speech study guide
Chapter 1 Foundations of Public Speaking
SPEAK
In the first section of the chapter, we describe a basic model of human communication to help you understand how public speaking is similar to and different from other communication contexts. We then provide a brief overview of the historical origins of the study of public address. Next, we present five principles that guide ethical communicators. Then, we introduce the concept of the rhetorical situation as a tool for analyzing a particular public speaking occasion. We conclude with a discussion of what makes a speech effective.
7/25/2015 1:15 PM
© 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.
The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
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A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. ~ Chinese Proverb
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcomes:
1. How does the communication process work?
2. What are the contexts in which communication occurs?
3. What is public speaking, and why is it important to study?
What does it mean be an ethical speaker?
How does understanding the rhetorical situation help you prepare a speech?
What makes a speech effective?
What process can you use to prepare and make effective speeches?
7/25/2015 1:15 PM
© 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.
The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
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What is Public Speaking?
Public speaking is a sustained formal presentation by a speaker to an audience.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Public speaking skills apply across a variety of personal, business, and community situations. Public speaking is simply one form of human communication. Learning to be an effective public speaker will help you to be more effective in other communication settings as well.
7/25/2015 1:15 PM
© 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.
The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
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The Human Communication Process
Communication is the process of creating shared meaning. Its essential elements are:
Participants (who)
Messages (what)
Channels (how)
Interference/noise (distractions)
Feedback (reaction)
Contexts (what kind)
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Participants include both senders and receivers, even in public speaking contexts, though one participant (the person delivering the speech) acts primarily as the sender.
Messages are the verbal utterances, visual images, and nonverbal behaviors to which meaning is attributed during communication. Meanings are the interpretations participants make of the messages they send and receive.
Channels are both the route traveled by a message and the means of transportation.
Interference/noise is anything that interferes with the process of sharing meaning.
Feedback messages sent by receivers are intended to let the sender know how they made sense of the original message.
Communication research reveals that there are specific contexts in which communication occurs.
7/25/2015 1:15 PM
© 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.
The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
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Exhibit 1.1 Model of Communication
© 2011 Cengage Learning
The figure shows the interaction of all of the essential elements of the communication process.
The process: important elements:
1. Encoding-The process of putting our thoughts and feelings into words and nonverbal behaviors. Messages must be encoded and decoded properly in order for the correct meaning to be communicated.
2. Decoding-The process of interpreting the verbal and nonverbal messages sent by others. Messages must be encoded and decoded properly in order for the correct meaning to be communicated.
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Communication Context
Intrapersonal communication
Interpersonal communication
Small group communication
Public communication/Mass communication
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Intrapersonal communication is communicating with yourself.
Interpersonal communication is communication between two people.
Small group communication occurs among approximately three to ten people.
Public communication occurs among more than ten people where one message is presented to participants (receivers), whose own messages are limited primarily to feedback.
Mass communication (newspapers, magazines, blogs, TV shows, etc.) is one type of public commun
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What You Gain by Studying Public Speaking
Provides you with general knowledge & essential life skills
Teaches you not what to think but how to think
Teaches you how to behave ethically as a sender & receiver of messages
Allows you to analyze, think about & eloquently speak out about important issues
© 2011 Cengage Learning
What You Gain by Studying Public Speaking:
Public Speaking as a Liberal Art - A liberal art differs from the specialized knowledge you acquire when you study material in your major or when you develop skills specific to your profession. The knowledge and skills you gain by studying public speaking are general knowledge and essential skills that will help you participate effectively as an engaged citizen in our democratic society.
Public Speaking Education and Democracy - Democracies only thrive in settings where citizens are capable of fulfilling their civic responsibilities to analyze, think about, and eloquently speak out about important issues. So public speaking is a liberal art—an essential skill for free, engaged citizens. So it teaches you not what to think but how to think.
Public Speaking Education and Democracy teaches you how to behave ethically as a sender & receiver of messages.
Public Speaking Education and Democracy allows you to analyze, think about and eloquently speak out about issues is important in a democracy
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The Power of Effective Public Speaking for Free People
Public speaking skills…
empower you to participate in the democratic process
enable you to effectively communicate complex ideas
empower you to achieve your career goals
© 2011 Cengage Learning
When equipped with effective public speaking skills, you have the confidence to speak out and voice your ideas on important public issues. In addition, when others understand our ideas, they learn from us. This confidence equips us to share our knowledge to the benefit of others.
Research has also shown that, for almost any job, one of the most highly sought-after skills in new hires is oral communication skills. Whatever your career, effective communication skills will allow you to function better on the job in your interactions with managers, clients, and co-workers.
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Ethical Principles for Public Speaking
Ethical communicators are honest.
Ethical communicators have integrity.
Ethical communicators are fair.
Ethical communicators demonstrate respect for others.
Ethical communicators are responsible.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Ethics are moral principles that a society, group, or individual hold that differentiate right from wrong. In a public speaking context, both speakers and listeners have ethical obligations to one another.
For example, speakers need to be honest and truthful. Honest speakers do not plagiarize others’ work. They practice what they preach. They are fair and report all aspects of an issue. They are considerate of others’ ideas and feelings. And they advocate only for things that are in the best interest of audience members.
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Exhibit 1.2 The Rhetorical Public Speaking Situation
© 2011 Cengage Learning
The rhetorical situation is the composite of the speaker, audience, and occasion.
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Principles of Effective Public Speaking
Effective speakers are audience-centered
Ethos, pathos, and logos
Effective speeches include audience-appropriate content
Breadth and depth
Effective speeches are well structured
Effective speeches are delivered expressively
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Audience-centered speakers offer their ideas in ways that respond to a felt need, are appropriate to the occasion, reflect careful research, make sense, and sound interesting. You do so through the rhetorical appeals of ethos (competence and good character), pathos (emotions), and logos (logic and sound reasoning).
Effective speakers offer evidence for their ideas that has sufficient breadth (amount and types of evidence used) and depth (level of detail). Evidence is effective when it is logically linked to the main idea it supports.
A speech’s macrostructure (overall framework) and microstructure (specific language and style) help listeners follow the speaker’s ideas. Finally, effective speakers deliver speeches using their voice and body expressively to present their message. This could include using various vocal techniques to appropriate facial expressions to communicate meaning.
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All great speakers were bad speakers at first.
~ Emerson
What are the characteristics of a good and bad speaker
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