Exam for human anatomy

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Chapter 01 FlexArt

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Co 1

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.2

(a) (b)

Fig. 1.3

Atom

Molecule

Macromolecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism

Fig. 1A

Fig. 1B

Fig. 1C

Table 1.1

TABLE 1.1 Levels of Organization

Level

Subatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Macromolecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism

Example(s) Representative Illustration(s)

Electrons, protons, neutrons

Hydrogen atom, lithium atom

Water molecule, glucose molecule

Protein molecule, DNA molecule

Mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus

Muscle cell, nerve cell

Simple squamous epithelium, bone

Skin, femur, heart, kidney

Integumentary system, skeletal system, digestive system

Human

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.3

Figures 2.7, 2.11

Figures 2.19, 2.21

Figure 3.3

Figures 5.30, 5.33

Figures 5.3, 5.28

Figures 6.2, 7.52, 15.2, 20.1

Figure 1.20

Table 1.2

Process Examples Process Examples

Movement

Responsiveness

Growth

Reproduction

Respiration

Change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ

Reaction to a change inside or outside the body

Increase in body size without change in shape

Production of new organisms and new cells

Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods (some forms of life do not use oxygen in respiration)

Digestion

Absorption

Circulation

Assimilation

Excretion

TABLE 1.2 Characteristics of Life

Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used

Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

Movement of substances in body fluids

Changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms

Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

TABLE 1.3 Requirements of Organisms

Factor Characteristic Use Factor Characteristic Use

Water

Food

Oxygen

A chemical substance

Various chemical substances

A chemical substance

For metabolic processes, as a medium for metabolic reactions, to carry substances, and to regulate body temperature

To supply energy and raw materials for the production of necessary substances and for the regulation of vital reactions

To help release energy from food substances

Heat

Pressure

A form of energy

A force

To help regulate the rates of metabolic reactions

Atmospheric pressure for breathing; hydrostatic pressure to help circulate blood

Table 1.3

Fig. 1.4

Fig. 1.5

Cells

Cell (cut)

Intracellular fluid

Interstitial fluid

Blood plasma

Blood vessel (cut)

Extracellular fluid

Fig. 1.6

(The change is compared to the set point.)

Response (The change is corrected.)

Stimulus (A change occurs in the internal environment.)

Control center (set point)

Effectors (muscles or glands)

Receptors

Receptors Thermostat in room detects change.

Effectors Heater turns off; air conditioner turns on.

Control center Thermostat detects deviation from set point and signals effectors.

Effectors Heater turns on; air conditioner turns off.

Receptors Thermostat in room detects change.

Control center Thermostat detects deviation from set point and signals effectors.

Stimulus Room temperature drops below set point.

Response Room temperature returns toward set point.

Stimulus Room temperature rises above set point.

too high

too low

Normal room temperature

Thermostat set point

too high

too low

Effectors Skin blood vessels dilate (increasing skin blood flow), and sweat glands secrete.

Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center.

Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs.

Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature returns toward set point.

Stimulus Body temperature rises above set point.

Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F)

Stimulus Body temperature drops below set point.

Response Body heat is conserved, temperature returns toward set point.

Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat.

Effectors Skin blood vessels constrict (decreasing skin blood flow) and sweat glands remain inactive.

Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center.

Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs.

If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract involuntarily.

(a) (b)

Microphone sends stronger electrical signal to amplifier

Microphone picks up louder sound

Amplifier increases electrical signal

(a)

Reflex sends stronger signal to

uterus

Stretch receptors sense increased

stretch

(b)

Uterus increases force of

contractions

Contractions push fetal head more

forcefully toward cervix

Cervix is stretched further

Speakers produce louder sound

Amplifier sends increased electrical signal to speakers

Fig. 1.9

Blood

O2 in

CO2 out

Respiratory system

Nutrients, salts, water

Digestive system

Cardiovascular system

Unabsorbed matter

Internal environment

External environment

Organic waste, excess salts, water

Urinary system

Thoracic cavity

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

(a)

Pelvic cavity

Pericardial cavity

Right pleural cavity

Mediastinum

Diaphragm

Vertebral canal

Cranial cavity

(b)

