Reading Assignment #4 (International Terrorism)

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Terrorism and Homeland Security, 9e

CHAPTER 13 Jonathan R. White

Learning Objectives, Part 1

Explain the different meanings associated with homeland security.

List the agencies responsible for homeland security and describe their functions.

Describe the intelligence process.

Differentiate between criminal and national security intelligence.

Explain the importance of the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan.

Learning Objectives, Part 2

Describe the functions of fusion centers.

List some of the organizations responsible for processing intelligence.

Summarize some of the major issues in homeland security.

Discuss the aspects of intelligence reform.

Cite evidence to argue that intelligence reform is unnecessary.

Searching for Defined Roles

Roles are divided into three functions: preventing terrorism, responding to attacks, and providing technical support to local agencies.

Homeland security protects lives, property, and infrastructure.

Critics maintain that confusion remains and that the country is not prepared to thwart an attack.

Weaknesses in port security

Southern border is not secure by any measure.

Security Missions

Department of Energy is responsible for protecting nuclear materials, power grids, and gas lines.

Customs and Border Protection uses its agents to secure U.S. borders and points of entry, with customs agents collecting revenue.

Homeland security also involves civil defense.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

DHS was created from the Office of Homeland Security in 2003 as a direct result of the 9/11 attacks.

U.S. Coast Guard

Office of Intelligence and Analysis

Transportation Security Administration

U.S. Customs and Border Protection

Immigration and Customs Enforcement

Department of Justice (DOJ)

The Department of Justice (DOJ) maintains several functions in the realm of terrorism. The most noted DOJ agency is the FBI.

The Department of Justice is involved in other areas.

The U.S. Marshall’s Service

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF)

Although the FBI is the lead agency in domestic terrorism, ATF’s role in explosives and firearms enforcement is crucial.

Department of Defense (DOD)

DOJ maintains several functions in the counterterrorism, including the following:

Federal Bureau of Investigation

U.S. Attorneys

U.S. Marshals

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms

Bureau of Justice Assistance

Intelligence Community

Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) began operations in April 2005.

ODNI’s purpose is to unite America’s national security intelligence under one umbrella:

Coordinates information from national security and military intelligence

Incorporated federal law enforcement intelligence under its umbrella

State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement

The ability of state, local, and tribal agencies to share information is at the heart of preventing terrorist strikes within the borders of the United States:

Large federal systems operate on a global basis.

Officers in local communities know their jurisdictions better than anyone else.

Intelligence Process

Basic Information

Analysts begin work after obtaining an in-depth, multi-disciplinary education.

Applied Information

Analysts gather information about a specific problem.

Real-time Information

Analysts receive actual information as it is forwarded from the field.

Analyzed Information

Analysts produce intelligence based on analyzed information.

National Security and Criminal Intelligence

National security intelligence is gathered to defend the nation.

It uses aggressive methods to collect information, including, at times, operations in violation of the law.

It is ultimately designed to protect targets, not individuals’ rights.

Criminal intelligence is gathered by law enforcement and prosecuting attorneys.

It is governed by the rules of evidence.

It must be legally admissible in court.

Checkered Past

Intelligence processes have been ineffective.

FBI and CIA have been criticized for failing to gather information before the September 11 attacks and ineffectively analyzing the information they did have.

Government has abused its authority in the past.

CIA tested drugs on Americans without their consent or knowledge.

Domestic Intelligence Networks, Part 1

The Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN) is set up to connect all jurisdictions with real-time communication.

It includes state homeland security officials, the National Guard, emergency operations centers, and local emergency service providers.

Despite the systems and networks that were developed to share information, many agencies still were not part of the information-sharing process; fusion centers came about to correct this.

Domestic Intelligence Networks, Part 2

National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan

The plan established norms for collecting, analyzing, and storing criminal intelligence within legal guidelines.

Regional Information Sharing System

RISS has six centers that share criminal information with investigators working on a variety of criminal activities, including terrorism.

Homeland Security Information Network

Computer-based counterterrorism communications system connecting all fifty states, five territories, Washington, D.C., and fifty major urban areas.

