Peer Influence in Adolescence
LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT 17e
John W. Santrock
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Chapter 14
Socioemotional Development in Early Adulthood
© 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.
No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Chapter Outline
Stability and Change from Childhood to Adulthood
Attraction, Love, and Close Relationships
Adult Lifestyles
Marriage and the Family
Gender and Communication Styles, Relationships, and Classification
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Stability and Change from Childhood to Adulthood 1
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Temperament
Attachment
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Stability and Change from Childhood to Adulthood 2
Temperament
Individual’s behavioral style and characteristic emotional responses.
Easy and difficult temperaments.
Inhibition and disinhibition.
Ability to control one’s emotions.
(Top) ©Volodymyr Tverdokhlib/Shutterstock; (bottom) ©elenaleonova/Getty Images
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Stability and Change from Childhood to Adulthood 3
Attachment
Secure attachment style: have positive view of relationships and find it easy to get close to others.
Avoidant attachment style: hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships.
Anxious attachment style: demand closeness, less trusting, more emotional, jealous, possessive.
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Temperament in Childhood, Personality in Adulthood, and Intervening Contexts: Inhibition
| Influence/Experience | Child A: Intervening Context | Child B: Intervening Context |
| Caregivers | Caregivers (parents) who are sensitive and accepting, and let child set his or her own pace. | Caregivers who use inappropriate “low-level control” and attempt to force the child into new situations. |
| Physical Environment | Presence of "stimulus shelters” or “defensible spaces” that the children can retreat to when there is too much stimulation. | Child continually encounters noisy, chaotic environments that allow no escape from stimulation. |
| Peers | Peer groups with other inhibited children with common interests, so the child feels accepted. | Peer groups consist of athletic extroverts, so the child feels rejected. |
| Schools | School is “undermanned,” so inhibited children are more likely to be tolerated and feel they can make a contribution. | School is “overmanned, “ inhibited children are less likely to be tolerated and more likely to feel undervalued. |
| Child A: Personality Outcomes | Child B: Personality Outcomes | |
| Outcomes | As an adult, individual is closer to extraversion (outgoing, sociable) and is emotionally stable. | As an adult, individual is closer to introversion and has more emotional problems. |
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Attraction, Love, and Close Relationships 1
Attraction
The faces of love
Falling out of love
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Attraction, Love, and Close Relationships 2
Attraction
First impressions.
Familiarity and similarity.
People seek others who have similar attitudes, values, and lifestyles.
Consensual validation: our own attitudes and values are supported when someone else’s are similar to ours.
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Attraction, Love, and Close Relationships 3
Physical attractiveness
Standards of what is attractive change over time and across cultures.
Matching hypothesis: we choose partners who match our own level of attractiveness.
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Attraction, Love, and Close Relationships 4
The faces of love
Intimacy
Self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.
Erikson: intimacy versus isolation.
Intimacy is finding oneself while losing oneself in another person.
Failure to achieve intimacy results in social isolation.
Intimacy and independence.
Balance between intimacy and commitment, and independence and freedom.
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Attraction, Love, and Close Relationships 5
Friendship
Friendship plays important life-span development role.
Romantic love: passionate love, or eros.
Strong components of sexuality and infatuation.
Affectionate love: companionate love
Desires to have the other person near.
Based on a deep and caring affection.
Consummate love: strongest form of love
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Attraction, Love, and Close Relationships 6
Robert J. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Love
Three dimensions of love: passion, intimacy, and commitment.
Consummate love: strongest, fullest form of love with passion, intimacy, and commitment.
Infatuation: passion, no intimacy and commitment.
Affectionate love: combination of intimacy and commitment, no passion.
Fatuous love: passion and commitment without intimacy.
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Attraction, Love, and Close Relationships 7
Cross-Cultural Variations in Romantic Relationships
China and Korea: intimacy is more diffused with more emphasis on connections outside of romantic relationships.
Japan: dropping marriage rate.
France and Brazil: most passionate, most romantic interest.
France has the most extramarital affairs.
Qatar: casual dating is forbidden and public displays of affection can be punished with incarceration.
Young adults using social media/Internet to arrange private co-ed get-togethers at hotels.
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Attraction, Love, and Close Relationships 8
Falling out of love
Ending a close relationship benefits your happiness and personal development if.
You are obsessed with a person who repeatedly betrays your trust.
You are involved with someone who is draining you emotionally or financially or both.
You are desperately in love with someone who does not return your feelings.
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Sternberg’s Triangle of Love
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Adult Lifestyles 1
Single adults
Cohabiting adults
Married adults
Divorced adults
Remarried adults
Gay and lesbian adults
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Adult Lifestyles 2
Single adults
Stereotypes associated with being single range from
Swinging single to the desperately lonely, suicidal single.
Millennials
Tend to find dates online more.
Pattern of “fast sex, slow love”.
Common problems
Forming intimate relationships with other adults.
Confronting loneliness.
Finding a place in a society that is marriage-oriented.
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Adult Lifestyles 3
Advantages
Having time to make decisions about one’s life course.
Time to develop personal resources to meet goals.
Freedom to make autonomous decisions.
Pursue one’s own schedule and interests.
Opportunities to explore new places and try out new things.
Privacy.
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Adult Lifestyles 4
Cohabiting adults
Living together in a sexual relationship without being married.
Reasons for cohabiting.
Spend time together.
Share expenses.
Evaluate compatibility.
Lower marital satisfaction and increased likelihood of divorce.
Not a unilateral statistic.
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Adult Lifestyles 5
Married adults
Marital trends
Marriage rates in the United States have declined in recent years.
