.00

Analyze adjustments that need to be made for the accounts above and enter the adjustments on the work sheet. Label the adjustments (a)–(c). Save your work to complete On Your Own 14-3.

414 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

L E S S O N

14-3

Planning and Recording a Merchandise Inventory Adjustment

M E R C H A N D I S E I N V E N T O R Y

In addition to supplies and prepaid insurance, Hobby Shack needs to adjust the merchandise inventory account. Planning the adjustment is similar to the adjustment for supplies. However, the adjusting entry includes a new account. The amount of goods on hand for sale to custom- ers is called merchandise inventory. The general ledger account in which merchandise inventory is recorded is titled Merchandise Inventory. Merchandise Inventory is an asset account with a normal debit balance.

The balance of the merchandise inventory account on December 31, the end of the fiscal year, is the same amount, $140,480.00. The January 1 and December 31 balances are the same because no entries have been made in the account during the fiscal year. The changes in inven- tory resulting from purchases and sales transactions have not been recorded in the merchandise inventory account. During a fiscal period, the amount of merchandise on hand increases each time merchandise is purchased. How- ever, all purchases are recorded in the purchases account. The amount of merchandise on hand decreases each time merchandise is sold. However, all sales are recorded in the sales account. This procedure makes it easier to determine the total purchases and sales during a fiscal period. The merchandise inventory account balance, therefore, must be adjusted to reflect the changes resulting from purchases and sales during a fiscal period.

In cr

ea se

D ecrease

Debit

Merchandise Inventory

Credit

Hobby Shack’s merchandise inventory account on Jan- uary 1, the beginning of the fiscal year, has a debit balance of $140,480.00.

STOCKBYTE/GETTY IMAGES

Merchandise Inventory

Jan. 1 Bal. 140,480.00

Planning and Recording a Merchandise Inventory Adjustment Lesson 14-3 415

A N A LY Z I N G A N D R E C O R D I N G A M E R C H A N D I S E I N V E N T O R Y A D J U S T M E N T

The two accounts used to adjust the merchandise inven- tory are Merchandise Inventory and Income Summary. Before the adjustment, the merchandise inventory account has a January 1 debit balance of $140,480.00. The merchandise inventory account balance, however, is not up-to-date. The actual count of merchandise on Decem- ber 31 shows that the inventory is valued at $124,640.00. Therefore, the merchandise inventory account balance must be adjusted to show the current value of merchan- dise on hand. Most accounts needing adjustment at the end of a fis- cal period have a related temporary account. For example, when the account Prepaid Insurance is adjusted, Insur- ance Expense is the related expense account, a temporary account. Merchandise Inventory, however, does not have a related expense account. Therefore, Income Summary, a temporary account, is used to adjust the merchandise inventory account at the end of a fiscal period. Four questions are asked in analyzing the adjustment for merchandise inventory.

1. What is the balance of Merchandise Inventory? $140,480.00

2. What should the balance be for this account? $124,640.00

3. What must be done to correct the account balance? Decrease $15,840.00

4. What adjustment is made? Debit Income Summary, $15,840.00 Credit Merchandise Inventory, $15,840.00

ACCOUNT TITLE TRIAL BALANCE

DEBIT CREDIT

ADJUSTMENTS

DEBIT CREDIT

Merchandise Inventory

Income Summary

2. Credit

3. Label

1. Debit

1404 8 0 00

15 8 4 0 00(d)

158 4 0 00(d)

1 2 3 4

2 3

Income Summary is debited and Merchandise Inven- tory is credited for $15,840.00. The beginning debit bal- ance of Merchandise Inventory, $140,480.00, minus the adjustment credit amount, $15,840.00, equals the ending debit balance of Merchandise Inventory, $124,640.00.

1 Write the debit amount, $15,840.00, in the Adjustments Debit column on the line with the account title Income Summary.

2 Write the credit amount, $15,840.00, in the Adjustments Credit column on the line with the account title Merchandise Inventory.

3 Label the two parts of this adjustment with a small letter d in parentheses, (d).

S T E P S RECORDING A WORK SHEET ADJUSTMENT FOR MERCHANDISE INVENTORY

Merchandise Inventory

Jan. 1 Bal. 140,480.00 (New Bal. 124,640.00)

Income Summary

Adj. (d) 15,840.00

416 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

A N A LY Z I N G A N A D J U S T M E N T W H E N E N D I N G M E R C H A N D I S E I N V E N T O R Y I S G R E AT E R T H A N B E G I N N I N G M E R C H A N D I S E I N V E N T O R Y

If the amount of merchandise inventory on hand is greater than the January 1 balance of Merchandise Inven- tory, opposite entries would be made—debit Merchandise Inventory and credit Income Summary. For example, Ven- able Company’s merchandise inventory account on Janu- ary 1 has a debit balance of $294,700.00. The count of merchandise on December 31 shows that the inventory is valued at $298,900.00. The merchandise on hand is $4,200.00 greater than the January 1 balance of Merchan- dise Inventory. Four questions are asked in analyzing the adjustment for merchandise inventory.

1. What is the balance of Merchandise Inventory? $294,700.00

2. What should the balance be for this account? $298,900.00

3. What must be done to correct the account balance? Increase $4,200.00

4. What adjustment is made? Debit Merchandise Inventory, $4,200.00 Credit Income Summary, $4,200.00

Merchandise Inventory is debited and Income Summary is credited for $4,200.00. The beginning debit balance of Merchandise Inventory, $294,700.00, plus the adjustment debit amount, $4,200.00, equals the ending debit balance of Merchandise Inventory, $298,900.00.

The merchandise inventory adjustment is shown in the T accounts.

R E M E M B E R

When an account that requires adjusting does not have a related expense account, the temporary account

Income Summary is used.

DIGITAL VISION/GETTY IMAGES

Merchandise Inventory

Jan. 1 Bal. 294,700.00 Adj. (d) 4,200.00 (New Bal. 298,900.00)

Income Summary

Adj. (d) 4,200.00

Planning and Recording a Merchandise Inventory Adjustment Lesson 14-3 417

E n d o f L e s s o n

REVIEW

T E R M R E V I E W

merchandise inventory

A U D I T Y O U R U N D E R S T A N D I N G

1. In what order should general ledger accounts be listed on a work sheet?

2. What accounts are used for the adjustment for merchandise inventory?

3. What adjusting entry is entered on a work sheet when the ending merchandise inventory is less than the beginning value?

4. When is the temporary account Income Summary used?

W O R K T O G E T H E R 1 4  3

Analyzing and recording an adjustment for merchandise inventory

Use the work sheet from Work Together 14-2. Your instructor will guide you through the following example.

1. From a physical count of merchandise inventory, the December 31 balance is determined to be $234,904.20. Analyze the merchandise inventory adjustment and enter the adjustment on the work sheet. Label the adjust- ment (d). Save your work to complete Work Together 14-4.

O N Y O U R O W N 1 4  3

Analyzing and recording an adjustment for merchandise inventory

Use the work sheet from On Your Own 14-2. Work this problem independently.

1. From a physical count of merchandise inventory, the December 31 balance is determined to be $261,089.97. Analyze the merchandise inventory adjustment and enter the adjustment on the work sheet. Label the adjust- ment (d). Save your work to complete On Your Own 14-4.

418 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

L E S S O N

14-4

Planning and Recording an Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts Adjustment

A L L O W A N C E M E T H O D O F R E C O R D I N G L O S S E S F R O M U N C O L L E C T I B L E A C C O U N T S

With each sale on account, a business takes a risk that customers will not pay their accounts. Accounts receiv- able that cannot be collected are called uncollectible accounts. This risk is a cost of doing business that should be recorded as an expense in the same accounting period that the revenue is earned. Accurate financial reporting requires that expenses be recorded in the fiscal period in which the expenses contribute to earning revenue. [CON- CEPT: Matching Expenses with Revenue] At the end of a fiscal year, a business does not know which customer accounts will become uncollectible. If a business knew exactly which accounts would become uncollectible, it could credit Accounts Receivable and each customer account for the uncollectible amounts and debit Uncollectible Accounts Expense for the same amounts. To solve this accounting problem, a business can cal- culate and record an estimated amount of uncollectible accounts expense. Estimating uncollectible accounts expense at the end of a fiscal period accomplishes two objectives:

1. It reports a balance sheet amount for Accounts Receiv- able that reflects the amount the business expects to collect in the future.

2. It recognizes the expense of uncollectible accounts in the same period in which the related revenue is recorded.

To record estimated uncollectible accounts, an adjust- ing entry is made affecting two accounts. The estimated amount of uncollectible accounts is debited to Uncollect- ible Accounts Expense and credited to an account titled Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts. An account that reduces a related account is known as a contra account. Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts is a contra account to its related asset account, Accounts Receivable. Crediting the estimated value of uncollectible accounts to a contra account is called the allowance method of recording losses from uncollectible accounts. The dif- ference between an asset’s account balance and its related contra account balance is called book value. The differ- ence between the balance of Accounts Receivable and its contra account, Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts, is called the book value of accounts receivable. The book value of accounts receivable, which is reported on the bal- ance sheet, represents the total amount of accounts receiv- able the business expects to collect in the future. A contra account is usually assigned the next number of the account number sequence after its related account in the chart of accounts. Hobby Shack’s Accounts Receivable account is numbered 1130 and the Allowance for Uncol- lectible Accounts contra account is numbered 1135.

D ecrease

In cr

ea se

In cr

ea se

D ecrease

Debit

Uncollectible Accounts Expense

Credit

In cr

ea se

D ecrease

Debit

Accounts Receivable

Credit Debit

Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts

Credit

Planning and Recording an Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts Adjustment Lesson 14-4 419

E S T I M AT I N G U N C O L L E C T I B L E A C C O U N T S E X P E N S E

Many businesses use a percentage of total sales on account to estimate uncollectible accounts expense. Each sale on account represents a risk of loss from an uncollectible account. Therefore, if the estimated percentage of loss is accurate, the amount of uncollectible accounts expense will be accurate regardless of when the actual losses occur. Since a sale on account creates a risk of loss, estimat- ing the percentage of uncollectible accounts expense for the same period matches sales revenue with the related uncollectible accounts expense. [CONCEPT: Matching Expenses with Revenue] Hobby Shack estimates uncollectible accounts expense by calculating a percentage of total sales on account. A review of Hobby Shack’s previous experience in col- lecting sales on account shows that actual uncollectible accounts expense has been about 1% of total sales on

account. The company’s total sales on account for the year is $124,500.00. Thus, Hobby Shack estimates that $1,245.00 of the current fiscal year’s sales on account will eventually be uncollectible.

F Y I

Total Sales on Account

$124,500.00

Percentage

Estimated Uncollectible

Accounts Expense $1,245.00

�

F O R YO U R I N F O R M AT I O N

F Y I

Allowance for Bad Debts and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

are account titles sometimes used instead of Allowance for

Uncollectible Accounts.

Mention the word “budget” to most peo- ple and many negative thoughts come to mind. However, a budget does not have to be restrictive or inflexible. In fact, a budget may give you more freedom.

A budget is merely a plan that helps you achieve your goals. When getting ready to prepare a budget, you not only

need to gather income and expense data, but you also need to determine and prioritize

your goals. For example, suppose you want to take a trip during spring break, but you also like to

have all the latest clothing styles. If you can’t do both, which is more important to you? No one can answer this

question for you. Financial goals are very personal. One of the major benefits of a budget is that any “left-

over” money you have is used to fund your goals in their order of priority. This may mean that instead of spending money on the latest fashions, you may choose to save it to

fund your spring-break trip—but only because you deter- mined the trip was more important. You are in control, and your budget can change as your goals change.

Think of a budget as a flexible spending plan that helps you achieve your goals, and you will be more likely to fol- low your budget and actually be able to take that trip!

Activities

1. One way to gather expense data for your budget is to write down all of your expenses for a period of time. Do this for one week. Try to pick a typical week, and remember to include all expenses. Then categorize what you’ve spent into “needs” and “wants.”

2. Survey five adults. Ask each one if he or she has a bud- get. If that person has a budget, ask if he or she follows it. What does he or she feel are the advantages and disadvantages of having a budget? Summarize your findings in a written report.

Per sonal Budget s

F I N A N C I A L L I T E R A C Y

P H

O T

O :

P H

O T

O D

IS C

/G E

T T

Y IM

A G

E S

420 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

A N A LY Z I N G A N D R E C O R D I N G A N A D J U S T M E N T F O R U N C O L L E C T I B L E A C C O U N T S E X P E N S E

The percentage of total sales on account method of esti- mating uncollectible accounts expense assumes that a portion of every sale on account dollar will become uncollectible. Hobby Shack has estimated that 1% of its $124,500.00 sales on account, or $1,245.00, will eventu- ally become uncollectible. At the end of a fiscal period, an adjustment for uncol- lectible accounts expense is planned on a work sheet. The Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts balance in the Trial Balance Credit column, $127.52, is the allow- ance estimate from the previous fiscal period that has not yet been identified as uncollectible. When the allowance account has a previous credit bal- ance, the amount of the adjustment is added to the previ- ous balance.

This new balance of the allowance account, $1,372.52, is the estimated amount of accounts receivable that will eventually become uncollectible. This amount, subtracted from the accounts receivable account balance, $14,698.40, is the book value of accounts receivable. Notice in the T accounts that Accounts Receivable is not affected by this adjustment. Also notice that Uncollectible Accounts Expense did not have a balance before the adjustment.

ACCOUNT TITLE TRIAL BALANCE

DEBIT CREDIT

ADJUSTMENTS

DEBIT CREDIT

Accounts Receivable Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts

Uncollectible Accounts Expense

1. Credit2. Debit

3. Label

14 6 9 8 40 1 2 7 52

1 2 4 5 00(e)

1 2 3 4

Accounts Receivable

Dec. 31 Bal. 14,698.40

Uncollectible Accounts Expense

Adj. (e) 1,245.00

Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts

Bal. 127.52 Adj. (e) 1,245.00 (New Bal. 1,372.52)

Accounts Receivable

$14,698.40

Balance of Allowance for Uncollectible

Accounts $1,372.52

Book Value of Accounts

Receivable

$13,325.88

�

Hobby Shack estimates that it will collect $13,325.88 from its outstanding accounts receivable.

1 Enter the estimated uncollectible amount, $1,245.00, in the Adjustments Credit column on the Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts line of the work sheet.

2 Enter the same amount, $1,245.00, in the Adjustments Debit column on the Uncollectible Accounts Expense line of the work sheet.

3 Label the two parts of this adjustment with a small letter e in parentheses, (e).

S T E P S

RECORDING A WORK SHEET ADJUSTMENT FOR UNCOLLECTIBLE ACCOUNTS

Planning and Recording an Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts Adjustment Lesson 14-4 421

E n d o f L e s s o n

REVIEW A U D I T Y O U R U N D E R S T A N D I N G

1. Why is an uncollectible account recorded as an expense rather than a reduction in revenue?

2. When do businesses normally estimate the amount of their uncollect- ible accounts expense?

3. What two objectives will be accomplished by recording an estimated amount of uncollectible accounts expense?

4. Why is Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts called a contra account?

5. How is the book value of accounts receivable calculated?

uncollectible accounts

allowance method of recording losses from uncollectible accounts

book value

book value of accounts receivable

T E R M S R E V I E W

W O R K T O G E T H E R 1 4  4

Analyzing and recording an adjustment for uncollectible accounts expense

Use the work sheet from Work Together 14-3. Your instructor will guide you through the following example.

1. Coastal Aquatics estimates uncollectible accounts expense as 0.5% of its total sales on account. During the current year, Coastal Aquatics had sales on account of $424,000.00. Record the uncollectible accounts expense adjustment on the work sheet. Label the adjustment (e). Save your work to complete Work Together 14-5.

O N Y O U R O W N 1 4  4

Analyzing and recording an adjustment for uncollectible accounts expense

Use the work sheet from On Your Own 14-3. Work this problem independently.

1. Sonoma Treasures estimates uncollectible accounts expense as 0.4% of its total sales on account. During the current year, Sonoma Treasures had sales on account of $462,500.00. Record the uncollectible accounts expense adjustment on the work sheet. Label the adjustment (e). Save your work to complete On Your Own 14-5.

422 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

L E S S O N

14-5 Planning and Recording Depreciation Adjustments

C AT E G O R I E S O F A S S E T S

Most businesses use two broad categories of assets in their operations. Cash and other assets expected to be exchanged for cash or consumed within a year are called current assets. Assets that will be used for a number of years in the operation of a business are called plant assets. Some of Hobby Shack’s plant assets are computers, cash registers, sales display cases, and furniture. Businesses may have three major types of plant assets— equipment, buildings, and land. Hobby Shack records its equipment in two different equipment accounts—Office Equipment and Store Equipment. Because it rents the building and the land where the business is located, Hobby Shack does not need plant asset accounts for buildings and land. [CONCEPT: Adequate Disclosure]

Depreciating Plant Assets A business buys plant assets to use in earning revenue. Hobby Shack bought a new lighted display case. Hobby Shack knows that the display case will be useful only for a limited period of time. After several years, most display cases become worn from use and no longer attractively display the products. Hobby Shack will replace worn dis- play cases with newer models. Thus, each display case has a limited useful life to the business. In order to match revenue with the expenses used to earn the revenue, the cost of a plant asset should be expensed over the plant asset’s useful life. A portion of a plant asset’s cost is transferred to an expense account in each fiscal period that a plant asset is used to earn rev- enue. [CONCEPT: Matching Expenses with Revenue] The portion of a plant asset’s cost that is transferred to an expense account in each fiscal period during a plant asset’s useful life is called depreciation expense.

Three factors are considered in calculating the annual amount of depreciation expense for a plant asset.

1. Original Cost. The original cost of a plant asset includes all costs paid to make the asset usable to a business. These costs include the price of the asset, delivery costs, and any necessary installation costs.

2. Estimated Salvage Value. Generally, a business removes a plant asset from use and disposes of it when the asset is no longer usable. The amount that will be received for an asset at the time of its disposal is not known when the asset is bought. Thus, the amount that may be received at disposal must be estimated. The amount an owner expects to receive when a plant asset is removed from use is called estimated salvage value. Estimated salvage value may also be referred to as residual value or scrap value.

3. Estimated Useful Life. The total amount of deprecia- tion expense is distributed over the estimated useful life of a plant asset. When a plant asset is bought, the exact length of useful life is not known. Therefore, the number of years of useful life must be estimated. Two factors affect the useful life of a plant asset: (1) physical depreciation and (2) functional deprecia- tion. Physical depreciation is caused by wear from use and deterioration from aging and weathering. Func- tional depreciation occurs when a plant asset becomes inadequate or obsolete. An asset is inadequate when it can no longer satisfactorily perform the needed service. An asset is obsolete when a newer asset can operate more efficiently or produce better service.

Planning and Recording Depreciation Adjustments Lesson 14-5 423

C A L C U L AT I N G D E P R E C I AT I O N E X P E N S E A N D B O O K V A L U E

Straight-Line Depreciation Charging an equal amount of depreciation expense for a plant asset in each year of useful life is called the straight- line method of depreciation. Hobby Shack summarizes the depreciation expense for each plant asset to calculate the total depreciation expense recorded on the work sheet.

On January 2, 20X1, Hobby Shack bought a lighted display case for $1,250.00, with an estimated salvage value of $250.00 and an estimated useful life of 5 years. Using the straight-line method of depreciation, the annual depreciation expense, $200.00, is the same for each year in which the asset is used.

Original Cost

$1,250.00

Estimated Salvage Value

$250.00

Estimated Total Depreciation Expense

$1,000.00

�

Estimated Total Depreciation Expense

$1,000.00

Years of Estimated Useful Life

Annual Depreciation Expense

$200.00

�

1 Subtract the asset’s estimated salvage value from the asset’s original cost. This difference is the estimated total depreciation expense for the asset’s entire useful life.

2 Divide the estimated total depreciation expense by the years of estimated useful life. The result is the annual depreciation expense.

S T E P S CALCULATING ANNUAL DEPRECIATION EXPENSE

Calculating Accumulated Depreciation The total amount of depreciation expense that has been recorded since the purchase of a plant asset is called accumulated depreciation. The amount accumulates each year of the plant asset’s useful life.

First, the depreciation expense that has accumulated over all prior years is determined. Second, the deprecia- tion expense for the current year is calculated. Third, the prior accumulated depreciation and the current deprecia- tion expense are added.

Calculating Book Value The original cost of a plant asset minus accumulated depreciation is called the book value of a plant asset. The

book value is calculated by subtracting the accumulated depreciation from the original cost of the asset.

20X2 Accumulated Depreciation

$400.00 20X3 Depreciation Expense

$200.00

20X3 Accumulated Depreciation

$600.00 � �

� �

Original Cost

$1,250.00 Accumulated Depreciation

$600.00 Ending Book Value

$650.00 � �

Procedures for recording the accumulated depreciation and book value of individual assets are presented in Chap- ter 18.

424 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

A N A LY Z I N G A N D R E C O R D I N G A D J U S T M E N T S F O R D E P R E C I AT I O N E X P E N S E

At the end of the fiscal year, Hobby Shack calculates the depreciation expense for each plant asset. Hobby Shack determined that total depreciation expense is $6,540.00 for office equipment and $5,250.00 for store equipment. Adjustments are planned in the Adjustments columns of the work sheet.

At any time, the book value of plant assets can be cal- culated by subtracting Accumulated Depreciation from its related plant asset account.

ACCOUNT TITLE TRIAL BALANCE

DEBIT CREDIT

ADJUSTMENTS

DEBIT CREDIT

Office Equipment Acc. Depr.—Office Equipment Store Equipment Acc. Depr.—Store Equipment

Depr. Exp.—Office Equipment Depr. Exp.—Store Equipment

6 4 9 7 00

5 0 6 9 00

3. Labels

2. Credits

1. Debits

358 6 4 50

408 4 9 50

6 5 4 0 00 5 2 5 0 00

(f)

(g)

6 5 4 0 00

5 2 5 0 00

(f)

(g)

1 2 3 4

D ecrease

In cr

ea se

Debit

Accumulated Depreciation

Credit

It is important to retain original cost information for plant assets. Therefore, rather than credit the plant asset account, depreciation is recorded in the contra asset account Accumulated Depreciation.

Office Equipment

Dec. 31 Bal. 35,864.50

Jan. 1 Bal. 6,497.00 Dec. 31 Adj. (f) 6,540.00 (Dec. 31 Bal. 13,037.00)

Accumulated Depreciation—Office Equipment

Depreciation Expense—Office Equipment

Dec. 31 Adj. (f) 6,540.00

)

Store Equipment

Dec. 31 Bal. 40,849.50

Jan. 1 Bal. 5,069.00 Dec. 31 Adj. (g) 5,250.00 (Dec. 31 Bal. 10,319.00)

Accumulated Depreciation—Store Equipment

Depreciation Expense—Store Equipment

Dec. 31 Adj. (g) 5,250.00

1 Write the debit amounts in the Adjustments Debit column on the lines with the appropriate account titles: $6,540.00 with Depreciation Expense—Office Equipment and $5,250.00 with Depreciation Expense—Store Equipment.