Abdominal cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

Left pleural cavity

Abdominal cavity

Cranial cavity

Frontal sinuses

Orbital cavities

Sphenoidal sinus

Nasal cavity

Middle ear cavity

Oral cavity

Fig. 1.12

Vertebra

Aorta

Esophagus

Right lung

Visceral pleura

Pleural cavity

Parietal pleura

Sternum

Spinal cord

Mediastinum

Left lung

Rib

Visceral pericardium

Pericardial cavity

Parietal pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

Azygous vein

Right atrium of heart

Right ventricle of heart

Left ventricle of heart

Plane of section

Fig. 1.13

Vertebra

Right kidney

Aorta

Pancreas

Liver

Gallbladder

Duodenum

Peritoneal cavity

Parietal peritoneum

Spinal cord

Spleen

Rib

Small intestine

Large intestine

Stomach

Costal cartilage

Visceral peritoneum

Plane of section

Left kidney

Large intestine

Inferior vena cava

Integumentary system

Skeletal system Muscular system

Nervous system Endocrine system

Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system

Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system

Male reproductive system Female reproductive system

Table 1.4

TABLE 1.4 Organ Systems

Organ System Major Organs Major Functions

Integumentary

Skeletal

Muscular

Nervous

Endocrine

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic

Digestive

Respiratory

Urinary

Reproductive

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

Bones, ligaments, cartilages

Muscles

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

Glands that secrete hormones (pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus)

Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins

Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Male: scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis

Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva

Protect tissues, regulate body temperature, support sensory receptors

Provide framework, protect soft tissues, provide attachments for muscles, produce blood cells, store inorganic salts

Cause movements, maintain posture, produce body heat

Detect changes, receive and interpret sensory information, stimulate muscles and glands

Control metabolic activities of body structures

Move blood through blood vessels and transport substances throughout body

Return tissue fluid to the blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules, defend the body against infection

Receive, break down, and absorb food; eliminate unabsorbed material

Intake and output of air, exchange of gases between air and blood

Remove wastes from blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance, store and eliminate urine

Produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract

Produce and maintain oocytes, receive sperm cells, support development of an embryo, and function in birth process

Reproductive system

Integumentary system

Skeletal system

Muscular system

Nervous system

Endocrine system

Cardiovascular system

Lymphatic system

Digestive system

Respiratory system

Urinary system

SuperiorRight Left

Medial

Lateral

Proximal

Distal

Inferior Distal

PosteriorAnterior

Proximal

(Ventral) (Dorsal)

Fig. 1.22

Median (midsagittal) plane

A section along the median plane

Frontal (coronal) plane

A section along a frontal plane

A section along a transverse plane

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Parasagittal plane

(top left, right): © McGraw-Hill Education/Karl Rubin; (bottom left): © Living Art Enterprises/Science Source; (center): © McGraw-Hill Education/Joe DeGrandis

Fig. 1.23

(a) (b) (c) (a): © Biophoto Associates/Science Source; (b): © Patrick J. Lynch/Science Source; (c): © Arthur Glauberman/Science Source

Fig. 1.24

(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b)

(a,b): © Juice Images/Alamy RF

Cervical (neck)

Mammary (breast)

Cephalic (head)

Orbital (eye cavity)

Sternal

Pedal (foot)

Brachial (arm)

Dorsal (back)

Cubital (elbow)

Gluteal (buttocks)

Calcaneal (heel)

Plantar (sole)

(a) (b)

Sacral (between hips)

Carpal (wrist)

Palmar (palm)

Digital (finger)

Nasal (nose)

Oral (mouth)

Frontal (forehead)

Buccal (cheek)

Tarsal (ankle)

Digital (toe)

Axillary (armpit)

Crural (leg)

Mental (chin)

Otic (ear)

Perineal

Femoral (thigh)

Popliteal (back of knee)

Sural (calf)

Acromial (point of shoulder)

Brachial (arm)

Antecubital (front of elbow)

Abdominal (abdomen)

Antebrachial (forearm)

Pectoral (anterior chest)

Umbilical (navel)

Inguinal (groin)

Coxal (hip)

Genital (external reproductive organs)

Patellar (front of knee)

Occipital (back of head)

Acromial (point of shoulder)

Vertebral (spinal column)

Lumbar (lower back)

Sternocleidomastoid m.

Nipple

Breast

Umbilicus

Mons pubis

Trapezius m.

Clavicle

Serratus anterior m.

Rectus abdominis m.

External oblique m.

Sartorius m.

Femoral v.

Great saphenous v.

Deltoid m. Pectoralis major m.

Mammary gland

Areola

Anterior superior iliac spine

Internal jugular v.Sternocleidomastoid m.

Clavicle Thyroid gland

Coracobrachialis m.Deltoid m.

Rectus abdominis m.

Femoral n.

Femoral a.

Femoral v.

Great saphenous v.

Rectus femoris m.

Sartorius m.

Linea alba

Cephalic vein

Pectoralis major m.

Latissimus dorsi m.

External oblique m. (cut)

Internal oblique m. (cut)

Transversus abdominis m.

