need answers in 17 hours emergency world politics

Prachita Uprety

June 11, 2021

Chapter 6

1) In 1945, after the second World War, the leaders of the world came together to form the

United Nations with the aim of maintaining peace, stability and order in the international society.

The aims of the United Nations today are broadly listed as facilitating cooperation in

international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights,

and achievement of world peace.

On many occasions, the United States has been a supporter of the UN. Starting from Roosevelt in

1945 US has been instrumental in most matters regarding the United Nations. Not only is USA a

permanent member of the Security Council but many of UN’s agencies are headquartered in the

US as well. During the 1990s USA pioneered many multilateral treaties and arrangements such

as the completion of the Uruguay Round of GATT and formation of WTO, negotiation of

NAFTA and creation of the APEC.

Over the years the US and UN have worked together on many occasions. With peacekeeping

duties in Africa, the UN has led, and the US supported. On the other hand, the US has led, and

the UN supported it during the 1950s in Korea and 1990s in the Middle East. The United States

more than any other country, after World War II, established a system of multilateralism and

international society through the UN. Within the most important organ of the UN, that is the

Security Council, the US has always held a great sway. Even when the General Assembly has

taken decisions against the wishes of the US most resolutions were non-binding and did not

really harm the country. According to Mahbubani, the international community has bend over

backwards to comply with the wishes of the great power, the United States of America. But the

United States has in most accounts not practiced what it preached or follow through with the

commitments it entered. The Unites States has used military force without explicit Security

Council approval, as against in Iraq and, the intervention in Kosovo. USA has not been

compliant of multilateralism in trade either. In 1999, the Clinton administration proposed binding

labor and environmental standards in the trade regime at Seattle WTO summit. Despite the

apparent support shown by United States at the Doha round of negotiations towards the

developing countries, protectionism stays strong.

2) The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are

located primarily in Europe. An internal single market has been established through a

standardized system of laws that apply in all member states in those matters, and only those

matters, where the states have agreed to act as one. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement

of people, goods, services,, and capital within the internal market; enact legislation in justice and

home affairs; and maintain common policies on trade,[11] agriculture,fisheries and regional

development. Passport controls have been abolished for travel within the Schengen Area. A

monetary union was established in 1999, coming into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19

member states which use the euro currency. The EU has often been described as a sui generis

political entity (without precedent or comparison) with the characteristics of either a federation

or confederation.

The union and EU citizenship were established when the Maastricht Treaty came into force in

1993.The EU traces its origins to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the

European Economic Community (EEC), established, respectively, by the 1951. Treaty of Paris

and 1957 Treaty of Rome. The original member states of what came to be known as the

European Communities were the Inner Six: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the

Netherlands, and western Germany. The communities and their successors have grown by the

accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to their remit. The

United Kingdom became the first member state to leave the EUon 31 January 2020. Before this,

three territories of member states had left the EU or its forerunners. The latest major amendment

to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009.

The European Union has had a significant positive economic impact on most member states.

According to a 2019 study of the member states who joined from 1973 to 2004, "without

European integration, per capita incomes would have been, on average, approximately 10 per

cent lower in the first ten years after joining the EU.”

4) Diplomacy occupies a position at the intersections between law and politics, between

domestic and foreign affairs, and between agency and structure. It consists of framing the state’s

needs or choices in the language of international law. The state-centric nature of diplomacy is a

product of the place of states and state agency in the prevailing framework of the international

rule of law: only states are full subjects of international law, able to act in relation to

international law, either consistently with it or in contradiction of it. The legalized international

society of today validates compliance with international law and is committed to punishing

violations. The purpose of public diplomacy is to make state policy and desires consistent with

the state’s legal obligations. The practice depends on the existing stock of legal categories and

concepts. It also remakes them as they are invoked in relation to cases and policies. Recourse to

international legal explanations is inescapable for states. Its use helps illuminate the political

dimensions of the international rule of law, which are often overlooked in international legal

theory. States’ claims about their compliance with international law are indeed self-serving, but

they are not mere cheap talk. The need to see and explain foreign policy as consistent with

international law is deeply internalized in states, so much so that states often seem incapable of

imagining that their most important policy desires might conflict with existing legal rules. The

motivation to interpret international law as permitting what the state wants can be preconscious

in the state – that is, occurring before the state is confronted with a choice between complying

with or violating its obligations. This does not contradict the idea of the rule of law for world

politics or weaken the power of international law. Instead, it shows how profoundly it shapes

states and their sense of their interests – states find it impossible to conceive that their deep-

seated needs might not be served by law because they have fully internalized the project of an

international legal order.