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Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the Present
First Edition
Chapter 6
Rome
510 – 60 B.C.E., Roman Republic 96 – 80 B.C.E., Height of The Roman Empire
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Rome
Assimilates cultures & ideas from her vast empire
Adapts to Roman tastes
Architecture, interiors, furniture, decorative arts establish language & grammar of classicism along with Greece
Copied by subsequent generations
First to use arch, vault, & concrete extensively
Material culture more diverse, embellished, & monumental than Greece
Greater influence on Western civilization
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Concepts
Distinctly different art than Egypt or Greece
Lacks Egyptian timelessness or Greek search for perfection
Assimilates diverse influences, cultures, ideas
Aggressive interpretation, lavish form & decoration
Art glorifies Roman empire, commemorates exploits, unifies conquered peoples
Few known artists or architects
Borrow & synthesize from other cultures
Especially Etruscans & Greece
Invent own Roman classical language & forms
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Characteristics and Motifs
Republican (510-60 B.C.E): strong Greek influence
Arched construction, mastery of concrete for buildings
Early Imperial/Early Empire (60 B.C.E.-285 C.E.)
Arched & concrete construction, new building types
Late Imperial/Late Empire (285-395 C.E.) interiors important
Explore relationships among different sizes & shapes
Large-scale building campaigns, reuse of materials
Motifs: Human figure, acanthus, rinceau, guilloche, rosette, swan, eagle, monopodium, lion, oxen, sphinx, griffin, arabesque, wave pattern, laurel wreath, festoon, fret, laurel wreath
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6.1
Motifs and Architectural Details: Top left: acanthus leaf with rosettes; Top right: vase and motifs; Lower from left: rinceau from Pompeii; mosaic from Pompeii; structure, Theater of Marcellus, 23-13 B.C.E. Rome.
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Architecture
Synthesis of adopted forms & Roman innovations
Temples from Etruscans; orders & classical elements from Greece
Roman classicism more lavish & grand than Greek
History: new, developing technologies, sure construction
Emphasis on volume & space; spatial innovation unique
Engineering abilities: concrete; arches, vaults, domes
Greater variety of building types than Egypt, Greece
Temples, basilicas, baths, theaters, aqueducts
Imperial palaces, villas, domus, insulae
Ten Books on Architecture by Vitruvius
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6.2
Tuscan order. Rome.
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Long Description:
The diameter of the ovolo is 7 over 6 degrees. The gap between the left end of the ovolo to the wash is 2 over 6. The diameter of the Tenia is 5 over 6 degrees. The diameter of the plinth is 8 over 6 degrees. The label of the thin horizontal bar on top reads as 1 over 16. The vertical scale on the right reads as 1 over 2 D (marked on top and bottom) and 1 over 16 in the center.
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6.3
Roman Ionic Order with detail, 437-432 B.C.E. Rome.
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6.4
Roman Corinthian order with capital and Corinthian capital. Ephesus, Turkey.
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6.5
Roman Composite Order.
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6.6
Maison Carée and floor plan, c. 1-10 C.E., Nîmes, France. Rome.
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6.7
Forum, Basilica, and Market of Trajan (reconstructed 19th-century view), c. 100-12 c.e.; Rome, Italy. Rome.
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6.8a
Pantheon, 118-125 C.E.; Rome Italy. Rome
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6.8 (1 of 2)
Pantheon, section, 118-125 C.E.; Rome Italy. Rome
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6.8 (2 of 2)
Pantheon interior and floor plan, 118-125 C.E. Rome, Italy. Rome.
[Interior, Samuel H. Kress Collection, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.]
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6.9
Basilica of Maxentius, plan and sections, c. 308-312 C.E.; Rome, Italy, Rome.
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Long Description:
The transverse section depicts the arch entries, traditional design detail on the upper wall, and slope roof. The longitudinal section depicts the arch entries and designs on the wall and windows. The plan depicts the interior floor plan of the Basilica of Maxentius. The scale for all illustrations is 100 feet to 1 inch.
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6.10
Baths of Caracalla (reconstructed drawing of frigidarium), 212-216 C.E., Rome, Italy. Rome
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6.11
Colosseum and detail, c. 72-80 C.E.; Rome, Italy. Rome.
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6.12
Insula (reconstructed view), 2nd century C.E., Ostia, Italy. Rome.
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6.13
Floor plan, House of Pansa, 1st century, C.E.; Pompeii, Italy. Rome.
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Interiors
Surviving public & private interiors
Private mainly from Pompeii & Herculaneum
Domestic interiors more known than Egypt or Greece
Interior decoration lavish & varied
Luxurious to utilitarian in scale & treatment
Architectural details (columns, niches, moldings) mainly in public buildings
Floors: brick, marble mosaics
Walls: painted or mosaics
Few furnishings
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6.15
Atrium (reconstructed drawing. Rome
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6.16
Wall frescoes, c. 50 C.E.; Pompeii, Italy. Third Style Fresco. Rome.
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6.17
Cubiculum from the Villa of P. Fannius Synistor, c. 40-30 b.c.e.; Boscoreale, near Pompeii, Italy.
Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, New York.
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6.18
Lighting: Lamp stands and Pompeiian lamp. Rome.
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Long Description:
The first stand has cabriole legs, a central base, shaft, and capital held lamps. The second stand has curved legs, a human sculpture on the column, and arms holding the lamps. The third stand has curved root like legs, tree like columns, and branches holding the hangers for lamps.
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Furnishings and Decorative Arts
Survivals, show in wall paintings, sculpture, tombs
Greek furniture forms adapted to Roman tastes
More comfortable & ornamented
Forms & shapes similar across Empire
Luxury pieces: large scale, grand proportions
Sophisticated construction
Types: seating, tables, storage, beds
Innovations: couch with a back, barrel-shaped tub chair, distinctive table forms
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6.20
Sella curulis (X-form stool). Rome.
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6.21
Tripod tables. Rome.
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6.22
Table with monopodia (lion) legs. Rome.
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6.23
Couch. Rome.
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Copyright
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