Helps provide situational awareness

Facilitates information sharing and collaboration with homeland security partners throughout the federal, state, and local levels.

Provides advanced analytic capabilities

Enables real-time sharing of threat information

Fusion Centers

Fusion centers were designed to place all intelligence in a single center, combining multiple agencies in a single unit to analyze all types of threats.

Raw information comes to fusion centers.

The raw information is analyzed to reveal patterns of activities, behaviors, vulnerabilities and possible attacks.

Intelligence product is returned to the field on a need to know basis.

Regional Crime Gun Centers (RCGC)

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) began to centralize its efforts to gather intelligence for reducing gun violence over the next decade

Created specialized intelligence units aimed at specific crimes would become the basis of the fusion centers.

Although the centers were operating by the beginning of the twenty-first century, Carter reports that they had some drawbacks.

U.S. Attorneys and the JTTF

Each U.S. Attorney’s office has an Anti-Terrorist Assistance Coordinator (ATAC):

Coordinates the collection of criminal intelligence

Shares intelligence among federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies

Each regional FBI office has a field intelligence coordinator who works with members of the ATAC and JTTF.

Law Enforcement’s Special Role

The problem of terrorism brings the need for preemptive, offensive policing to a new level.

Offensive action begins in the local community.

Counterterrorism uses many of the skills already employed in preventive patrol, criminal investigation, and surveillance.

Role of Symbols and Structures

Ian Lesser outlines three forms of terrorism: symbolic, pragmatic, and systematic.

Symbolic terrorism is a dramatic attack to show vulnerability.

Symbols can have literal and abstract meanings.

The key to security is to enhance protection while maintaining openness.

Creating a Culture of Sharing

RISS information network is ideal for sharing intelligence.

The High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas system and the El Paso Intelligence Center are sources for information sharing.

International Association of Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysts routinely shares information. Robert Taylor found two primary weaknesses in the U.S. systems:

– Intelligence is not properly analyzed.

– Agencies do not coordinate information.

Intelligence-Led Policing, Part 1

Intelligence-led policing is a continuation of community policing.

Police officers anticipate and solve community problems with citizens before an increase in crime and social disorder.

Intelligence-led policing is part of a process to guide the deployment of law enforcement resources.

Intelligence-Led Policing, Part 2

David Carter sees intelligence-led policing as the logical outcome of the intelligence process.

As police agencies adopted community policing strategies, officers developed various skills

Citing the NCISP, Carter says that these skills have created a reliable and continuous flow of information between the community and the police. It is a gateway to the prevention of terrorism.

Intelligence Reform

The Washington Post (Priest & Arkin, 2010) found that the intelligence community had grown so large that no one could account for its costs.

The Post concluded that the massive endeavor was unmanaged, ineffective, and operated with no clear lines of authority.

Its worst characteristic was that the intelligence community did not produce credible information about potential threats.

Moving in the Right Direction?, Part 1

The reorganization of intelligence under the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) signals the beginning of improvement.

The ODNI is able to balance the needs of information of all the intelligence agencies.

The ODNI has also been able to attack the problem of group think by placing analysts in critical thinking training during the first stages of their careers.

Moving in the Right Direction?, Part 2

Overabundant secrecy and manipulation of “need to know” information creates power structures among law enforcement and intelligence agencies.

Information should be developed and shared to produce outcomes.

Classification should be designed to protect sources, not information.

Moving in the Right Direction?, Part 3

Group think leads to a three-part pattern.

There is sufficient new information about a surprise activity before a terrorist attack develops.

Analysts ignore new information, and focus on their previous experiences with terrorism.

The real life outcome is a surprise.

Chapter Take Aways, Part 1

Homeland security involves a variety of activities from all levels of government, law enforcement agencies, the military, intelligence agencies, and the private sector.

Preventing terrorism is the result gathering and analyzing information.

This is accomplished under two sets of laws, one guiding criminal intelligence and the other focused on national security.

Chapter Take Aways, Part 2

While this is extremely complicated, the NCISP has provided guidelines and standards for combing the intelligence process.

This takes place in 72 regional fusion centers.

Homeland security is ever-changing, and the intelligence process must always be reviewed and changed to meet new threats.