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Chapter 10 Intercultural Conflict

1Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

FLAN 3440

Definition of Intercultural Conflict

• The implicit or explicit emotional struggle between persons of different cultural communities over perceived or actual incompatibility of cultural ideologies and values, situational norms, goals, face- orientations, scarce resources, styles/processes, and/or outcomes in a face-to-face (or mediated) context within a sociohistorical embedded system.

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Kim’s Model of Intercultural Conflict

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A Culture-Based Social Ecological Conflict Model

• Layers: macro, exo, meso, and micro

• Highlights

– primary orientation factors

– situational appraisals

– conflict processes

– conflict competence

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A Culture-Based Social Ecological Conflict Model

• Includes conflict competence criteria and outcomes

– effectiveness/appropriateness

– productivity/satisfaction

– principled ethics.

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Intercultural Dialogue, Conflict Resolution & a Culture of Peace

• To build and maintain peace, we must learn productive ways to handle disagreements, and we must develop norms, mechanisms, and institutions that will guide us toward resolving divisive issues without violence. A central means through which such actions can unfold is dialogue.

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• Dialoguing makes sustained contact necessary

• Conflicting parties must come together and interact in dialogue

• Understanding of the other’s point of view becomes possible through dialogue

• Listening to one another can lead to respect for each other

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Intercultural Dialogue, Conflict Resolution & a Culture of Peace

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SOURCE: This discussion of the model is based entirely on Broome, B. J. (2013). Building Cultures of Peace: The Role of Intergroup Dialogue. In J. G. Oetzel & S. Ting-Toomey (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Communication: Integrating Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 3737–3761). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Face, Facework, & Communication Conflict Styles

Face Negotiation Theory

• Face

• Self-Face

• Other-Face

• Mutual-Face

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Facework

• Facework –Used to initiate, manage, or terminate

conflict.

• Facework strategies –Dominating

–Avoiding

– Integrating

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Table 10.2 Facework Behaviors Continued

SOURCE: Adapted from Oetzel, J. G., Ting-Toomey, S., Masumoto, T., Yokochi, Y., & Takai, J. (2000). A Typology of Facework Behaviors in Conflicts With Best Friends and Relative Strangers. Communication Quarterly, 48, 397–419.

Conflict Communication Styles

• Avoiding

• Dominating

• Obliging

• Compromising

• Third-party help

• Emotional expression

• Neglect

• Integrating

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The Intercultural Style Inventory (ICS)

• Assessment tool focuses on Style

• Conflict Style is the behavioral component that follows from cognitive and affective dimensions

• Conflict Style is culturally learned

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The Intercultural Style Inventory (ICS)

• Four types of ICS:

– Discussion

– Engagement

– Accommodation

– Dynamic Style

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Emotionally Restrained Emotionally Expressive

Intercultural Conflict Styles

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Individualist vs. Collectivism in Conflict

• Outcome Oriented Approach

• Process Oriented Approach

Conflict Resolution in High- versus Low-Context Cultures

• Low-context cultures are more direct and explicit in conflict

– Separate conflict from the individual.

– Prefer a solution-oriented style

• High-context cultures are more indirect and implicit in conflict

– Connect conflict with the individual

– Prefer a non-confrontational style

• Communication Strategies when addressing Cross-Cultural Conflicts

• Avoiding

• Forcing

• Education/Persuasion

• Infiltration

• Negotiation/Compromise

• Accommodation

• Collaboration/Problem-Solving

Resolving Cross-Cultural Conflict: A Contingency Model

Strategies used in Cross-Cultural

Conflict is contingent on

• Centrality – Core versus

Peripheral

• Consensus – Intensity

• Urgency

SOURCE: Adapted from Buller, P. F., Kohls, J. J., & Anderson, K. S. (1991). The Challenge of Global Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 10(10): 767–775. Kohls, J., & Buller, P. (1994). Resolving Cross-Cultural Ethical Conflict: Exploring Alternative Strategies. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(1): 31–38.

Summary

• Explored how humans experience conflict

• Examined a variety of factors that play a role in triggering and escalating conflict

• Explored three models

– Kim’s Model of Intercultural Conflict

– Social Ecological Model

– Broome’s Model of Building a Culture of Peace Through Dialogue

• Defined Face and Facework

• Studied a contingency model of conflict styles