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Chapter 8
Female Reproductive System

Learning Objectives

Name the organs of the female reproductive system, their locations, and combining forms.
Explain how these organs and their hormones function in the processes of menstruation and pregnancy.
Identify abnormal conditions of the female reproductive system and of the newborn child.

Learning Objectives (cont’d.)

Describe important laboratory tests and clinical procedures used in gynecology and obstetrics, and recognize related abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

Chapter 8
Lesson 8.1

INTRODUCTION

Sexual Reproduction

Union of the nuclei of ovum and sperm cell
Ovum and Sperm cells are called gamete
Each Gamete contains half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.

INTRODUCTION

Gametes

(ovum and sperm cell)

Gametes are produced in the gonads.
Female gonads are the ovaries; male gonads are the testes.

Fertilization

An ovum leaves the ovaries and travels through the fallopian tube.
Fertilization takes place if sperm cells are present and unite with the ovum.
Fertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus).

INTRODUCTION

QUICK QUIZ:

Fertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells, called a….

Embryo

Fetus

Follicle

Zygote

CORRECT Answer is D--zygote

ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Label the diagram

Organs of the female reproductive system,

lateral view.

Students should label the figure: 1. ovaries, 2. fallopian tobule, 3. uterus, 4. cul-de-sac, 5. vagina, 6.Bartholin glands, 7. clitoris, 8.perineum (see slide 9 for answers)

Organs of the Female Reproductive System

Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Cul-de-Sac
Vagina
Bartholin glands
Clitoris
Perineum

Organs of the female reproductive system, lateral view.

ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Label the diagram
Organs of the female reproductive system

anterior view

ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

See next slide for answers.

Organs of the Female Reproductive System- Anterior View

Ovary
Utero – Ovarian ligament
Ovarian Follicles
Ovum
Corpus Luteum
Fallopian tube
Fimbriae
Uterus: Fundus and Corpus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Uterine Serosa
Cervix
Vagina

Organs of the female reproductive system

anterior view

ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Refer to page 254 in text

The Breast

sagittal view

ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

What is the role of sinuses in the breast?

Name the parts of the breast nipple.

Which hormones stimulate lactation?

The Breast

sagittal view

ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

What is the role of sinuses in the breast?

Name the parts of the breast nipple.

Which hormones stimulate lactation?

MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Day 1-5 Blood cells, endometrial cells, and glandular

secretions discharge from the body

Day 6-12 Estrogen aids repair of endometrium.

The ovum grows in the follicle.

Day 13-14 Egg leaves the ovary and passes through

the fallopian tube

Day 15-28 Corpus luteum secretes progesterone;

uterus lining builds up.

Describe the menstrual cycle.

What is the first menstrual cycle called? (menarche)

MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Does lack of fertilization cause low or high levels of progesterone and estrogen?

At what stage is the egg most likely to be fertilized?

MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY

PREGNANCY

If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the uterine endometrium
Placenta forms within the uterine wall
Amnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavity
Nutrients, oxygen and wastes exchange between fetus and mother
Placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

What is the placenta derived from?

What are the chorion and the amnion?

What is amniotic fluid?

MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY

A, Implantation in the uterus.

B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta

See next slide for labels

MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY

A, Implantation in the uterus.

B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta

QUICK QUIZ:

Corpus luteum secretes this monthly to build up the lining of the uterus…..

A. adreniline

B. estrogen

C. Progesterone

D. hCG

CORRECT Answer is C---progesterone

QUICK QUIZ:

3. During Pregnancy what does the placenta secrete?

adreniline

hCG

progesteron

estrogen

CORRECT Answer is B—hGC human chorionic gonadotropin

MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY

PREGNANCY

Progesterone maintains placenta development
Uterus expands as fetus grows
Normal delivery fetal position in cephalic presentation (head first)

Which hormone does the placenta produce?

What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood)

How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?

MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY

PREGNANCY

THREE PHASES of Labor

Dilation of the cervix

Birth of the infant

Delivery of the placenta

Which hormone does the placenta produce?

What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood)

How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?

MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY

A, Cephalic presentation. B, Delivery of the placenta.

