Toll like receptors in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia

LITERATURE REVIEW -

FILE

T IME SUBMIT T ED

SUBMISSION ID

FSLS500.Y

TARGETTING THE Pl3K-AKT SIGNALLING PATHWAY IN POINT OF CARE

MALIGNANT MELANOMA DIAGNOSIS AND SUBSEQUENT TARGETTED

TREATMENTDEVELOPMEN�

ABSTRACT

a a Advances in the understanding of the, nature, mechanism and regulation of the Pl3K-

AKT signalling pathway in malignant melanoma has allowed for possibilities in the

areas of point of care molecu lar diagnostics and targeted personalized medicine.

This review addresses the mutations and functions of genes and proteins of the

Pl3K-AKT signalling pathway and cross-talk with other siigna lling pathways in

melanoma development. The potential of improving mellanoma diagnoses through

the use of molecular detection assays and the development of more efficient

therapies tihat aim to directly correct molecular dysfuncti:on is rife.

INTRODUCTION

Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers of the skin which is

primar ily caused by excessi v e ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure (Chaidemenos et

al., 2008). This UVR penetrates the skin and causes irreparable DNA damage to

melanocytes as well as resullting in gene mutations that disrupt vari ous signalling

pathways that typically inhibit or repress cell growth and proliferation, thus leading to

tumour formation (King and Robins, 2006}. There are various cross-talk siignalling

pathways that play major roles in maligna elanoma formation and metastases;

one of the main signalling pathways being the P13K-AKT pathway which is the main

focus of this review. This pathway functions to control and regulate· cell growth and

proliferation in healthy individuals (Vidwans et al., 2011 ). There are numerous

treatments available for melanoma depend ing on the cancers characteristics and

TMN staging (Chaidemenos et a/., 2008). In malignant melanoma diagnosis there is

potential for point of care diagnostic te sting that target siignalling pathways and

specific affected genes for more accurate molecular abnormality detection.

Following such detection there is further potential for the development of molecular

targeted and personalized treatments that worl< to directly repair abnormalities in

specific signal pathways.

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