only for daisy
Ethics and Privacy
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Define ethics, list and describe the three fundamental tenets of ethics, and describe the four categories of ethical issues related to information technology.
Identify three places that store personal data, and for each one, discuss at least one potential threat to the privacy of the data stored there.
[ LEARNING OBJECTIVES]
Ethical Issues
Privacy
[ CHAPTER OUTLINE ]
Student PowerPoints for note taking
WileyPLUS Learning Space
E-Book
Author video lecture for each chapter section
Practice quizzes
Flash Cards for vocabulary review
Additional “What’s in IT for Me?” cases
Video interviews with managers
Lab Manuals - Microsoft Office 2010 & 2013
[ WEB RESOURCES]
[ Opening Case The National Security Agency’s Surveillance Programs]
The Huge Problem
The Reaction
The Results
Questions
Present the pros and cons of the NSA’s actions.
Present the pros and cons of Edward Snowden’s actions.
Are the NSA’s actions legal? Support your answer with specific examples.
Are the NSA’s actions ethical? Support your answer with specific examples.
Were Edward Snowden’s actions legal? Support your answer with specific examples.
Were Edward Snowden’s actions ethical? Support your answer with specific examples.
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Ethical Issues
3.1
Ethical Frameworks
Ethics in the Corporate Environment
Ethics and Information Technology
Ethical Issues
3.1
Ethics
The principles of right and wrong that individuals use to make choices that guide their behavior.
Ethical Frameworks
Four Widely Used Standards
Utilitarian Approach
Rights Approach
Fairness Approach
Common Good Approach
Combine Four Standards to Create a Framework for Ethical Decision Making
Utilitarian Approach: states that an ethical action is the one that provides the most good or does the least harm.
Rights Approach: maintains that an ethical action is the one that best protects and respects the moral rights of the affected parties.
Fairness Approach: posits that ethical actions treat all human beings equally, or, if unequally, then fairly, based on some defensible standard. For example, most people might believe it is fair to pay people higher salaries if they work harder or if they contribute a greater amount to the firm.
Common Good Approach: highlights the interlocking relationships that underlie all societies. This approach argues that respect and compassion for all others is the basis for ethical actions.
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Ethical Frameworks
Five Steps in Ethical Decision Making Framework
Recognize an ethical issue
Get the facts
Evaluate alternative actions
Make a Decisions and Test It
Act and Reflect on the Outcome of Decisions
Recognize an ethical issue:
• Could this decision or situation damage someone or some group?
• Does this decision involve a choice between a good and a bad alternative?
• Does this issue involve more than simply legal considerations? If so, then in what way?
Get the facts:
• What are the relevant facts of the situation?
• Do I have sufficient information to make a decision?
• Which individuals and/or groups have an important stake in the outcome?
• Have I consulted all relevant persons and groups?
Evaluate alternative actions:
• Which option will produce the most good and do the least harm? (the utilitarian approach)
• Which option best respects the rights of all stakeholders? (the rights approach)
• Which option treats people equally or proportionately? (the fairness approach)
• Which option best serves the community as a whole, and not just some members? (the common good approach)
Make a decision and test it:
• Considering all the approaches, which option best addresses the situation?
Act and reflect on the outcome of your decision:
• How can I implement my decision with the greatest care and attention to the concerns of all stakeholders?
• How did my decision turn out, and what did I learn from this specific situation?
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Ethics in the Corporate Environment
Code of Ethics
Fundamental Tenets of Ethics
Responsibility
Accountability
Liability
What is Unethical is not necessarily Illegal
Fundamental Tenets of Ethics:
Responsibility: means that you accept the consequences of your decisions and actions.
Accountability: refers to determining who is responsible for actions that were taken.
Liability: is a legal concept that gives individuals the right to recover the damages done to them by other individuals, organizations, or systems.
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Cheating Is Risky for Business Students
3.1
[about business]
As the Turnitin database expands rapidly by incorporating a growing number of papers and essays, what will be the impact on subsequent papers submitted to it?
Discuss the ethical implications of writing a paper yourself that you know contains some plagiarized material and then using Turnitin’s service yourself.
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Ethics & Information Technology
Four General Categories of Ethical Issues Related to IT:
Privacy Issues
Accuracy Issues
Property Issues
Accessibility Issues
1. Privacy issues involve collecting, storing, and disseminating information about individuals.
2. Accuracy issues involve the authenticity, fidelity, and correctness of information that is collected and processed.
3. Property issues involve the ownership and value of information.
4. Accessibility issues revolve around who should have access to information and whether a fee should be paid for this access.
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Privacy
3.2
Electronic Surveillance
Personal Information in Databases
Information on Internet Bulletin Boards, Newsgroups, and Social Networking Sites
Privacy Codes and Policies
International Aspects of Privacy
Privacy
3.2
Privacy
The right to be left alone and to be free of unreasonable personal intrusions.
Information Privacy
The right to determine when, and to what extent, information about you can be gathered and/or communicated to others.