HORMONAL INTERACTIONS

Pituitary secretes:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Pituitary stops producing FSH and LH
During pregnancy
With oral contraceptives

What is negative feedback?

How do oral contraceptives work?

Hormonal Interactions (cont’d.)

Menopause
Gradual ending of the menstrual cycle
Normally begins between 45 and 55
Estrogen levels fall
Option for Estrogen replacement therapy (careful consideration of risks required)

How does the IUD function to prevent pregnancy?

How does the diaphragm work to prevent pregnancy?

What are the risks of either method?

Chapter 8
Lesson 8.2

VOCABULARY

adnexa uteri
amnion
areola
Bartholin glands
cervix

Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms

chorion
clitoris
coitus
corpus luteum
cul-de-sac

VOCABULARY

Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms

embryo
endometrium
estrogen
fallopian tube
fertilization
fetus

VOCABULARY

Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms

fimbriae
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
gamete
genitalia
gestation
gonad

VOCABULARY

Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms

gynecology
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
hymen
labia
lactiferous ducts

VOCABULARY

Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms

luteinizing hormone (LH)
mammary papilla
menarche
menopause
menstruation

VOCABULARY

Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms

myometrium
neonatology
obstetrics
orifice
ovarian follicle
ovary

VOCABULARY

Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms

ovulation
ovum
parturition
perineum
pituitary gland

VOCABULARY

Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms

placenta
pregnancy
progesterone
puberty
uterine serosa

VOCABULARY

Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms

uterus
vagina
vulva
zygote

VOCABULARY

Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms

QUICK QUIZ:

4. Which term refers to the inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus?

A. Endometrium

B. Fallopian tube

C. Chorion

D. Amnion

CORRECT Answer is A, endometrium

COMBINING FORMS

amni/o amnion
cervic/o cervix, neck
chori/o chorion
chorion/o chorion
colp/o vagina

Combining Form Meaning

TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES

COMBINING FORMS

culd/o cul-de-sac
episi/o vulva
galact/o milk
gynec/o woman, female
hyster/o uterus, womb

Combining Form Meaning

TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES

COMBINING FORMS

lact/o milk
mamm/o breast
mast/o breast
men/o menses, menstruation
metr/o uterus

Combining Form Meaning

TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES

COMBINING FORMS

my/o muscle
myom/o muscle tumor
nat/i birth
obstetr/o pregnancy
o/o egg

Combining Form Meaning

TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES

COMBINING FORMS

oophor/o ovary
ov/o egg
ovari/o ovary
ovul/o egg
perine/o perineum

Combining Form Meaning

TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES

COMBINING FORMS

phor/o to bear
salping/o fallopian tubes
uter/o uterus
vagin/o vagina
vulv/o vulva

Combining Form Meaning

TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES

SUFFIXES

-arche beginning
-cyesis pregnancy
-gravida pregnancy
-parous to bear, bring forth

Suffix Meaning

TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES

SUFFIXES

-rrhea discharge
-salpinx uterine tube
-tocia labor, birth
-version act of turning

Suffix Meaning

TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES

PREFIXES

dys- painful
endo- within
in- in
intra- within
multi- many

Prefix Meaning

TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES

PREFIXES

nulli- no, not, none
pre- before
primi- first
retro- backward

Prefix Meaning

TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES

QUICK QUIZ:

5. Which term means removal of the breast?

A. hysterectomy

B. mastectomy

C. mastitis

D. mammoplasty

CORRECT Answer is B---mastectomy. Mammoplasty means surgical repair of the breast, while mastitis means inflammation of the breast and hysterectomy means removal of the uterus.

PATHOLOGY: Uterus

Carcinoma of the cervix

Malignant cells within the cervix

Cervicitis

Inflammation of the cervix

Carcinoma of the endometrium

Malignant tumor of the uterus

Endometriosis

Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus

Name the risk factors for carcinoma of the cervix.

PATHOLOGY: Uterus

Fibroids
Benign tumors of the uterus
Figure shows location of uterine ibroids.

Name the risk factors for carcinoma of the cervix.

