Week Three Discussion post
Chapter 12
Public Policy and Prevention of Violence Against Women
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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Identifying the Problem: Violence Against Women
Violence prevention policy approaches differ for:
Education
Criminal justice
Social services
Healthcare
AND differs by age:
Child maltreatment
Youth violence
Violence against women
Elder abuse
We see “silos” of prevention policy for this issue
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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Identifying the Problem: Violence Against Women
May be a “root” cause of violence, but it has not been empirically located
We have not been able to significantly impact large-scale trends in violence with prevention tactics
This chapter focuses on violence against women due to the current issues in:
Sexual assault on college campuses
Impact of the Affordable Care Act on healthcare
Recent evidence on criminal justice approaches
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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Sexual Assault & Intimate Partner Violence
Sexual Violence
Completed rape
Attempted rape
Child sexual abuse
Any other type of coerced, completed or attempted unwanted sexual contact
19.3 % women
1.7% men
9% women experience rape by intimate partner
43.9% of women experienced sexual violence other than rape in their lifetime
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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Sexual Assault & Intimate Partner Violence
Sexual Violence
Can result in:
Emotional & physical injury
STI’s
Association of maternal history of sexual victimization and impact on next generation victimization
Financial costs of rape range from: ~$85,000 – 250,000
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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Sexual Assault & Intimate Partner Violence
Intimate Partner Violence (Domestic Violence)
Physical, sexual, or psychological/emotional violence (or threat of) directed to a current or former partner or spouse
Healthcare/medical costs:
19M per year for every 100,000 women aged 18-64 y.o.
Increases the likelihood of unwanted pregnancies
IPV rates are higher during pregnancy
Mother and child at significant risk
Global phenomenon as well not only U.S.
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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WHO “1 in 3” graphic used in the campaign specific to violence against Native American women to assist in the
in the effort to reauthorize the VAWA in 2013
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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(Truthfinder, 2019)
Public Policy Strategies in Prevention of Violence Against Women
National Policy Approaches
Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act (VAWRA) of 2013
Addresses domestic violence, sexual violence, and stalking
Provisions include:
Improve protections for Native women when offender are non-Native
Expand housing protection for victims in federally subsidized housing
Add additional reporting and programming requirements for IPV, dating violence and stalking on college campuses
Maintain program grants to states & coalitions
Improve protections for immigrant survivors
Provisions for LGBTQI and Native Americans were most controversial and used to encourage passing of the Act
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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(Coalition to Stop Violence Against Native Women, 2019)
Public Policy Strategies in Prevention of Violence Against Women
National Policy Approaches
Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act (VAWRA) of 2013
Core grant programs of the Act
Services, Training, Officers, and Prosecutors (STOP)
Grants to states to support enforcement and advocates
Sexual assault services program
Civil Legal Assistance for Victims
Transitional Housing Grants
Grants to Encourage Arrest
Grants supporting services for rural victims, tribal communities, underserved communities, prevention and youth programs
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Public Policy Strategies in Prevention of Violence Against Women
System-Specific Policy
These policies make additional impact
Examples are within:
Education, criminal justice and health care systems
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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Public Policy Strategies in Prevention of Violence Against Women
System-Specific Policy
Educational System
78.7% completed rapes occur to girls/women before the age of 25 y.o.
