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Chapter 15
The Musculoskeletal System

Learning Objectives

Define terms relating to the structure and function of bones, joints, and muscles.
Describe the process of bone formation and growth.
Locate and name the major bones of the body.

Learning Objectives (cont’d.)

Analyze the combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes used to describe bones, joints, and muscles.
Explain various musculoskeletal disease conditions and terms related to bone fractures.

Learning Objectives (cont’d.)

Describe important laboratory tests and clinical procedures related to the musculoskeletal system, and recognize relevant abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

Chapter 15
Lesson 15.1

Introduction

Musculoskeletal System: bones, muscles, and joints of the body

Bones: structural support and protection of internal organs

Muscles: internal and external movement

Joints: where bones come together/type determined by need for flexibility

Which bones are located in the face?

Which bones support and protect the internal organs of the body?

Which muscles are most often used when an athlete is in training to run in a marathon?

What are common joint injuries?

Physicians Associated with Musculoskeletal System

Orthopedist: MD, bones, bone disease
Rheumatologist: MD, joints
Osteopathic physician: DO, body able to heal itself with proper nutrition and bone alignment
Chiropractor: physical manipulation of the spinal column to relieve pressures on nerves

Ask students who have had a broken bone to report to the class about the situation. Which bone was broken? How long did it take to heal? What was the treatment? Were any tests or procedures given prior to the diagnosis?

BONE FORMATION

Ossification: replacement of cartilage with bone

Cells:
osteoblast: produce immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage
osteocyte: nourishes and maintains bone
osteoclast: reabsorb or digest bone (remodels bone)

Discuss bone formation and remodeling throughout life.

What steps can people take to help with bone formation?

Calcium: what role does it play? How much is enough? Where can you find it?

How does phosphorous affect bones?

Why is Vitamin D so valuable to the bones?

BONE FORMATION

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work to deposit and tear down bone throughout life.
The skeleton is a source of calcium.
Proper formation of bone depends on sources of calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin D.
Calcium phosphate enzyme helps create hard bone from these sources.

Which foods provide Vitamin D? How does Vitamin D affect bones?

How much Vitamin D do you need per day?

BONE FORMATION

Reservoir for calcium storage
Calcium necessary for nerve transmittal to muscle, including heart muscle and muscles attached to bones
Calcium level maintained in blood by parathyroid gland, which secretes a hormone to release calcium from bone

Where is the parathyroid gland located and how does it function?

What happens when you have too much calcium?

What happens if you have too little calcium?

BONE STRUCTURE

Long, short, flat, sesamoid (in shape)
Diaphysis: shaft
Epiphysis: end
Metaphysis: cone-like flared portion between end and shaft
Epiphyseal line or plate: growth plate where cartilage replaced by bone for bone growth (in length)

What minerals and vitamins help with bone formation?

What happens if a bone is incorrectly formed?

Bone Structure (cont’d.)

(A) Divisions of a long bone and interior structure

(B) composition of compact (cortical) bone

Fill in the correct names where the numbers are located using the text.

Bone Structure (cont’d.)

(A) Divisions of a long bone and interior structure

(B) composition of compact (cortical) bone

Fill in the correct names where the numbers are located using the text.

Bone Structure (cont’d.)

Ends of bones covered by articular cartilage in the joint: cushions joint and allows it to move smoothly
Compact bone: contains haversian systems for blood vessels, nerves, and yellow bone marrow (mostly fat)
Cancellous (spongy/trabecular bone): spaces contain red bone marrow with elements for blood formation

Which of these bones is porous? How does this occur?

As a child ages, what happens to the red bone marrow? Where is it located in young children?

Bone Marrow

Yellow marrow: chiefly fat
Red marrow: rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development; in later life replaced with yellow marrow
Ribs, pelvic bone, sternum, vertebrae, epiphyses of long bones

What is the function of bone marrow?