2 Write the credit amounts in the Adjustments Credit column on the lines with the appropriate account titles: $6,540.00 with Accumulated Depreciation— Office Equipment and $5,250.00 with Accumulated Depreciation—Store Equipment.

3 Label the two parts of the Office Equipment adjustment with a small letter f in parentheses, (f ). Label the two parts of the Store Equipment adjustment with a small letter g in parentheses, (g).

S T E P S RECORDING WORK SHEET ADJUSTMENTS FOR DEPRECIATION

Planning and Recording Depreciation Adjustments Lesson 14-5 425

E n d o f L e s s o n

REVIEW T E R M S R E V I E W

current assets

plant assets

depreciation expense

estimated salvage value

straight-line method of depreciation

accumulated depreciation

book value of a plant asset

A U D I T Y O U R U N D E R S T A N D I N G

1. What are the two categories of assets?

2. What three factors are used to calculate a plant asset’s annual deprecia- tion expense?

W O R K T O G E T H E R 1 4  5

Planning and recording adjustments for depreciation

Use the work sheet from Work Together 14-4. Your instructor will guide you through the following example.

1. Calculate depreciation expense for a computer printer costing $1,600.00; estimated salvage value, $100.00, useful life, 5 years.

2. Calculate the book value of the computer printer at the end of its second year of service.

3. On December 31, Coastal Aquatics determined the total depreciation expense: office equipment, $6,120.00; store equipment, $5,060.00. Plan the work sheet adjustments and label the adjustments (f ) and (g). Save your work to complete Work Together 14-6.

O N Y O U R O W N 1 4  5

Planning and recording adjustments for depreciation

Use the work sheet from On Your Own 14-4. Work this problem independently.

1. Calculate depreciation expense for a display rack costing $2,350.00; estimated salvage value, $600.00, useful life, 7 years.

2. Calculate the book value of the display rack at the end of its third year of service.

3. On December 31, Sonoma Treasures determined the total depreciation expense: office equipment, $5,184.00; store equipment, $6,480.00. Plan the work sheet adjustments and label the adjustments (f ) and (g). Save your work to complete On Your Own 14-6.

426 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

L E S S O N

14-6

Calculating Federal Income Tax and Completing a Work Sheet

F E D E R A L I N C O M E TA X E X P E N S E A D J U S T M E N T

Corporations anticipating annual federal income taxes of $500.00 or more are required to pay their estimated taxes each quarter. Estimated income tax is paid in quarterly installments in April, June, September, and December. However, the actual federal income tax owed is calculated at the end of a fiscal year. Based on the actual income tax owed for a year, a corporation must file an annual return. Any additional tax owed that was not paid in quarterly installments must be paid when the final return is filed. Early in the current year, Hobby Shack estimated $18,000.00 federal income tax for the year. Hobby Shack paid $4,500.00 in each quarterly installment for a total of $18,000.00. Each tax payment is recorded as a debit to Federal Income Tax Expense and a credit to Cash. Federal income tax is an expense of a corporation. How- ever, the amount of tax depends on net income before the tax is recorded.

Federal Income Tax Expense is an expense account. The account appears under a major division titled Income

Tax Expense in Hobby Shack’s chart of accounts. Federal Income Tax Payable, a liability account, appears under the heading Current Liabilities. In order to make adjustments to federal income tax, you must first determine the net income before federal income tax expense. To calculate, follow these steps:

1. Complete all other adjustments on a work sheet. 2. Extend all amounts except Federal Income Tax Expense

to the Income Statement or Balance Sheet columns. 3. On a separate sheet of paper, total the work sheet’s

Income Statement columns. 4. Calculate the difference between the Income State-

ment Debit column total and the Income Statement Credit column total. This difference between the totals of these two income statement columns is the net income before federal income tax expense.

Total of Income Statement Credit column Less total of Income Statement Debit column

before federal income tax

Equals Net Income before Federal Income Tax

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

$ 500,253.10

�396,049.91

$ 104,203.19

PHOTOALTO/GETTY IMAGES

Calculating Federal Income Tax and Completing a Work Sheet Lesson 14-6 427

C A L C U L AT I N G F E D E R A L I N C O M E TA X

The amount of federal income tax expense a corporation must pay is calculated using a tax rate table furnished by the Internal Revenue Service. Different tax percentages are applied to different portions of the net income to deter- mine the total federal income tax owed. Hobby Shack’s

net income before federal income tax is $104,203.19. Corporation tax rates in effect when this text was written are used to calculate Hobby Shack’s federal income tax expense.

15% of net income before taxes, zero to $50,000.00 (15% tax on the first $50,000.00 of net income) Plus 25% of net income before taxes, $50,000.00 to $75,000.00 (25% tax on the next $25,000.00 of net income) Plus 34% of net income before taxes, $75,000.00 to $100,000.00 (34% tax on the next $25,000.00 of net income) Plus 39% of net income before taxes, $100,000.00 to $335,000.00 (39% tax on the next $225,000.00 of net income) Plus 34% of net income before taxes over $335,000.00 (34% tax on net income above $335,000.00)

First Net Income Amount � First Tax Rate � Federal Income Tax on First $50,000.00 of Net Income $50,000.00 � 15% � $7,500.00

Second Net Income Amount � Second Tax Rate � Federal Income Tax on Next $25,000.00 of Net Income $25,000.00 � 25% � $6,250.00

Third Net Income Amount � Third Tax Rate � Federal Income Tax on Next $25,000.00 of Net Income $25,000.00 � 34% � $8,500.00

Total Net Income � Lowest Dollar Amount � Amount of Net Income to Which Fourth Tax Rate Is Applied of Fourth Tax Range $104,203.19 � $100,000.00 � $4,203.19

Fourth Net Income Amount � Fourth Tax Rate � Federal Income Tax on Next $140,914.00 of Net Income $4,203.19 � 39% � $1,639.24

First Federal Tax � Second Federal Tax � Third Federal Tax � Fourth Federal Tax � Total Federal Tax Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount $7,500.00 � $6,250.00 � $8,500.00 � $1,639.24 � $23,889.24

1 Multiply $50,000.00 by a tax rate of 15% to calculate the first federal income tax amount. This is the tax Hobby Shack must pay on its first $50,000.00 of net income.

2 Multiply $25,000.00 by a tax rate of 25% to calculate the second federal income tax amount. This is the tax Hobby Shack must pay on the next $25,000.00 of net income.

3 Multiply $25,000.00 by a tax rate of 34% to calculate the third federal income tax amount. This is the tax Hobby Shack must pay on the next $25,000.00 of net income.

4 The tax rate of 39% applies to all net income that falls in the range of $100,000.00 to $335,000.00. Hobby Shack’s net income is $104,203.19. When the net income does not equal or exceed the highest dollar amount given in a range, the amount of net income to which the tax rate is applied is determined by subtracting the lowest dollar amount in the range from the total net income. ($104,203.19 � $100,000.00 � $4,203.19)

5 Multiply $4,203.19 by a tax rate of 39% to calculate the fourth federal income tax amount, $1,639.24. This is the tax Hobby Shack must pay on the remainder of its net income.