38.3% of females report first experiencing rate between the ages of 18-24 years
19% of females experience a completed sexual assault while in college
Freshman and sophomores at greatest risk
6.1% of males experience a completed or attempted sexual assault
Majority of assaults are by a male that the female “knows”
15% report the crime to campus or community law enforcement
3,284 forcible sexual offenses reported by college campuses
Suggests sexual assault survivors experience barriers when reporting experiences to law enforcement or university employees
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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Public Policy Strategies in Prevention of Violence Against Women
System-Specific Policy
Educational System – Sexual Assault on College Campuses
2014 White House Task Force established to Protect Students from Sexual Assault
Provided schools with more resources to effectively prevent and respond to campus sexual assault and enhancing federal enforcement
Jeanne Clery Act of 1990
An amendment to The Crime Awareness & Campus Security Act
Enacted after woman was murdered in her dorm in 1986
Educational institutions receiving federal aid are required to collect and report information about campus security and crime
Have to make public and submit an Annual Security Report to include crime reporting and also hate crime data
Federal Student Aid office investigates and enforces for the DOE
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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Clery Act
Public Policy Strategies in Prevention of Violence Against Women
System-Specific Policy
Educational System – Sexual Assault on College Campuses
Title IX
Prohibits educational institutions receiving federal funding from discriminating against persons based on their sex
Applies to all students independent of university status regardless of sexual orientation, sex, gender identity, abilities, race, ethnicity, nationality, and citizenship or documentation status
Student rights are violated when a hostile environment is created that interferes with student participating in and benefiting from educational programs available
Failure of the institution to end the hostile environment, prevent its reoccurrence, and remedy its negative effects is in violation
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Public Policy Strategies in Prevention of Violence Against Women
System-Specific Policy
Educational System – Sexual Assault on College Campuses
Title IX
Requires institutions to:
Widely disseminate policies on sexual non-discrimination
Designate one or more employees with responsibility for coordinating and implementing the obligations of the law (Title IX Coordinator)
Develop and disseminate grievance procedures to provide a timely and fair resolution of complaints
Violations are reported to the Office for Civil Rights
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Public Policy Strategies in Prevention of Violence Against Women
System-Specific Policy
Educational System – Sexual Assault on College Campuses
Title IX
“Dear Colleague Letter” 2011
Sexual violence (sexual coercion, sexual battery, sexual assault, or rape) is a form of sexual harassment
= sexual harassment or sexual violence are forms of sex discrimination
Sent shockwaves across campuses because they were not appropriately responding to incidents
Universities move beyond compliance and:
Proactively develop and implement education programs for faculty, staff, & students
Provide comprehensive services for survivors
Develop educational materials
As of 2015, 94 educational institutions have pending Title IX investigations related to sexual assault
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Public Policy Strategies in Prevention of Violence Against Women
Sexual Assault on College Campuses
Title IX Video: What is Title IX
https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2019/03/26/what-is-title-ix-amw-orig.cnn
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Public Policy Strategies in Prevention of Violence Against Women
System-Specific Policy
Educational System – Sexual Assault on College Campuses
Campus SaVE Act (Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act)
Was added to the VAWA in 2013
Mandated changes to the Clery Act to expand the types of violence that are reported
Requires institutions to report an document incidences of stalking, dating, violence and domestic violence
Require ongoing primary prevention education, and awareness training for faculty, staff, students
Require specialty training for those involved in the grievance process
Too early to assess the effectiveness of theses policies
Additionally, they are not implemented equally across all intitutions
Underreporting appears common
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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Public Policy Strategies in Prevention of Violence Against Women
Educational System – Sexual Assault on College Campuses
Campus SaVE Act (Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act)
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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Public Policy Strategies in Prevention of Violence Against Women
System-Specific Policy
Violence Prevention and the Criminal Justice System
Crime and violence reduction policies involving police, prosecutors, and probation officers have been developed and assessed and some are useful for violence prevention
Social and historical factors associated with violent crime appear to be associated with the trends in violence against women
Rates of violence against women appear to be higher where other forms of violence are higher
Men that commit violence against women also are found to commit other types of violence
Both offenders and women that are victims tend to have had:
Problems as children
Difficult family & school backgrounds
Contact with the criminal justice system as young adults
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Public Policy Strategies in Prevention of Violence Against Women
System-Specific Policy
Violence Prevention and the Criminal Justice System
Two strongest predictors of violent victimization are:
Prior experiences with victimization
One’s own level of involvement in violence perpetration
Strongest predictor of violent offending is prior involvement in violence either as the offender or as the victim
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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Public Policy Strategies in Prevention of Violence Against Women
System-Specific Policy
Violence Prevention and the Criminal Justice System
Programs Targeted at Individual or Offenders or Victims
Mandatory arrest
No-drop prosecution
Increasing availability of orders of protection
Mandatory batterer treatment programs for offenders of domestic assault
Evaluation results demonstrate lack of effectiveness
In some cases counterproductive effects on offenders future behavior
Provision of Resources and Services to Victims to prevent re-victimization
Second-responder programs
Remove women from violent environments reducing future risk
After police response to a family incident a follow-up second visit is conducted
Police officer and victim advocate/family violence specialist
Provide information about legal rights and available services in the area such as shelters and counseling
Evaluation results did not reduce revictimization, but did increase willingness to report the incident
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
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Public Policy Strategies in Prevention of Violence Against Women
System-Specific Policy
Violence Prevention and the Criminal Justice System
Criminal Justice Focused “Deterrence” Programs
Targeting the offenders most likely to commit violence should have the greatest influence on rates of violence
Multi-pronged strategies
First developed in the 90’s to deter gang violence, gun violence & homicide
Police, probation & parole officers, and CBO’s met with most serious gang members (gate keepers) to send messages that violence is not tolerated by the community
Backed with formal and informal sanctions
Revocation of parole and return to prison, immediate arrest applied if violence re-emerged
Involvement of community groups and coordination of community services and social services was imperative to success
Results demonstrated significant reduction in gun & gang violence and homicide.
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