What is conization?

How is conization used to diagnose and treat CIS?

Pathology: Gynecological and Breast

Breast
Carcinoma of the breast
Fibrocystic disease

What is the most common type of breast cancer?

PATHOLOGY:

Ovaries

Ovarian carcinoma

Malignant tumor of the ovary

Ovarian cysts

Collections of fluid within a sac in the ovary

Fallopian Tubes

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Examples: salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis

Pathology: Breast
Carcinoma of the breast
Image A shows (arrows) mammogram of invasive carcinoma of the breast.

Image B is a cut section of invasive ductal cardinoma of the breast.

Chapter 8
Lesson 8.3

PATHOLOGY: Pregnancy

Abruptio placentae
Premature separation of the implanted placenta
Choriocarcinoma
Malignant tumor of the placenta
Ectopic pregnancy
Misplaced implantation of egg
Placenta previa
Preeclampsia

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Which term describes the emergence of the placenta before the baby?

PATHOLOGY: Neonatal

Down syndrome
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Hyaline membrane disease
Hydrocephalus
Meconium aspiration syndroms
Pyloric stenosis

PATHOLOGY: Neonatal

APGAR SCORING CHART
Assessment of newborn
Scoring 1 to 5 mins after birth

Clinical Tests and Procedures

Clinical tests

Pap smear
Pregnancy test

Procedures

X-rays:

mammography

Gynecological procedures:

cauterization,

cryosurgery,

Dilatation and Curettage

Procedures during pregnancy:

amniocentesis

For what tests is a speculum used?

What types of x-rays are used to examine the reproductive organs?

What is the purpose of hysterosalpingography (HSG)?

Clinical Procedures

Gynecological procedures

Conization
Removal of a cone-shaped section of the cervix.
Figure shows LEEP for cone biospsy

See page 276 for text reference

Clinical Procedures

Gynecological procedures

Laparoscopic

oophorectomy

A, Ovary placed in plastic bag.
B, Extracted through the laparoscope

See page 276 for text reference

Clinical Tests and Procedures

Procedures

Procedures during pregnancy

Amniocentesis

Needle placement guided by ultrasound images.

REVIEW SHEET

COMBINING FORMS

amni/o _________
cephal/o _________
cervic/o _________
chori/o, chorion/o _________
colp/o _________

Combining Form Meaning

Answers on next slide

COMBINING FORMS

amni/o amnion
cephal/o head
cervic/o cervix, neck
chori/o, chorion/o chorion
colp/o vagina

Combining Form Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

COMBINING FORMS

culd/o _________
episi/o _________
galact/o _________
gynec/o _________
hyster/o _________

Combining Form Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

Answers on next slide

COMBINING FORMS

culd/o cul-de-sac
episi/o vulva
galact/o milk
gynec/o woman, female
hyster/o uterus, womb

Combining Form Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

COMBINING FORMS

lact/o _________
mamm/o _________
mast/o _________
men/o _________
metr/o _________

Combining Form Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

Answers on next slide

COMBINING FORMS

lact/o milk
mamm/o breast
mast/o breast
men/o menses, menstruation
metr/o uterus

Combining Form Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

COMBINING FORMS

my/o _________
myom/o _________
nat/i _________
obstetr/o _________
olig/o _________
o/o _________

Combining Form Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

Answers on next slide

COMBINING FORMS

my/o muscle
myom/o muscle tumor
nat/i birth
obstetr/o midwife
olig/o scanty
o/o egg

Combining Form Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

COMBINING FORMS

oophor/o _________
ov/o _________
ovari/o _________
ovul/o _________
perine/o _________

Combining Form Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

Answers on next slide

COMBINING FORMS

oophor/o ovary
ov/o egg
ovari/o ovary
ovul/o egg
perine/o perineum

Combining Form Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

COMBINING FORMS

phor/o _________
py/o _________
salping/o _________
uter/o _________
vagin/o _________
vulv/o _________

Combining Form Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

Answers on next slide

COMBINING FORMS

phor/o to bear
py/o pus
salping/o fallopian tubes
uter/o uterus
vagin/o vagina
vulv/o vulva