6 Add the four tax amounts together to determine Hobby Shack’s federal income tax expense for the fiscal year.

S T E P S CALCULATING FEDERAL INCOME TAX

428 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

R E C O R D I N G T H E F E D E R A L I N C O M E TA X A D J U S T M E N T

1 2 3 4

ACCOUNT TITLE TRIAL BALANCE

DEBIT CREDIT

ADJUSTMENTS

DEBIT CREDIT

INCOME STATEMENT

DEBIT CREDIT

BALANCE SHEET

DEBIT CREDIT

Office Equipment Acc. Depr.—Office Equipment Store Equipment Acc. Depr.—Store Equipment Accounts Payable Federal Income Tax Payable

Supplies Expense—Store Uncollectible Accounts Expense Utilities Expense Federal Income Tax Expense

6 4 9 7 00

5 0 6 9 00 11 5 8 3 03

670 8 6 1 59

2 9 1 0 00 1 2 4 5 00

5 8 8 9 24 43 5 7 4 24

6 5 4 0 00

5 2 5 0 00

5 8 8 9 24

43 5 7 4 24

2 9 1 0 00 1 2 4 5 00 3 8 2 0 00

23 8 8 9 24

35 8 6 4 50

40 8 4 9 50 13 0 3 7 00

10 3 1 9 00 11 5 8 3 03

5 8 8 9 24

5 6 7 8

(b)

(e)

(h)

(f)

(g)

(h)

2. Total and rule the adjustment columns.

3. Extend the account balances.1. Calculate and enter the federal income tax adjustment.

35 8 6 4 50

40 8 4 9 50

3 8 2 0 00 18 0 0 0 00

670 8 6 1 59

1 Calculate the amount of the federal income tax expense adjustment. The adjustment is the difference between the federal income tax for the year and the taxes paid during the year.

Enter the federal income tax expense adjustment, $5,889.24, in the Adjustments Credit column on the Federal Income Tax Payable line of the work sheet. Enter the same amount in the Adjustments Debit column of the Federal Income Tax Expense line of the work sheet. Label both parts of the adjustment (h).

2 Total and rule the Adjustments columns.

3 Extend the Federal Income Tax Expense account balance, $23,889.24, to the Income Statement Debit column. Extend the amount for Federal Income Tax Payable, $5,889.24, to the Balance Sheet Credit column.

S T E P S RECORDING A WORK SHEET ADJUSTMENT FOR FEDERAL INCOME TAX EXPENSE

Federal Income Tax Less Total of Quarterly Installments

Equals Federal Income Tax Adjustment

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$23,889.24 �18,000.00

$ 5,889.24

Federal Income Tax Expense

Federal Income Tax Payable

4/15 6/15 9/15 12/15 (12/15 Bal. 12/31 Adj. (h) (New Bal.

4,500.00 4,500.00 4,500.00 4,500.00

18,000.00) 5,889.24

23,889.24)

12/31 Adj. (h) 5,889.24

Calculating Federal Income Tax and Completing a Work Sheet Lesson 14-6 429

C O M P L E T I N G A W O R K S H E E T

After the adjustment for federal income tax expense has been recorded, the work sheet is ready to be completed. Income Statement column totals are used to calculate net income after federal income tax. Hobby Shack follows the same procedures for complet- ing a work sheet as described for TechKnow in Chapter 6, with the exception of the Income Summary account. Tech- Know sells a service, not merchandise. Therefore, Tech- Know has no amount recorded in the Income Summary account, a related account used to adjust Merchandise Inventory. Hobby Shack sells merchandise. Therefore, the Income Summary account is used as the related account

to adjust Merchandise Inventory. The merchandise inven- tory adjustment reflects the increases and decreases in the amount of goods on hand resulting from purchases and sales. Therefore, the amount recorded in Income Sum- mary is extended to the work sheet’s Income Statement Debit or Credit column. An Income Summary debit amount is extended to the Income Statement Debit col- umn. An Income Summary credit amount is extended to the Income Statement Credit column. Hobby Shack’s completed work sheet for the year ended December 31, 20--, is shown on pages 432–433.

1 2 3 4

ACCOUNT TITLE TRIAL BALANCE

DEBIT CREDIT

ADJUSTMENTS

DEBIT CREDIT

INCOME STATEMENT

DEBIT CREDIT

BALANCE SHEET

DEBIT CREDIT

Utilities Expense Federal Income Tax Expense

Net Income after Federal Income Tax 670 8 6 1 59

5 8 8 9 24 43 5 7 4 2 4 43 5 7 4 24 269 8 4 6 68

269 8 4 6 68

5 6 7 8

(h)

4. Calculate the column totals.

5. Draw double lines.

3. Extend the net income amount.

2. Calculate and enter the net income after federal income tax.

1. Total the income statement and balance sheet columns.

3 8 2 0 00

18 0 0 0 00 670 8 6 1 59

1 1

2 4

3 8 2 0 00 23 8 8 9 24

419 9 3 9 15 80 3 1 3 95

500 2 5 3 10

189 5 3 2 73 80 3 1 3 95

269 8 4 6 68 5

1 Total the Income Statement and Balance Sheet columns.

2 Write the words Net Income after Federal Income Tax on line 51 of the work sheet. Calculate and enter the net income after federal income tax, $80,313.95, in the Income Statement Debit column on this new line of the work sheet.

3 Extend the net income after federal income tax amount, $80,313.95, to the Balance Sheet Credit column.

4 Total the four Income Statement and Balance Sheet columns. Determine that the totals of each pair of columns are in balance.

5 Rule double lines across the Income Statement and Balance Sheet columns to show that the totals have been verified as correct.

S T E P S COMPLETING A WORK SHEET

Total of Income Statement Credit column Less Total of Income Statement Debit column

Equals Net Income after Federal Income Tax

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$500,253.10 �419,939.15

$ 80,313.95

430 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

Salary: Approximately $70,000, depending on experience.

Qualifications: A master’s degree requires one year of university courses beyond the bachelor’s degree. Most

doctoral programs require another four years of univer-

sity study and research.

Occupational Outlook: The budgetary constraints of county, state, and federal governments have reduced

the financial resources devoted to cooperative education.

Thus, the opportunities for individuals in this career have

been declining. However, in Dr. Johnson’s situation, she

was able to use her background to move into a successful

business venture.

By the age of 18, you will have

gained experiences that will

change your life in ways

you might never imag-

ine. These experiences

may come from an

extracurricular activ-

ity, a part-time job,

or a hobby, and they

may influence the

direction of your

career or retirement.

For Everlyn John-

son, the youthful expe-

rience that would affect

her life was learning to

sew. Her mother taught her

the basics when Everlyn was 11.

Advancing from quilts to doll clothes

to her prom dress, Everlyn learned that human

sciences (formerly home economics) would lead her to

a fulfilling career. Earning bachelor’s, master’s, and doc-

toral degrees in the area, Dr. Johnson worked with her

state’s cooperative extension service for over 27 years.

In her role as a county agent, she was responsible for

educating the public on home living skills—including

sewing. Later she advanced to a position where she was

responsible for gathering and communicating current

knowledge and research with other county agents.

Most people plan to relax in their retirement. But not

Dr. Johnson. She says, “I constantly heard people say

that they wish they knew how to sew. I saw a niche that

needed filling and decided I was the person to fulfill it.”

So after just three years of retirement, Everlyn decided to

open a fabric store.

One of her first tasks to prepare for the store opening

was to enroll in an income tax course at the local univer-

sity. She recalls, “I felt the tax course would help me do

a better job of keeping the records of the business and

would ensure that I planned the business to take advan-

tage of tax laws.” Then she started doing her homework,

meeting with a variety of small business owners to learn

the rewards and pitfalls of small business ownership.

Everlyn visited fabric stores outside her market area.

“The owners of many stores painted less than a rosy pic-

ture of the prospect of opening a store,” she remarks. “I

felt they were missing something—that main ingredient

that would make the store successful. Then I visited two

stores that were constantly conducting sewing classes. It

was clear to see that these classes were the key to the

success of the stores. Perfect!” Having spent most of her

career teaching classes, Everlyn now plans sewing classes,

teaching some herself, to serve her customers and to pro-

mote the sale of fabric and accessories in her store.

Ever lyn Johnson , Smal l Bu s ine s s Owner

C A R E E R S I N A C C O U N T I N G C

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Calculating Federal Income Tax and Completing a Work Sheet Lesson 14-6 431

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432 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

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(b )

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Calculating Federal Income Tax and Completing a Work Sheet Lesson 14-6 433

A 1 0  C O L U M N W O R K S H E E T  L E F T P A G E 

TRIAL BALANCE ACCOUNT TITLE

DEBIT CREDIT

1 2 3 4 5 6

Hobby Shack, Inc.

Work Sheet

For Year Ended December 31, 20--

ADJUSTMENTS

DEBIT CREDIT

ADJUSTED TRIAL BALANCE

DEBIT CREDIT

Cash

Petty Cash

Accounts Receivable

Allow. for Uncoll. Accts.

Merchandise Inventory

Supplies—Office

Supplies—Store

Prepaid Insurance

Office Equipment

Acc. Depr.—Office Equipment

Store Equipment

Acc. Depr.—Store Equipment

Accounts Payable

Federal Income Tax Payable

Dividends Payable

Capital Stock

Retained Earnings

Dividends

Income Summary

Sales

Sales Discount

Sales Returns and Allowances

Purchases

Purchases Discount

Purch. Returns and Allowances

Advertising Expense

Cash Short and Over

Credit Card Fee Expense

Depr. Exp.—Office Equipment

Depr. Exp.—Store Equipment

Insurance Expense

Miscellaneous Expense

Payroll Taxes Expense

Rent Expense

Salary Expense

Supplies Expense—Office

Supplies Expense—Store

Uncollectible Accounts Expense

Utilities Expense

Federal Income Tax Expense

Net Income after Federal Income Tax

29 0 8 0 28 3 0 0 00

14 6 9 8 40

140 4 8 0 00 3 4 8 0 00 3 9 4 4 00 5 8 0 0 00

35 8 6 4 50

40 8 4 9 50

20 0 0 0 00

2 5 8 48 3 1 2 7 28

209 9 6 0 00

3 6 0 0 00 1 9 25

3 3 8 5 00

2 5 6 4 90 9 1 0 5 00

18 0 0 0 00 104 5 2 5 00

3 8 2 0 00 18 0 0 0 00

670 8 6 1 59

1 2 7 52

6 4 9 7 00

5 0 6 9 00 11 5 8 3 03

5 0 0 0 00 125 0 0 0 00

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1 2 4 5 00 15 8 4 0 00

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5 2 5 0 00

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43 5 7 4 24

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35 8 6 4 50

40 8 4 9 50

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209 9 6 0 00

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23 8 8 9 24 689 7 8 5 83

1 3 7 2 52

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10 3 1 9 00 11 5 8 3 03

5 8 8 9 24

5 0 0 0 00 125 0 0 0 00

10 7 6 1 29

495 1 2 0 00

1 6 4 8 15 3 4 8 4 95

689 7 8 5 83

(d)

(f)

(g)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(e)

(h)

(e)

(d)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(f)

(g)

(h)

4. Total, prove, and rule

1. Trial balance 3. Extend Adjusted Balances

2. Adjustments

434 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

7 8 9 10

INCOME STATEMENT

DEBIT CREDIT

BALANCE SHEET

DEBIT CREDIT

15 8 4 0 00

2 5 8 48 3 1 2 7 28

209 9 6 0 00

3 6 0 0 00 1 9 25

3 3 8 5 00 6 5 4 0 00 5 2 5 0 00 3 1 7 0 00 2 5 6 4 90 9 1 0 5 00

18 0 0 0 00 104 5 2 5 00

2 7 3 0 00 2 9 1 0 00 1 2 4 5 00 3 8 2 0 00

23 8 8 9 24 419 9 3 9 15

80 3 1 3 95 500 2 5 3 10

495 1 2 0 00

1 6 4 8 15 3 4 8 4 95

500 2 5 3 10

29 0 8 0 28 3 0 0 00

14 6 9 8 40

124 6 4 0 00 7 5 0 00

1 0 3 4 00 2 6 3 0 00

35 8 6 4 50

40 8 4 9 50

20 0 0 0 00

269 8 4 6 68

1 3 7 2 52

13 0 3 7 00

10 3 1 9 00 11 5 8 3 03

5 8 8 9 24

5 0 0 0 00 125 0 0 0 00

10 7 6 1 29

189 5 3 2 73 80 3 1 3 95

269 8 4 6 68

6. Calculate net income; total, prove, and rule

5. Extend Balances

A 1 0  C O L U M N W O R K S H E E T  R I G H T P A G E 

Some large businesses with many accounts to be adjusted at the end of a fiscal period may use a 10-column work sheet. A 10-column work sheet includes an additional pair of amount columns titled Adjusted Trial Balance. Any business with adjustments to make at the end of a fiscal period could use either an 8-column or a 10-column work sheet. However, completing two extra amount col- umns when most of the account balances are not adjusted requires extra time and work. Account balances not adjusted must be extended from the Trial Balance columns to the Adjusted Trial Balance columns; whereas, with an 8-column work sheet, account balances not adjusted are extended directly to the Balance Sheet or Income State- ment columns.

1 Record the trial balance on the work sheet.

2 Plan the adjustments on the work sheet.

3 Extend the balances in the Trial Balance Debit and Credit columns to the Adjusted Trial Balance Debit and Credit columns. Calculate up-to-date adjusted balances for all accounts affected by adjustments.

4 Total, prove, and rule the Adjusted Trial Balance Debit and Credit columns.

5 Extend the amounts in the Adjusted Trial Bal- ance Debit and Credit columns to the appro- priate Income Statement and Balance Sheet columns.

6 Calculate net income and total, prove, and rule the Income Statement and Balance Sheet col- umns in the same way as on an 8-column work sheet.

S T E P S COMPLETING A 10COLUMN WORK SHEET

R E M E M B E R

A 10-column work sheet is often used by large merchandising

companies with many accounts to be adjusted.

Calculating Federal Income Tax and Completing a Work Sheet Lesson 14-6 435

E n d o f L e s s o n

REVIEW A U D I T Y O U R U N D E R S T A N D I N G

1. In what column is the Income Summary amount extended?

2. To which Balance Sheet column is a net loss amount extended?

3. What extra step is required when a 10-column work sheet is prepared instead of an 8-column work sheet?

W O R K T O G E T H E R 1 4  6

Completing an 8-column work sheet for a merchandising business organized as a corporation

Use the work sheet from Work Together 14-5. Your instructor will guide you through the following examples.

1. Extend all amounts except Federal Income Tax Expense to the appropriate Income Statement or Balance Sheet columns. Do not total the columns.

2. On the form provided in the Working Papers, total the work sheet’s Income Statement columns. Calculate the difference between the debit and credit totals. This difference becomes the net income before federal income tax expense.

3. Using the tax table shown in this chapter, calculate federal income tax expense and record the income tax adjust- ment on the work sheet. Label the adjustment (h).

4. Complete the work sheet.

O N Y O U R O W N 1 4  6

Completing an 8-column work sheet for a merchandising business organized as a corporation

Use the work sheet from On Your Own 14-5. Work this problem independently.

1. Extend all amounts except Federal Income Tax Expense to the appropriate Income Statement or Balance Sheet columns. Do not total the columns.

2. On the form provided in the Working Papers, total the work sheet’s Income Statement columns. Calculate the difference between the debit and credit totals.

3. Using the tax table shown in this chapter, calculate federal income tax expense and record the income tax adjustment on the work sheet. Label the adjustment (h).

4. Complete the work sheet.

436 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

An important role of accountants is to prepare

financial statements for businesses. In addi-

tion, many accountants design accounting

systems used to prepare the various finan-

cial reports important to successful busi-

ness operations.

An accounting system should be

designed to meet the needs of the business

it serves. Factors to consider are size of the com-

pany, number of facility locations, geographic area

of operations (local, statewide, national, international),

number of employees, and type of organization (service,

merchandising, manufacturing). Also to be considered are

the intended uses of the information: traditional financial

statements (income statement, balance sheet, cash flow

statement), income tax information, management deci-

sion information, management control information, and

product pricing information.

An accounting system is built around a chart of accounts,

which provides the organizational system around which

information will be collected, filed, and made available for

various types of financial reports.

A small business owned and operated by

one person may not need detailed informa-

tion. However, as a business grows in size

and complexity, more detailed information

is required. Large international businesses

need very complex accounting systems

with thousands of accounts to furnish man-

agement with the information needed to

make decisions and the data for various reports

required by governments and other agencies. As

businesses grow, accountants constantly look for ways to

provide better information. Thus, accountants play a key

role in the successful growth of a business.

Activity: Assume Hobby Shack has made the decision to change from a merchandising business to a manufac-

turing business. It will create its own ceramic molds that

will enable it to produce its own line of ceramic images. As

the accountant, how would you recommend the chart of

accounts be modified to meet the changing needs of the

company?

E X P L O R E A C C O U N T I N G

P H

O T

O :

P H

O T

O G

R A

P H

E R

’S C

H O

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Account ing Sy s tems Des ig n

Go Beyond the Book( )For more information go towww.C21accounting.com

Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business Chapter 14 437

After completing this chapter, you can:

1. Define accounting terms related to distribut- ing dividends and preparing a work sheet for a merchandising business.

2. Identify accounting concepts and practices related to distributing dividends and preparing a work sheet for a merchandising business.

3. Journalize the declaration and payment of a dividend.

4. Begin a work sheet for a merchandising business.

5. Plan work sheet adjustments for merchandise inventory, supplies, prepaid expenses, uncol- lectible accounts, and depreciation.

6. Calculate federal income tax and plan the work sheet adjustment for federal income tax.

7. Complete a work sheet for a merchandising business.

S U M M A R Y

143 APPLICATION PROBLEM Analyzing and recording a merchandise inventory adjustment on a work sheet

Use the work sheet prepared in Application Problem 14-2.

Instructions:

1. From a physical count of merchandise inventory, the December 31 balance is determined to be $226,766.38. Analyze the merchandise inventory adjustment and enter the adjustment on the work sheet. Label the adjustment (d). Save your work to complete Application Problem 14-4.

142 APPLICATION PROBLEM Beginning an 8-column work sheet for a merchandising business

A partially completed work sheet for Branson Amusement Company is given in the Working Papers. Four general ledger accounts are shown below.

Instructions:

1. Enter the accounts and account balances on the following lines.

Line Account Account Balance 6 Supplies—Office $ 5,210.98 13 Accounts Payable 17,558.16 33 Purchases Discount 5,155.28 44 Salary Expense 193,971.80

2. Total, prove, and rule the trial balance.

3. From a physical count of the following, December 31 balances are determined to be:

Supplies—Office $489.73 Supplies—Store 701.19 Prepaid Insurance 500.00

Analyze the supplies and prepaid insurance adjustments and enter the adjustments on the work sheet. Label the adjustments (a)–(c). Save your work to complete Application Problem 14-3.

141 APPLICATION PROBLEM Journalizing dividends

Drake Corporation completed the following transactions during December of the current year and January of the next year.

Instructions:

1. Use page 17 of a general journal. Journalize the dividend declared on December 15.

2. Use page 28 of a cash payments journal. Journalize payment of the dividend on January 15.

Transactions: Dec. 15. The board of directors declared a dividend of $1.50 per share; capital stock issued is 2,100 shares.

M258. Jan. 15. Paid cash for dividend declared December 15. C721.

438 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

144 APPLICATION PROBLEM Analyzing and recording an allowance for uncollectible accounts adjustment on a work sheet

Use the work sheet prepared in Application Problem 14-3.

Instructions:

1. Branson Amusement Company estimates uncollectible accounts expense as 0.8% of its total sales on account. During the current year, Branson had credit sales of $248,500.00. As of December 31, record the uncollectible accounts expense adjustment on the work sheet and label the adjustment (e). Save your work to complete Application Problem 14-5.

145 APPLICATION PROBLEM Planning and recording adjustments for depreciation

Use the work sheet prepared in Application Problem 14-4.

Instructions:

1. Wave Dive Company tests scuba equipment. Calculate depreciation expense for scuba testing equipment costing $10,540.00; estimated salvage value, $2,500.00; useful life, 3 years.

2. Calculate the book value of the scuba testing equipment at the end of its second year of service.

3. On December 31, Branson Amusement Company determined total depreciation expense: office equip- ment, $5,850.00; store equipment, $5,250.00. Plan the work sheet adjustments and label the adjustments (f ) and (g). Save your work to complete Application Problem 14-6.

146 APPLICATION PROBLEM Calculating federal income tax and completing an 8-column work sheet for a merchandising business

Use the work sheet prepared in Application Problem 14-5.

Instructions:

1. Extend all amounts except Federal Income Tax Expense to the appropriate Income Statement or Balance Sheet columns. Do not total the columns.

2. On the form provided in the Working Papers, calculate the net income before federal income tax expense.

3. Using the tax table shown in this chapter, calculate federal income tax expense and record the income tax adjustment on the work sheet. Label the adjustment (h).

4. Finish the work sheet.

147 MASTERY PROBLEM Preparing an 8-column work sheet for a merchandising business

The trial balance for Carol’s Closet as of December 31 of the current year is recorded on a work sheet in the Working Papers.

Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business Chapter 14 439

148 CHALLENGE PROBLEM Preparing a 10-column work sheet for a merchandising business

Hillside Ski Shop’s trial balance as of December 31 of the current year is recorded on a work sheet in the Working Papers.

Instructions:

1. Analyze the following adjustment information collected on December 31 and record the adjustments on the work sheet. Label each adjustment using labels (a) through (g).

a. Office supplies inventory $ 343.42

b. Store supplies inventory 309.41

c. Merchandise inventory 167,000.46

d. Uncollectible accounts are 1.0% of credit sales of: 158,900.00

e. Value of prepaid insurance 3,000.00

f. Estimate of office equipment depreciation 3,890.00

g. Estimate of store equipment depreciation 3,460.00

2. Using the tax table shown in this chapter, calculate federal income tax expense and record the income tax adjustment on the work sheet. Label the adjustment (h).

3. Complete the work sheet.

Instructions:

1. Analyze the following adjustment information collected on December 31 and record the adjustments on the work sheet. Label each adjustment using labels (a) through (g).

a. Office supplies inventory $ 1,407.00

b. Store supplies inventory 570.11

c. Merchandise inventory 238,830.61

d. Uncollectible accounts are 1.2% of credit sales of: 458,200.00

e. Value of prepaid insurance 2,000.00

f. Estimate of office equipment depreciation 5,216.00

g. Estimate of store equipment depreciation 4,820.00

2. Using the tax table shown in this chapter, calculate federal income tax expense and record the income tax adjustment on the work sheet. Label the adjustment (h).

3. Complete the work sheet.

440 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

Sometimes a credit customer does not pay off the amount due on an account receivable by the deadline specified in the terms of the sale on account. In this situation, a business wants to (1) receive the amount owed and (2) preserve a long-term relationship so there can be repeated sales to that customer.

Instructions: Write a first-notice letter to a customer who has not yet paid an amount due. Balance your business’s need to receive payment with the desire to keep the customer’s goodwill now and in the future. Use a supportive opening and closing.

A P P L I E D C O M M U N I C A T I O N

Martin Grotte has just completed the year-end work sheet for Lancing Corporation. Part of the work sheet is shown below.