Bone Processes and Depressions

Processes: serve as attachments for muscles and tendons

Depressions: openings or hollow regions help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels

What are the major named processes and depressions?

Bone Processes and Depressions

Cranial Bones

What are the important bones of the skull?

How do they correspond to the brain?

Why do newborn babies need to have their heads well protected?

What happens when a baby is severely shaken?

Cranial Bones

What are the important bones of the skull?

How do they correspond to the brain?

Why do newborn babies need to have their heads well protected?

What happens when a baby is severely shaken?

Cranial Bones and
Associated Structures

Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
temporomandibular (TMJ) joint
mastoid process
styloid process
Occipital bone
foramen magnum (depression)
Sphenoid bone
sella turcica (depression)
Ethmoid bone

Which bones aid in chewing, seeing, and breathing?

Facial Bones

Ask students to insert correct names of bones in the numbered diagram.

Facial Bones

Ask students to review correct names of bones in the numbered diagram.

Facial Bones (cont’d.)

Nasal bones
Lacrimal bones
Maxillary bones

Mandibular bones
Zygomatic bones
Vomer

Which bones contain fossae for lacrimal gland and canals for duct?

What condition occurs if the maxillary bones do not separate at birth? (cleft palate)

Which bones might be adjusted during rhinoplasty?

What are the “cheek bones”?

SINUSES

Air cavities located in facial and cranial bones. They lighten the skull and warm and moisten the air as it passes into the respiratory system.

Vertebral Column and Vertebrae

Why is the human vertebral column subject to injury?

Vertebral Column and Vertebrae (cont’d.)

Vertebrae: 26 bone segments from base of skull to tailbone in five divisions and separated by pads of cartilage called intervertebral disks.
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
Coccyx: tailbone

What are the 4 vertebral regions?

How many bones are there in each region?

Way to help students remember the numbers:

Cervical 7 am breakfast

Thoracic 12 pm lunch

Lumbar 5 pm dinner

BONES
Thorax, Pelvis and Extremities

Ask students to insert names on diagram with class.

BONES
Thorax, Pelvis and Extremities

Ask students to insert names on diagram with class.

Thorax, Pelvis and Extremities (cont’d.)

Thorax

clavicle

scapula

sternum

ribs

Arm and Hand

humerus

ulna

radius

carpals

metacarpals

phalanges

Pelvis

pelvic girdle

ilium

ischium

pubis

Ask students to close their textbooks and then identify the bones listed on their own bodies.

Which are the true ribs? How are they connected to the sternum?

Which are false ribs? Why are they so designated?

Which are the proximal, middle, and distal phalanges?

Bones of Leg and Foot

There are seven bones of the leg and foot.

Have students identify bones shown in the figure.

Bones of Leg and Foot and Associated Structures

Femur
acetabulum
Patella
Tibia
medial malleolus
Fibula
lateral malleolus
talus

Tarsals
calcaneus
talus
Metatarsals
Phalanges

Which are the bones of the foot?

What happens if you wear shoes that are too small?

Which is the largest bone in the body?

QUICK QUIZ:

The knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint…

fossa

condyle

tubercle

diaphysis

CORRECT Answer is B, condyle

Process of bone formation____________

olecranon

ossification

osteoblast

xiphoid process

QUICK QUIZ:

CORRECT Answer is B, ossification

GENERAL TERMS

COMBINING FORMS

calc/o calcium
calci/o calcium
kyph/o posterior curvature in thoracic region
lamin/o lamina
lord/o curve
lumb/o loins, lower back

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES

GENERAL TERMS

COMBINING FORMS

myel/o bone marrow
orth/o straight
oste/o bone
scoli/o crooked
spondyl/o vertebra
vertebr/o vertebra

Combining Form Meaning

COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES

GENERAL TERMS

SUFFIXES

-blast embryonic cell
-clast to break
-listhesis slipping
-malacia softening
-physis to grow
-porosis pore, passage
-tome instrument to cut

Suffix Meaning

COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES