Chapters 44-45-46 Art Nouveau – Vienna Secession- Chicago School
Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the Present
First Edition
Chapter 46
Chicago School
1880s – 1910s
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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Chicago School
Intellectually elite group of progressive architects, Chicago, Illinois
Introduce skyscraper, new building type for new 20th century
Multistory structure establishes new design language for commercial buildings
Eventually, dominates urban landscape
Factors that facilitate development
Commercial & business growth; huge, national corporations; new technology (elevator, typewriter); inexpensive process for making steel; emerging American architectural theory
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Concepts
Need drives development of skyscraper
Once developed, design problem becomes how to articulate a multistory building
No historic precedent so what is an appropriate style?
First examples express interior structure on exterior
Architects & engineers work together so less bound by academic tradition
American architects aware of need for theory based on function, construction, & scale
Better able to create & expand ideas
Louis Sullivan a design leader
Classical precedents & own unique ornament
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Characteristics and Motifs
Grid patterned facades, large windows, little ornament
Rise relatively unhindered by horizontals so vertical emphasis
Shape & configuration a product of lot size & need for light in interiors
Facades of masonry or covered with terracotta; bay or oriel windows; rectangular ones between vertical piers
Lower stories have shops with large plate glass windows to showcase merchandise
Street level—architectural features, details give human scale
Public interiors reflect exteriors
Motifs—some classical details; pilasters, stringcourses; Sullivan known for curvilinear plant/floral ornament
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Architecture
Advances in construction technology create skyscraper
Steel skeletons lead to introduction of curtain or non-lead bearing walls; allows large windows for light
Elevators to reach upper stories
Better foundations for tall buildings
Occur incrementally so some, especially early, combine masonry with steel frameworks
Building lots determine sizes
Buildings may be hollow squares, rectangles, or U shaped
Chicago & New York pass zoning laws requiring upper stories to have set-backs to allow light to streets below
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46.1
Chicago-style windows, c. 1900; Chicago, Illinois. Chicago School.
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46.2
Home Insurance Company Building, 1883-1885; Chicago, Illinois; William Le Baron Jenney. Chicago School.
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Long Description:
The building has multiple stories. The entrances have arches and arched windows at the bottom and first story. The combination of two, three, two top level stories, and a single story on the top are identified with the belts. The middle story and top most story have Chicago style windows. One story in the middle has arched windows. The top edge of the building has floral patterns.
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46.3
Auditorium Building (Roosevelt University), 1887-1889; Chicago, Illinois; Dankmar Adler and Louis H. Sullivan.
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Long Description:
The building has multiple stories. The entrances have arches. The walls have arched windows supported by columns. The windows are in Chicago style. A terrace with a wall railing that has balustrades decorated with columns. A tower is at one corner of the building. The tower has zig-zag stairs.
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46.4
Wainwright Building, 1890-1891; St. Louis, Missouri; Dankmar Adler and Louis H. Sullivan. Chicago School.
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Long Description 1:
The building has multiple stories. The top roof is flat and is very sharp at the corner where the two sides meet. The friezes and window support on all the stories are decorated with floral motifs. The walls have Chicago-style windows in horizontal and vertical series supported by columns. Few windows have V-shaped shields.
Long Description 2:
The top roof is flat and is very sharp at the corner where the two sides meet. The friezes and window supports are decorated with floral motifs. The walls have Chicago style windows in horizontal and vertical series supported by columns. The columns are in the Corinthian order.
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46.5
Transportation Building and the Golden Door, World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893; Chicago, Illinois; Louis. H. Sullivan.
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Long Description 1:
The decorative door. The portico is concave with six concave arches inside a rectangular frame. The faces of the arches and rectangular shape borders are decorated with floral motifs. Two dome-shaped towers supported by arched columns are on the left and right of the rectangle frame.
Long Description 2:
The entryway has a portico with concave arches inside a rectangular frame. The walls have arched windows. The top story is lesser in length as compared to the ground floor. A circular-shaped cupola is at the central axis above the top story.
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46.6
Reliance Building and floor plan, 1890-1891, 1894-1895; Chicago, Illinois; Daniel H. Burnham and John W. Root. Chicago School.
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Long Description:
It is an asymmetrical building with a flat rooftop. The walls have plate glass windows set within the terra cotta tiled facade. The interior of the windows is decorated with draperies. The belts between the story are decorated with floral motifs.
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46.7
Guaranty Trust Building (later Prudential Building), 1895-1896; Buffalo, New York; Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan. Chicago School.
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Long Description:
The building has a bold projecting cornice on the top. Round windows with low relief terra cotta floral ornament surrounding them are below the rooftop. The walls have repetitively sized and spaced windows that emphasize regularity. The frames of the windows have carved surface ornamentation around windows. The vertical emphasis is created through piers. The decorative terra cotta ornament is on the bottom story walls. The dominant entry has an arch. Large glass display windows are at street level.
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46.8
Flatiron Building (Fuller Building), 1901-1903; New York, New York; Daniel H. Burnham. Chicago School.
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Long Description:
The building has towers arising from a lower, blockier mass. It has an entrance on the diagonal road. The entrance has a portico supported by columns. The facades have repetitively regular rectangular windows. The surface around the windows is decorated with floral motifs. The top roof has a capital, cornice with floral motifs, and a story formed of supporting columns.
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46.9a
Rookery Building, 1885-1888; Chicago, Illinois; Daniel H. Burnham and John W. Root. Chicago School.
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Long Description:
It is a multi-story building. The main entrance has an arch decorated with a geometrical pattern. The central axis of the building along with the entrance elevates as such between two columns. The top of the column has capitals. A sharp thin sculpture is on the top facade. The facade and side walls have a series of numerous glass windows with arches. The columns on the corners have capitals. The cornice is decorated with geometrical patterns. The arches on the windows are decorated with floral patterns.
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46.9b
Rookery Building lobby, 1885-1888; Chicago, Illinois; Daniel H. Burnham and John W. Root; Frank Lloyd Wright architect of 1905 lobby renovation.
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Long Description:
The ceiling has a skylight that filters natural light, and exposed iron ceiling construction with no columns. The interior has some built-in lighting. The story has an iron stairway with a decorative balustrade. The retail shows surround the interior court. A large stairway creates a procession.
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46.6c
Rookery Building lobby, 1885-1888; Chicago, Illinois; Daniel H. Burnham and John W. Root; Frank Lloyd Wright architect of 1905 lobby renovation.
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Long Description:
A stairway elevates to the top story. Two stairways from the left and right extend from the balustrade of the top story via the lobby and reach an octagonal story on top.
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46.10a (1 of 2)
Carson, Pirie, Scott, and Company Department Store, 1899-1904 with additions in 1906; Chicago, Illinois; Louis H. Sullivan; additions by Daniel H. Burnham. Chicago School.
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Long Description:
The building has a projecting cornice. The walls emphasis on straight lines. The facade has Chicago style windows that form a grid across the facade. The rounded corner addresses the street and entry below. The string course separates the base from the middle section. The large display windows are at street level. The entrance has Art Nouveau like decoration announcing the main entry.
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46.10a (2 of 2)
Carson, Pirie, Scott, and Company Department Store doorway, 1899-1904; Chicago, Illinois; Louis H. Sullivan. Chicago School.
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Long Description:
It has two rectangular entrances with arches and oval-shaped floral motifs on the top of the doors. The columns separate the two rectangular doorways. The top surface of the doorway has sculptures of floral motifs.
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Interiors
Important spaces are entries & lobbies
Usually 2 stories, atrium like, lavishly decorated with rich materials
Impressive iron or marble staircases
Often little design relationship between interior & exterior except in lobbies
Elevators may have elaborate iron cages & cast metal doors
Other spaces light filled, richly decorated to attract customers
Offices more residential or utilitarian
Hierarchy drives planning
Identify executives, managers, workers by location, furniture, finishes
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46.12
Trading Room, Stock Exchange Building, 1893; Chicago, Illinois; Louis H. Sullivan. [Installed in the Art Institute of Chicago].
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Long Description:
The ceiling is supported with horizontal columns in series. The edges of the ceiling have descending short walls decorated with lines terminate with spherical balls. The columns support the corners of the ceiling. The columns have capitals and shaft.
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46.13a
Offices, c. early 1900s; New York and Chicago.
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Long Description:
The ceiling is decorated with simple beads. The walls have different types of paintings. The sideboards, desks, drawers, and chairs are arranged. The hanging lamps and table lamps are visible in the room. Male and female employees are at work.
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46.13b
Offices, c. early 1900s; New York and Chicago.
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Long Description:
The ceiling is plain and has hanging lamps. The drawers with labels are placed close to the side walls. Numerous desks with drawers are arranged all over the room. Employees are at work. Large bundles of papers, printouts, and large books are on the table.
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46.14
Banking hall, National Farmers Bank, 1907-1908; Owatonna, Minnesota; Louis H. Sullivan and George Elmslie.
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Long Description:
The side walls close to the ceiling are decorated with floral motifs. The walls are decorated with arches and floral patterns. The wall has a clock decorated with a leaf pattern. The counters are constructed on pedestals. The counters have large opens. An isolated table desk is present at the center.
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Furnishing and Decorative Arts
2nd half 19th & early 20th centuries, office furniture resembles residential in form & appearance
Simple, box-like furniture influenced by Arts and Crafts
Desks of wood; three types: roll-tops, slant tops, flat tops
Plain but some Eastlake or Renaissance Revival style
Desk chairs iron or wood; plain straight chairs
File cabinets not common; paper bound in books, stored in desk drawers or shelves
Standardization of furniture, filing, people early 20th c
Motion & efficiency studies
Workers seated in rows at flat top desks—bullpens
Office machines more common
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46.15
Office chairs in iron and wood, c. 1850s-1910s.
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46.16
Desk, Sears, Roebuck, and Company catalog, c. 1902; Chicago, Illinois.
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