Chapter 10 Intercultural Conflict
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Definition of Intercultural Conflict
The implicit or explicit emotional struggle between persons of different cultural communities over perceived or actual incompatibility of cultural ideologies and values, situational norms, goals, face-orientations, scarce resources, styles/processes, and/or outcomes in a face-to-face (or mediated) context within a sociohistorical embedded system.
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Kim’s Model of Intercultural Conflict
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A Culture-Based Social Ecological Conflict Model
Layers: macro, exo, meso, and micro
Highlights
primary orientation factors
situational appraisals
conflict processes
conflict competence
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A Culture-Based Social Ecological Conflict Model
Includes conflict competence criteria and outcomes
effectiveness/appropriateness
productivity/satisfaction
principled ethics.
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Intercultural Dialogue, Conflict Resolution & a Culture of Peace
To build and maintain peace, we must learn productive ways to handle disagreements, and we must develop norms, mechanisms, and institutions that will guide us toward resolving divisive issues without violence. A central means through which such actions can unfold is dialogue.
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Dialoguing makes sustained contact necessary
Conflicting parties must come together and interact in dialogue
Understanding of the other’s point of view becomes possible through dialogue
Listening to one another can lead to respect for each other
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Intercultural Dialogue, Conflict Resolution & a Culture of Peace
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SOURCE: This discussion of the model is based entirely on Broome, B. J. (2013). Building Cultures of Peace: The Role of Intergroup Dialogue. In J. G. Oetzel & S. Ting-Toomey (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Communication: Integrating Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 3737–3761). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Face, Facework, & Communication Conflict Styles
Face Negotiation Theory
Face
Self-Face
Other-Face
Mutual-Face
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Facework
Facework
Used to initiate, manage, or terminate conflict.
Facework strategies
Dominating
Avoiding
Integrating
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Table 10.2 Facework Behaviors Continued
SOURCE: Adapted from Oetzel, J. G., Ting-Toomey, S., Masumoto, T., Yokochi, Y., & Takai, J. (2000). A Typology of Facework Behaviors in Conflicts With Best Friends and Relative Strangers. Communication Quarterly, 48, 397–419.
Conflict Communication Styles
Avoiding
Dominating
Obliging
Compromising
Third-party help
Emotional expression
Neglect
Integrating
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The Intercultural Style Inventory (ICS)
Assessment tool focuses on Style
Conflict Style is the behavioral component that follows from cognitive and affective dimensions
Conflict Style is culturally learned
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The Intercultural Style Inventory (ICS)
Four types of ICS:
Discussion
Engagement
Accommodation
Dynamic Style
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Intercultural Conflict Styles
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Individualist vs. Collectivism in Conflict
Outcome Oriented Approach
Process Oriented Approach
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Conflict Resolution in High- versus Low-Context Cultures
Low-context cultures are more direct and explicit in conflict
Separate conflict from the individual.
Prefer a solution-oriented style
High-context cultures are more indirect and implicit in conflict
Connect conflict with the individual
Prefer a non-confrontational style
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Communication Strategies when addressing Cross-Cultural Conflicts
Avoiding
Forcing
Education/Persuasion
Infiltration
Negotiation/Compromise
Accommodation
Collaboration/Problem-Solving
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Resolving Cross-Cultural Conflict: A Contingency Model
Resolving Cross-Cultural Conflict: A Contingency Model
Strategies used in Cross-Cultural Conflict is contingent on
Centrality
Core versus Peripheral
Consensus
Intensity
Urgency
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SOURCE: Adapted from Buller, P. F., Kohls, J. J., & Anderson, K. S. (1991). The Challenge of Global Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 10(10): 767–775. Kohls, J., & Buller, P. (1994). Resolving Cross-Cultural Ethical Conflict: Exploring Alternative Strategies. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(1): 31–38.
Summary
Explored how humans experience conflict
Examined a variety of factors that play a role in triggering and escalating conflict
Explored three models
Kim’s Model of Intercultural Conflict
Social Ecological Model
Broome’s Model of Building a Culture of Peace Through Dialogue
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Summary
Defined Face and Facework
Studied a contingency model of conflict styles
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