In 2014, 20 percent of U.S. adults never married.
In 2016, the U.S. average age for a first marriage climbed to 29.5 for men and 27.4 for women.
Marriage in adolescence is more likely to end in divorce.
Average duration of a marriage in the United States is currently just over 9 years.
Emerging adults are optimistic about marriage and see it as an impetus to create a stable life for a successful marriage.
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Adult Lifestyles 6
Cross-cultural comparisons
Aspects of marriage vary across cultures.
Domesticity is valued in some cultures but not others.
Religion plays an important role in many cultures.
Premarital education
Occurs in a group.
Focuses on relationship advice.
Ranged from several hours to 20 hours.
With a median of 8 hours.
Lower risk of subsequent marital distress and divorce.
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Adult Lifestyles 7
Benefits of a good marriage
Happily married people.
Live longer, healthier lives.
Feel less physical and emotional stress.
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Adult Lifestyles 8
Divorced adults
Factors.
Adultery.
Growing apart.
Domestic violence.
Youthful marriage.
Low educational level.
Low income level.
Not having a religious affiliation.
Having divorced parents.
Having a baby before marriage.
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Adult Lifestyles 9
Remarried adults
Men are more likely to remarry.
Remarriage occurs sooner for partners who initiate a divorce.
More unstable than first marriages.
Higher rates of depression but improved financial status.
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Adult Lifestyles 10
Gay and lesbian adults
Similar to heterosexual relationships in satisfaction and conflict.
Contrary to common misconceptions, research suggests.
Masculine/feminine roles are relatively uncommon.
Only a small segment of the gay male population has a large number of sexual partners.
A smaller segment of the lesbian population has a large number of sexual partners.
Generally, gays and lesbians prefer long-term, committed relationships.
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Percentage of Married Persons Age 18 and Older with “Very Happy” Marriages
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The Divorce Rate in Relation to Number of Years Married
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Marriage and the Family 1
Making marriage work
Becoming a parent
Dealing with divorce
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Marriage and the Family 2
Making marriage work
Gottman’s seven practices of a working marriage
Establishing love maps.
Nurturing fondness and admiration.
Turning toward each other instead of away.
Letting your partner influence you.
Solving solvable conflicts.
Overcoming gridlock.
Creating shared meaning.
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Marriage and the Family 3
Remarried couples
Have realistic expectations.
Develop new positive relationships within the family.
Counter set relationship patterns or “ghosts”.
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Marriage and the Family 4
Becoming a parent
Parenting myths and reality
Myths.
The birth of a child will save a failing marriage.
The child will think, feel, and behave like the parents did in their childhoods.
Having a child gives the parents a second chance at achievement.
Parenting is an instinct and requires no training.
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Marriage and the Family 5
Trends in childbearing.
Average age of first-time mother is 27 years old.
In 2016, for the first time, more U.S. women were giving birth in their 30s than in their 20s.
By giving birth to fewer children and reducing the demands of child care, women free a significant portion of their life spans for other endeavors.
Men are apt to invest a greater amount of time in fathering.
Parental care is often supplemented by institutional care.
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Marriage and the Family 6
Dealing with divorce
Divorced adults.
Difficulty in trusting someone else in a romantic relationship.
Six pathways in exiting divorce.
The enhancers.
The good-enough.
The seekers.
The libertines.
The competent loners.
The defeated.
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Gender and Communication Styles, Relationships, and Classification 1
Gender and communication styles
Gender and relationships
Gender classification
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Gender and Communication Styles, Relationships, and Classification 2
Gender and communication styles
Women prefer rapport talk.
Men prefer report talk.
Gender and relationships
Women highly value relationships and nurturing connections.
Men are less relationship-oriented than women.
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Gender and Communication Styles, Relationships, and Classification 3
Men’s development
Health.
Male–female relationships.
Male–male relationships.
Reconstructing masculinity
Becoming more emotionally intelligent.
Reexamine beliefs about manhood.
Valuable aspects of the male role.
Destructive male role aspects.
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Gender and Communication Styles, Relationships, And Classification 4
Gender’s role in friendships
Women tend to have closer, more supportive friendships.
Men tend to have more competitive friendships.
Female to male friendships.
Learn about common feelings and interests and shared characteristics about each other and each other’s genders.
Problems may arise in cross-gender friendships if one friend wants romance and the other does not.
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Gender and Communication Styles, Relationships, and Classification 5
Masculinity and femininity
Individuals seen on a continuum with masculine and feminine traits.
Androgyny
Positive masculine and feminine characteristics present in the same person.
Transgender
Individuals who adopt a gender identity that differs from the one assigned to them at birth.
Straight, gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
Some prefer gender reassignment.
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End of Main Content
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Accessibility Content: Text Alternatives for Images
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Sternberg’s Triangle of Love – Text Alternative
The type of love called infatuation has passion present, but intimacy and commitment are absent or low. The type of love called affectionate love has intimacy and commitment present, but passion is absent or low. The type of love called fatuous love has passion and commitment present, but intimacy is absent or low. And the type of love with all three, passion, intimacy, and commitment, is called consummate love.
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Percentage of Married Persons Age 18 and Older with “Very Happy” Marriages – Text Alternative
Individuals over 18 years of age reporting very happy marriages from 1973 to 1976 were 67 percent of women and 70 percent of men. From 1987 to 1991, 60 percent of women and 66 percent of men reported having very happy marriages. From 1998 to 2000, 61 percent of women and 65 percent of men reported very happy marriages. From 2004 to 2006, 59 percent of women and 63 percent of men reported very happy marriages.
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