Combining Form Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

SUFFIXES

-arche _________
-cele _________
-cyesis _________
-ectasis _________
-ectomy _________

Suffix Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

Answers on next slide

SUFFIXES

-arche beginning
-cele hernia
-cyesis pregnancy
-ectasis stretching, dilation
-ectomy removal, excision

Suffix Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

SUFFIXES

-flexion _________
-genesis _________
-gravida _________
-itis _________
-pareunia _________
-parous _________

Suffix Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

Answers on next slide

SUFFIXES

-flexion flexible
-genesis producing; forming
-gravida pregnancy
-itis inflammation
-pareunia sexual intercourse
-parous to bear, bring forth

Suffix Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

SUFFIXES

-plasia _________
-plasty _________
-ptosis _________
-rrhagia _________
-rrhaphy _________

Suffix Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

Answers on next slide

SUFFIXES

-plasia development, formation
-plasty surgical repair
-ptosis dropping, sagging
-rrhagia bursting forth (blood)
-rrhaphy suture

Suffix Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

SUFFIXES

-rrhea _________
-salpinx _________
-scopy _________
-stenosis _________
-stomy _________

Suffix Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

Answers on next slide

SUFFIXES

-rrhea discharge
-salpinx uterine tube
-scopy visual examination
-stenosis tightening
-stomy new opening

Suffix Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

SUFFIXES

-tocia _________
-tomy _________
-tresia _________
-version _________

Suffix Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

Answers on next slide

SUFFIXES

-tocia labor, birth
-tomy process of cutting
-tresia opening
-version act of turning

Suffix Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

PREFIXES

bi- _________
dys- _________
endo- _________
in- _________
intra- _________
multi- _________

Suffix Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

Answers on next slide

PREFIXES

bi- two
dys- painful
endo- within
in- in
intra- within
multi- many

Suffix Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

PREFIXES

nulli- _________
oxy- _________
peri- _________
pre- _________

Suffix Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

Answers on next slide

PREFIXES

nulli- no, not, none
oxy- swift, sharp
peri- surrounding
pre- before

Suffix Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

PREFIXES

primi- _________
pseudo- _________
retro- _________
uni- _________

Suffix Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

Answers on next slide

PREFIXES

primi- first
pseudo- false
retro- backward
uni- one

Suffix Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

CORRECT Answer is D--zygote

Students should label the figure: 1. ovaries, 2. fallopian tobule, 3. uterus, 4. cul-de-sac, 5. vagina, 6.Bartholin glands, 7. clitoris, 8.perineum (see slide 9 for answers)

See next slide for answers.

Refer to page 254 in text

What is the role of sinuses in the breast?

Name the parts of the breast nipple.

Which hormones stimulate lactation?

What is the role of sinuses in the breast?

Name the parts of the breast nipple.

Which hormones stimulate lactation?

Describe the menstrual cycle.

What is the first menstrual cycle called? (menarche)

Does lack of fertilization cause low or high levels of progesterone and estrogen?

At what stage is the egg most likely to be fertilized?

What is the placenta derived from?

What are the chorion and the amnion?

What is amniotic fluid?

See next slide for labels

CORRECT Answer is C---progesterone

CORRECT Answer is B—hGC human chorionic gonadotropin

Which hormone does the placenta produce?

What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood)

How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?

Which hormone does the placenta produce?

What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood)

How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?

What is negative feedback?

How do oral contraceptives work?

How does the IUD function to prevent pregnancy?

How does the diaphragm work to prevent pregnancy?

What are the risks of either method?

Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms

CORRECT Answer is A, endometrium

CORRECT Answer is B---mastectomy. Mammoplasty means surgical repair of the breast, while mastitis means inflammation of the breast and hysterectomy means removal of the uterus.

Name the risk factors for carcinoma of the cervix.

What is conization?

How is conization used to diagnose and treat CIS?

What is the most common type of breast cancer?

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Which term describes the emergence of the placenta before the baby?

For what tests is a speculum used?

What types of x-rays are used to examine the reproductive organs?

What is the purpose of hysterosalpingography (HSG)?

See page 276 for text reference

Answers on next slide