Privacy
3.2
Court Decisions in Many Countries have followed two rules:
The right of privacy is not absolute. Privacy must be balanced against the needs of society.
The public’s right to know supersedes the individual’s right of privacy.
Privacy
3.2
Digital Dossier
Profiling
Data Aggregators
LexisNexis
ChoicePoint
Acxiom
Digital Dossier: data integrated from data gathered about you in a typical day (surveillance cameras located on toll roads, on other roadways, in busy intersections, in public places, and at work; credit card transactions; telephone calls (landline and cellular); banking transactions; queries to search engines; and government records (including police records).
Profiling: The process of forming a digital dossier.
Data Aggregators: companies that collect public data such as real estate records and published telephone numbers, in addition to nonpublic information such as Social Security numbers; financial data; and police, criminal, and motor vehicle records.
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Electronic Surveillance
Using technology to monitor individuals as they go about their daily routines.
Is conducted by employers, governments, and other institutions.
Examples:
Surveillance cameras in airports, subways, banks, and other public venues.
Electronic Surveillance: conducted by employers, the government, and other institutions. Surveillance cameras track you at airports, subways, banks, and other public venues. Inexpensive digital sensors are now incorporated into laptop webcams, video-game motion sensors, smartphone cameras, utility meters, passports, employee ID cards high-resolution photographs taken from the air or from the street by Google or Microsoft , your license plates will be recorded and time-stamped as you drive down a city street, cross a toll bridge, or park at a shopping mall.
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Electronic Surveillance
Inexpensive digital sensors are found in laptop webcams, video game sensors, smartphone cameras, utility meters, passports, and ID cards.
Smartphones create geotags
Google and Microsoft street view images
Satellite imaging
Those Mannequins Are Watching You
3.2
[about business]
Is using EyeSee mannequins in stores an ethical practice? Why or why not? Support your answer.
If stores notify people that they may be fi lmed, do the stores have to indicate how they might be fi lmed (i.e., by mannequins)? What are the ethical implications of how stores make these notifi cations?
Would knowing that the mannequins may be watching you change your shopping behavior? Why or why not? Explain your answer.
What are the privacy implications of the EyeSee mannequins, given that stores already have security cameras placed in strategic locations?
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Personal Information in Databases
Personal Data / Record Keepers
Credit Reporting Agencies
Banks and Financial Institutions
Utility Companies
Employers
Hospitals
Schools
Government Agencies (IRS, State, City)
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Personal Information in Databases
Major Concerns about Information You Provide Record Keepers
Do you know where the records are?
Are the records accurate?
Can you change inaccurate data?
How long will it take to make a change?
Under what circumstances will personal data be released?
Personal Information in Databases
Major Concerns about Information You Provide Record Keepers
How are the data used?
To whom are the data given or sold?
How secure are the data against access by unauthorized people?
Information on Internet Bulletin Boards, Newsgroups, and Social Networking Sites
Free Speech versus Privacy on the Internet
Derogatory Information Can Influence Hiring Decisions
Little to No Recourse for Victims
Tapad Can Track You across Devices
3.3
[about business]
Is Tapad’s business model ethical? Why or why not?
What is the relationship between Tapad’s business model and your privacy? Provide specifi c examples to support your answer.
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Privacy Codes & Policies
An organization’s guidelines for protecting the privacy of its customers, clients, and employees.
Opt-out Model
Opt-in Model
Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P)
A protocol that communicates privacy policies between a web site and its visitors
Privacy Policies (or Privacy Codes): an organization’s guidelines for protecting the privacy of its customers, clients, and employees.
Opt-Out Model of Informed Consent: permits the company to collect personal information until the customer specifically requests that the data not be collected.
Opt-In Model of Informed Consent: Privacy advocates prefer this model, which prohibits an organization from collecting any personal information unless the customer specifically authorizes it.
Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P): a protocol that automatically communicates privacy policies between an electronic commerce Web site and visitors to that site. P3P enables visitors to determine the types of personal data that can be extracted by the sites they visit.
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Privacy Codes & Policies
US Federal Trade Commission’s Fair Information Practices Standard
European Directive on Data Privacy
International Aspects of Privacy
The Global Nature of the Internet Complicates Data Privacy
Approximately 50 Countries Have Data-Protection Laws
Inconsistent standards from country to country
Transborder data flow.
Safe Harbor: The U.S. Department of Commerce, in consultation with the European Union, developed a “safe harbor” framework to regulate the way that the U.S. companies export and handle the personal data (e.g., names and addresses) of European citizens.
The European Community Commission (ECC) (1998): issued guidelines to all of its member countries regarding the rights of individuals to access information about themselves. The EU data protection laws are stricter than the U.S. laws and therefore could create problems for the U.S.-based multinational corporations, which could face lawsuits for privacy violations.
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[ Closing Case Protecting Your Privacy]
The Problem
A Variety of Solutions
The Results
Questions
Describe how each of the companies discussed above can protect your privacy in some way.
Describe the disadvantages to you from using any of the services described in this case.
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