homework help

question 1 feed back:

Incidence is roughly the number of new cases. This is the most basic definition, but there are several different types of incidence. In your text alone, incidence density, cumulative incidence, and incidence rate are all covered. It might be a good idea to explore the different definitions and perhaps an application of this theory to practice. Go out and get a CDC study or a epidemiological study from the NU library to aid in answering this question.

Here is a supplemental resource on incidence to help you explore another perspective:

https://www.uic.edu/sph/prepare/courses/PHLearning/EpiCourse/3MeasuresofRisk.pdf

The key to differentiating incidence from prevalence is the resolution time. This was discussed in blackboard collaborate. Prevalence is a count of the total number sick over a specified time period. It might be helpful to explore some controversies in the literature between incidence and prevalence. Remember, we want you to research and apply these theories. All you are doing at this point is providing a definition. This is a great first step, but we need to move to application of theory to practice.

Here is some supplemental resource on prevalence: https://www.uic.edu/sph/prepare/courses/PHLearning/EpiCourse/3MeasuresofRisk.pdf

Question 4 feedback:

As we look at public health surveillance we have to have a standardized procedure, standard reporting protocols, and case definitions. You may want to start looking into examples of these such as the CDC case definition. www.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/search

It might help to look up some examples of current surveillance systems and provide that information here to support and show a well researched response.

Question 9 feedback:

These are the route responses to this question. How might each of these influence the disease. What examples of this do we have? Did you go out and cite any additional case studies where each of these is applicable?

Question 13,14,15, I believe:

Median = middle value (after the data have been ranked) Steps to find median: 1. Arrange the data in increasing or decreasing order (already done) 2. Find the middle rank with the following formula: middle rank = (n + 1) / 2 = (150+1)/2 = 75.5th observation 3. Identify the value of the middle observation 75th and 76th observation both fall in 1-year category, so median = 1 year Usually, mean = Σ xi / n Age # Cases Age × # Cases 0 34 0 1 50 50 2 25 50 3 27 81 4 7 28 5 2 10 6 3 18 7 2 14 $8 0 0 Sum = 251 Mean = 251 / 150 = 1.67 years However, age is not rounded like most continuous variables, and the above calculation of the mean age can be criticized. Note that the average age of persons less than 1 year of age is 0.5 years. Similarly, the average age of children 1 year of age is actually 1.5. Therefore, the mean age should be calculated as follows: Stated Age Age midpoint # Cases Age × # Cases <1 0.5 34 17.0 1 1.5 50 75.0 2 2.5 25 62.5 3 3.5 27 94.5 4 4.5 7 31.5 5 5.5 2 11.0 6 6.5 3 19.5 7 7.5 2 15.0 $8 8.5 0 0.0 Sum = 326.0 Mean age = 326/150 = 2.17 A common mistake is to multiply the 34 cases under 1 yr. by the midpoint of the <1 yr interval (0.5), but then multiply the number of cases in the other age groups by the age in whole years. The result is 1.79. This result is not correct, since one must be consistent in using either age as a whole number or the midpoint of each age interval.

question 19:

As we work on crafting our justification, we have to cite other studies and research that have established these issue. Please make sure you make more well supported answers with more robust research.