Rectus abdominis m. (cut)

Tensor fasciae latae m.

Transversus abdominis m.

Short head biceps brachii m.

Serratus anterior m.

Long head biceps brachii m.

Pectoralis minor m.

External intercostal m.

Common carotid a.

Internal jugular v.

External jugular v.

Subscapularis m.

Liver

Falciform ligament

Gallbladder

Greater omentum

Urinary bladder

Penis

Sartorius m.

Thyroid cartilage

Thyroid gland

Trachea

Subclavian v.

Coracobrachialis m.

Sternum

Left lung

Pericardial sac

Diaphragm (cut)

Stomach

Small intestine

Femoral n.

Femoral a.

Femoral v.

Inguinal canal

Spermatic cord

Teres major m.

External intercostal mm.

Internal intercostal mm.

Anterior superior iliac spine

Transversus abdominis m. (cut)

Internal oblique m. (cut)

External oblique m. (cut)

Subclavian v.

Axillary v.

Subclavian a.

Axillary a.

Brachial a.

Heart

Spleen

Stomach

Transverse colon

Descending colon

Small intestine

Urinary bladder

Ductus deferens

Adductor longus m.

Vastus lateralis m.

Vastus medialis m.

Gracilis m.

Rectus femoris m.

Humerus

Thyroid cartilage

Thyroid gland

Brachial plexus

Arch of aorta

Coracobrachialis m.

Musculocutaneous n.

Lobes of right lung

Liver

Gallbladder

Ascending colon

Cecum

Appendix

Femoral n.

Penis (cut)

Epididymis

Testis

Scrotum

Diaphragm (cut)

Lobes of left lung

Pulmonary trunk

Right and left brachiocephalic vv.

Lung

Spleen

Ascending colon

lleum (cut)

Appendix

Common carotid a.

Thyroid cartilage

Trachea

Left subclavian a.

Arch of aorta

Pulmonary a.

Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary v.

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Diaphragm (cut)

Stomach

Duodenum

Cystic duct

Gallbladder

Lobes of liver (lifted upward)

Right ventricle

Right atrium

Superior vena cava

Brachiocephalic a.

Right subclavian a.

Larynx

Mesentery (cut)

Common iliac a.

Cecum

Ovary

Uterine tube

Femoral a.

Femoral v.

Adductor longus m.

Gracilis m.

Vastus medialis m. Sartorius m.

Vastus lateralis m.

Rectus femoris m.

Great saphenous v.

Urinary bladder

Round ligament of uterus

Tensor fasciae latae m.

Uterus

Rectum

Sigmoid colon

Ureter

Descending colon

Jejunum (cut)

Transverse colon

Trachea

Left subclavian a.

Left subclavian v.

Left brachiocephalic v.

Arch of aorta

Diaphragm (cut)

Spleen

Celiac trunk

Pancreas

Left kidney

Inferior mesenteric a.

Left common iliac a.

Sigmoid colon

Ovary

Uterus

Urinary bladder

Pubic symphysis

Vastus lateralis m.

Vastus intermedius m.

Right internal jugular v.

Right common carotid a.

Superior vena cava

Right bronchus

Esophagus

Pleural cavity

Inferior vena cava

Adrenal gland

Right kidney

Duodenum

Superior mesenteric v.

Superior mesenteric a.

Ureter

Sartorius m. (cut)

Tensor fasciae latae m. (cut)

Rectus femoris m.

Adductor longus m.

Gracilis m.

Adductor brevis m.

Descending (thoracic) aorta

Descending colon (cut)

Rectus femoris m. (cut)

Esophagus

Right subclavian a.

Brachiocephalic a.

Thoracic cavity

Rib

External intercostal m.

Diaphragm (cut)

Abdominal cavity

Inferior vena cava (cut)

Intervertebral disc

lliac crest

Gluteus medius m.

Pubic symphysis

Femur

Adductor longus m.

Adductor magnus m.Gracilis m.

Left common carotid a.

Arch of aorta

Internal intercostal m.

Esophagus (cut)

Diaphragm

Abdominal aorta (cut)

Fifth lumbar vertebra

Pelvic sacral foramen

Sacrum

Rectum (cut)

Vagina (cut)

Urethra (cut)

Obturator foramen

Quadratus lumborum m.

lliacus m.

Psoas major m.

Descending (thoracic) aorta

Transversus abdominis m.

Anterior superior iliac spine

Cerebrum

Nasal cavity

Cerebellum

Tongue

Trachea

Aorta

Heart

Vertebral column

Spinal cord

Stomach

Small intestine

Greater omentum

Colon Urinary bladder

Testis

Scalp

Maxilla

Cerebrum

Lateral ventricle Corpus callosum

Frontal bone Frontal sinus Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Sphenoidal sinus Brainstem Inferior nasal concha Cerebellum

Oral cavity

Tongue

Mandible

Cervical vertebra

Esophagus

Larynx

Trachea

Sternum

Plate 10

Trachea

Sternum

Esophagus

Aorta Pulmonary artery

Atrium

Ventricle

Spinal cord

Diaphragm

Liver

Stomach

Aorta

Sternum

Ventricle Spinal cord

Diaphragm

Liver

Stomach

Abdominal aorta

Transverse colon

Cauda equina Small intestine Intervertebral disc

Lumbar vertebral body

Rectus abdominis m.

Urinary bladder Rectum

Pubic symphysis

Coccyx

Testis

Scrotum

Epididymis

Spermatic cord

Sigmoid colon

Sacrum

Lumbar vertebral body

Cauda equina

Small intestine

Small intestine Intervertebral disc

Plate 13

Gray matter White matter

Scalp

Skull

Dura mater

Frontal sinus

Frontal lobe Corpus callosum

Falx cerebri

Thalamus

Lateral ventricle

Plate 14

Nasal septum

Skull

Scalp

Lateral rectus m.Sphenoidal sinus

Medial rectus m.

Ethmoidal air cell

Eye

Optic nerve Temporalis m. Temporal lobe Third ventricle

Subcutaneous tissue

Lateral ventricle

Occipital lobe

White matter

Gray matter

Plate 15

Jugular vein

Carotid artery

Pharynx

Tongue

Spinal cord

Vertebral artery

Plate 16

Lung Rib

Heart

Pericardial cavity

Pectoralis major m.

Spinal cord

Sternum

Aorta

Esophagus

Plate 17

Spinal cord Vertebral body Azygos vein Aorta

Lung

Esophagus

Pericardium

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Sternum

Liver

Rib

Plate 18

Kidney Spinal cord

Rib

Liver

Inferior vena cava

Costal cartilage

Rectus abdominis m.

Vertebral body

Aorta

Pancreas

Small intestine

Large intestine

Plate 19

Rectus abdominis m.

Transverse colon

Costal cartilage

Gallbladder

Liver

Rib

Inferior vena cava

Kidney Vertebral body Spinal cord Retroperitoneal fat

Diaphragm

Spleen

Aorta

Pancreas

Plate 20

Hip bone

Gluteus maximus m.

Rectum

Femur Prostate gland

Urethra

Rectus femoris m.

Sartorius m.

Vastus lateralis m.

Femoral vein

Femoral artery

Larynx

Left common carotid artery

Trachea

Aorta

Lung

Rib

Heart

Diaphragm

Thyroid gland

Subclavian artery Brachiocephalic artery

Right atrium

Left ventricle

Diaphragm

Right ventricle

Pulmonary trunk

Left common carotid artery

Brachiocephalic artery

Left brachiocephalic vein

Aortic arch

Jugular vein

Superior vena cava

Jugular vein

Brachiocephalic artery

Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery

Vagus nerve

Aorta

Left bronchus

Thoracic aorta

Esophagus Phrenic nerve

Inferior vena cava (cut)

Diaphragm

Fibrous pericardium

Diaphragm Falciform ligament Left lobe of liver Right lobe of liver

Greater omentum

Small intestine

Colon

Diaphragm

Liver

Transverse colon Superior mesenteric artery

Superior mesenteric vein

Ascending colon

Mesentery

Small intestine

Sigmoid colon

Chapter 01 FlexArt
Co 1
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2
Fig. 1.3
Fig. 1A
Fig. 1B
Fig. 1C
Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Table 1.3
Fig. 1.4
Fig. 1.5
Fig. 1.6
Fig. 1.7
Fig. 1.8
Fig. 1.9
Fig. 1.10
Fig. 1.11
Fig. 1.12
Fig. 1.13
Fig. 1.14
Fig. 1.15
Fig. 1.16
Fig. 1.17
Fig. 1.18
Fig. 1.19
Table 1.4
Fig. 1.20
Fig. 1.21
Fig. 1.22
Fig. 1.23
Fig. 1.24
Fig. 1.25
Fig. 1.26
Plate 1
Plate 2
Plate 3
Plate 4
Plate 5
Plate 6
Plate 7
Plate 8
Plate 9
Plate 10
Plate 11
Plate 12
Plate 13
Plate 14
Plate 15
Plate 16
Plate 17
Plate 18
Plate 19
Plate 20
Plate 21
Plate 22
Plate 23
Plate 24
Plate 25