Trial Balance Adjustments Account Title Debit Credit Debit Credit Accounts Receivable 42,518.25 Allow. for Uncoll. Accts. 251.66 (e) 496.41 Merchandise Inventory 251,486.36 (d) 9,548.25 Supplies—Office 5,141.84 (a) 4,154.22 Supplies—Store 3,148.28 (b) 2,974.22 Prepaid Insurance 6,000.00 (c) 5,000.00 Office Equipment 28,550.00 Acc. Depr.—Office Equipment 12,480.00 (f ) 5,210.00 Store Equipment 58,940.00 Acc. Depr.—Store Equipment 16,420.00 (g) 8,420.00 Federal Income Tax Payable (h) 45,813.38 Sales 992,818.10 Utilities Expense 5,485.22 Federal Income Tax Expense 60,000.00 (h) 45,813.38

Martin used the following information to prepare the work sheet adjustments: a. Uncollectible accounts are estimated to be 0.5% of gross sales (the amount of sales before discounts and returns

and allowances are subtracted). b. Office supplies inventory on hand, $987.62. c. Store supplies inventory on hand, $174.06. d. Merchandise inventory on hand, $241,938.11. e. The six-month insurance premium was paid on July 1. f. Office equipment has a 5-year useful life and a $2,500 salvage value. g. Store equipment has a 7-year useful life and a $3,500 salvage value.

Instructions

Audit the work sheet to determine if the work sheet adjustments were recorded properly. Prepare a list that describes any errors you discover and how they should be corrected.

A U D I T I N G F O R E R R O R S

Investors use a ratio known as the dividend yield when making investment decisions. The dividend yield is calculated as follows:

Dividend Yield � Dividend per Share

Market Price per Share

Companies with large dividend yields (greater than 3%) are typically considered to be income stocks, meaning that investors own the stock primarily to earn the dividend. In contrast, companies with small dividend yields (less than 2%) are often referred to as growth stocks, meaning that investors are counting on the market value of the stock to increase over time.

Instructions: Use Best Buy’s Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity on page B-8 in Appendix B to answer the following questions.

1. Calculate the 2006 dividend yield for Best Buy, assuming the current market price is $50.00 per share.

2. Would you classify Best Buy as an income or growth stock?

A N A L Y Z I N G B E S T B U Y ’ S F I N A N C I A L S T A T E M E N T S

Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business Chapter 14 441

After completing a work sheet, Park’s Boutique finds that garment bags worth $600.00 were overlooked in the supplies inventory. Jerry Park suggests that the oversight does not have any effect on balancing the Income Statement and Balance Sheet columns of the work sheet. He adds that the oversight will be corrected when the store supplies are counted at the end of the next fiscal period. The accountant recommends that the work sheet be redone to reflect the recalculated supplies inventory. Do you agree with Mr. Park or the accountant? Explain your answer.

C A S E F O R C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G

Peachtree has a working trial balance report that is similar to a work sheet. The report presents each account, the account balance as of the end of the last fiscal period, and the current balance. Like the work sheet, the printed working trial balance has blank debit and credit columns where adjustments can be planned. The completed report provides the support for adjustments of allowance for uncollectible accounts, inventory, prepaid insurance, and accumulated depreciation accounts. After the adjustments are entered in Peachtree, an income statement is printed to obtain the required pretax net income amount needed for calculat- ing federal income taxes.

PEACHTREE APPLICATION PROBLEM 14-1 1. Open (Restore) file 14-1AP.ptb. 2. Journalize and post the dividend declared on December 15 in the general journal. 3. Change the accounting periods from Period 12 to Period 13. 4. Using the Write Checks task, journalize and post the payment of the dividend on January 16. 5. Print the December 15 general journal. 6. Print the January 15 cash disbursements journal.

PEACHTREE MASTERY PROBLEM 14-7 1. Open (Restore) file 14-7MP.ptb. 2. Journalize and post the adjusting entries in the general journal. 3. Display or print Peachtree’s general ledger trial balance to see the account balances. 4. Print the December 31 general journal, the income statement and the balance sheet.

J O U R N A L I Z I N G A D J U S T I N G E N T R I E S

As discussed in this chapter, many corporations pay cash dividends to their shareholders. The number of shareholders receiving checks could number in the thousands. Similar to how many companies use a special payroll account, some companies deposit the total amount of the cash dividend to a special dividend bank account. The check to each shareholder is written from that special dividend account. Also covered in this chapter is the calculating and recording of adjusting entries. If a work sheet is not used, the adjusting entries must be planned using other means. A trial balance can be printed out and used to plan the adjusting entries. The trial balance, however, will not provide the amount of pretax net income needed to calculate the federal income tax adjustment. To determine this amount, it is necessary to enter all the other adjusting entries, print out a profit & loss statement, and use the net income amount on that profit & loss statement to calculate the adjusting entry for federal income taxes.

QUICKBOOKS APPLICATION PROBLEM 14-1 1. Open the Drake Corporation file. 2. Record the dividend transactions. Use the Write Checks option for all cash payments; use the Make General

Journal Entries window for all other transactions. 3. Print a Journal report, using December 15 and January 15 for the dates. Change column widths as needed to

display all of the data.

QUICKBOOKS MASTERY PROBLEM 14-7 1. Open the Carol’s Closet file. 2. Journalize the adjusting entries, using the Make General Journal Entries window for all transactions. 3. View a Profit & Loss Standard report, using January 1 and December 31 for the dates; close without printing. 4. Print a Journal report for Carol’s Closet, using December 1 and December 31 for the dates. 5. Print a Trial Balance report, using December 31 for the dates.

J O U R N A L I Z I N G A D J U S T I N G E N T R I E S

Accounting

SOFTWARE

442 Chapter 14 Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business

In Chapter 9, you learned that a formula can consist of a reference to a single cell. A formula can also determine the logical relationship between two numbers. Some common logical relationships are equal to (�), less than, (�), greater than or equal to (��), and not equal to (��). Debit and credit columns of a worksheet must be equal. As the numbers get larger, it becomes more likely that you may miss an error. Examine the following section of a worksheet.

A B C 56 Utilities Expense 4,051.06 0.00 57 Fed. Income Tax Expense 48,000.00 0.00 58 1,058,513.74 1,059,513.74 59 Net Inc. after Fed. Income Tax 60 How long did it take you to detect that the column totals are not equal? Rather than relying on yourself to determine if the columns are equal, you can enter a formula, such as +B58=C58, to compare the two amounts. If the amounts are equal, the cells will display TRUE; if the amounts are not equal, FALSE.

EXCEL APPLICATION PROBLEM 14-2 Open the F14-2_F14-3 Excel data file. Follow the instructions for Application Problem 14-2 and the step-by-step instruc- tions in the Instructions worksheet. Use the logical functions to ensure that the Trial Balance column totals are equal.

EXCEL APPLICATION PROBLEMS 14-3 to 14-6 Open the F14-2_F14-3 Excel data file. Follow the instructions for Application Problems 14-3 to 14-6 and the step-by-step instructions in the Instructions worksheet. Use the logical functions to ensure that each pair of column totals are equal.

L O G I C A L R E L A T I O N S H I P S

Charts and graphs provide a picture of numeric data. To be effective, charts and graphs should be clearly labeled. They are commonly used to track sales goals, monitor expenses, identify trends, and make forecasts. Different styles of graphs are used to display different types of financial information. A pie graph is used to illus- trate parts of a whole, such as cost of goods sold, operating expenses, and net income as percentages of net sales. Bar graphs are used to show the relative size of related items, such as expenses. Line graphs are used to illustrate trends, such as net sales or net income over a period of years. To prepare a graph based on financial data when a data file is open, choose the Graph Selection menu item from the Reports menu or click the Graphs toolbar button. Then click the type of graph you would like to display.

AUTOMATED ACCOUNTING GRAPHING PROBLEM (OPTIONAL) 1. Open the data file that is your solution to Automated Accounting Problem F11-5. There is no Help file available

for this optional graphing problem. 2. Click the Graphs toolbar button. 3. Click the Income Statement button to display a graph of the income statement. 4. View the other graphs available. Note that some are not very meaningful because this particular problem does

not have a wide range of data available for graphing. 5. Exit Automated Accounting without saving your file.

C R E A T I N G C H A R T S A N D G R A P H S

Distributing Dividends and Preparing a Work Sheet for a Merchandising Business Chapter 14 443