discussions

5/16/2019

1

Motivation and Emotion

Chapter 10

EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY DAVID G. MYERS | C. NATHAN DEWALL

Chapter Overview

• Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement

• Hunger

• Theories and Physiology of Emotion

• Expressing and Experiencing Emotion

Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 1)

• Motivational concepts • Instinct theory (evolutionary theory): Genetically

predisposed behaviors

• Drive-reduction theory: Response to inner pushes and pulls

• Arousal theory: Finding the right stimulation level

• Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Priority of some needs over others

Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 2)

• Instincts and evolutionary theory • Instinct

• Complex behavior throughout species

• Unlearned fixed patterns

• Assumption: evolutionary psychology • Genes predispose some species-typical behaviors

Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 3)

• Drive-reduction theory • Physiological needs create

an aroused, motivated state (incentive)

• When physiological needs increase, so does the psychological drive to reduce those needs (homeostasis)

• Pushed by need to reduce drives; pulled by incentives

Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 4)

• Arousal theory • Some motivated behaviors can increase—rather

than decrease—arousal

• Human motivation aims to find optimal arousal levels, not to eliminate arousal

• Yerkes-Dodson law states that moderate arousal leads to optimal performance

5/16/2019

2

Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 5)

• Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs • Begins at the base with physiological needs that

must first be satisfied …

• Before people can fulfill their higher-level safety needs …

• Then their psychological needs

Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 6)

Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 7)

Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 8)

• The need to belong: affiliation need • Central human motivation to build relationships and

feel part of a group • Enhances survival

• Colors thoughts and emotions

• Related to health, performance, and self-esteem

• Thwarts loneliness and social isolation

• Self-determination theory • Competence

• Autonomy

• Relatedness

Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 9)

• Being shut out • Ostracism (social exclusion) threatens the need to

belong and causes pain

• Social media ostracism causes similar pain

• Pain • Focuses and motivates corrective action

• Positive and negative remedies

Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 10)

• Mobile networks and social media • Provide information and supportive connections

among friends and family

• Activate reward centers in the brain

• Function as a matchmaker

• Predict longer life when used in moderation

• Enable comparisons that can create envy and depression

• Support narcissistic tendencies

5/16/2019

3

Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 11)

• Strategies for maintaining balance and focus • Monitor time

• Monitor feelings

• Hide from incessantly posting online friends when necessary

• Check phone and email less often when studying

• Refocus and take a nature walk

Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 12)

• Achievement motivation • Desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of

skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

• High-motivation achievers • Accomplish more; greater financial success;

healthier social relationships and emotional well- being

• Demonstrate persistence, self-discipline, grit, and intrinsic motivation

Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 13)

• Research-based strategies for achieving goals • Set concrete goals

• Share goals with friends or family

• Develop an implementation plan

• Create short-term rewards that support long-term goals

• Monitor and record progress

• Create a supportive environment

• Transform difficult behavior into habit

Hunger (part 1)

Hunger (part 2)

• Physiology of hunger • Body chemistry and the brain

• Glucose

• Set point

• Basal metabolic rate

The Hypothalamus

5/16/2019

4

The Appetite Hormones Hunger (part 3)

• Psychology of hunger • Hunger: Involves

body chemistry, brain activity, and memory of time of last meal

• Taste preferences: Influenced by body cues and environmental factors

Hunger (part 4)

• Situational influences on eating • Arousing appetite

• Friends and food

• Serving size

• Selection

• Nudging nutrition

Hunger (part 5)

• Effects of obesity • Physical health risks • Increased depression • Bullying

• Physiology factors • Storing fat was adaptive • Set point and metabolism matter • Genes influence us

• Environmental factors • Sleep loss • Social influences • Food and activity levels

Hunger (part 6)

• Weight loss strategies • Begin when motivated and self-disciplined • Exercise and sleep adequately • Minimize exposure to tempting food cues • Limit variety and eat healthy foods • Reduce portions • Don’t starve and stuff • Decide what you will eat before eating with others • Chart progress online • Connect to a support group • Remember: Most people occasionally lapse!

Theories and Physiology of Emotion (part 1)

• Emotion: arousal, behavior, and cognition • Components of emotion

• Bodily arousal

• Expressive behaviors

• Conscious experience

How do these three pieces fit together to explain emotion?

5/16/2019

5

Theories and Physiology of Emotion (part 2)

• James-Lange theory • Arousal comes before emotion

• Arises from awareness of specific bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

• Cannon-Bard theory • Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously

• Emotion-arousing stimuli trigger bodily responses and simultaneous subjective experience

• Schachter-Singer two-factor theory • General arousal + conscious cognitive label = emotion

• Spillover effect

Theories and Physiology of Emotion (part 3)

• Zajonc-LeDoux theory • Some embodied

responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal

• Acutely sensitive radar for emotionally significant information

• Lazarus • Cognitive appraisal

defines emotion, sometimes without awareness

• Cognitive low road

Two Pathways for Emotions

Theories and Physiology of Emotion (part 4) Theories and Physiology of Emotion (part 5)

• Embodied emotion • Basic emotions

• Most emotion scientists: Anger, fear, disgust, sadness, happiness

• Izard: Joy, interest–excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt

• Tracy and colleagues: Added pride, love

Are these emotions biologically distinct?

Theories and Physiology of Emotion (part 6) Emotional Arousal

5/16/2019

6

Theories and Physiology of Emotion (part 7)

• Physiology of emotions • Different emotions can share common biological

signatures

• A single brain region can serve as the seat of different emotions

• Insula

• Some emotions have distinct brain circuits

Theories and Physiology of Emotion (part 8)

• Lie detection • Polygraphs measure emotion-linked autonomic

arousal • Changes in breathing, heart rate, and perspiration

• About one-third of the time, polygraph test results are just wrong

• The Concealed Information Test is more effective

Expressing and Experiencing Emotion (part 1)

• Detecting emotions in others • The brain detects subtle expressions in reading

nonverbal cues and nonverbal threats

• Facial muscles reveal emotional signs

• Deceit is difficult to discern

Expressing and Experiencing Emotion (part 2)

• Gender, emotion, and nonverbal behavior • Women generally

surpass men • Reading emotional cues • Emotional literacy • Emotional

responsiveness and expressiveness

• Expressing empathy • Experiencing emotional

events more deeply • Remembering these

better

Male or Female? Expressing and Experiencing Emotion (part 3)

• Culture and emotion • Signs across cultures

• Crying when distressed; shaking head when defiant; smiling when happy

• Facial muscles speak universal language; the degree varies among and within cultures

• Gestures • Meanings vary from culture to culture

• Facial expressions • Some nonverbal accents provide cultural cues

5/16/2019

7

Culture and Emotion Remember!

Like most psychological events, emotion is best understood not only as a biological and cognitive

phenomenon, but also as a social-cultural phenomenon.

Expressing and Experiencing Emotion (part 4)

• The effects of facial expressions • Facial expression communicate, amplify, and

regulate emotion

• Facial feedback effect • Tendency of facial muscle states to trigger

corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

• Behavior feedback effect • Tendency of behavior to influence our own and

others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions